Darling v. Rodgers

The opinion of the court was delivered by Brewer, J. : On the 27th of September, 1870, Charles Rodgers, defendant in error, filed his amended petition in the district court of Saline county, in which he charged that on the first day of June preceding, defendant’s stock entered upon his premises, situated in said county, and trampled upon and consumed wheat growing thereon, to his great damage; and for which damage he prayed judgment. Barling’s answer, not denying thein [597] jury, alleged that said stock was running at large, and that there was no fence around said premises to prevent or hinder the said animals from going upon them. A demurrer was filed to this answer, which was sustained. Judgment was afterwards rendered in favor of Eodgers for the amount claimed, and now DarliDg brings the case here for review. The error complained of is the sustaining of the demurrer to the answer. Though the amount in controversy is small, and the case itself comparatively unimportant, yet the question it involves is one of exceeding nicety and difficulty. It involves the constitutionality of ch. 115 of the laws of 1870, commonly known as the Herd Law. This statute it is claimed is in conflict with sec. 17, of art. 2 of the State constitution. That section reads as follows : “ Sec. 17. All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation throughout the State; and in all cases where a general law can be made applicable, no-special law shall be enacted.” i. pence law; consifued.8, In 1868 the legislature passed a law of a general nature, entitled “An act in relation to fences,” which stands as ch. 40, Glen. Stat., p. 486. This act declared what should constitute a legal and sufficient fence, and required all fields and inclosures to be inclosed therewith. It further provided, in. case cattle should break into any inclosure and do damage, a mode of ascertaining whether the fence inclosing was a legal fence, and, if legal, what amount of damage had been done by the cattle. It in effect so far modified the common law that no action would lie for injuries done on real estate by trespassing cattle * unless such real estate was inclosed [598] with a sufficient fence. U. P. Rly. Co. v. Rollins, 5 Kas., 167. This law being of a general nature had a uniform operation throughout the State. Thei’e was in the act no attempt indeed to limit its operation; and if said ch. 40 were the only act in force the demurrer was improperly sustained, for under this statute the facts alleged iu the answer constituted a complete bar to any recovery for the damage done by these trespassing cattle of the plaintiff in error. But in 1870 the “Herd.Law” above referred to was passed. The first two sections of that act are as follows: “ Sec. 1. The counties of Saline, Ottawa, 'Washington, Cloud, Cherokee, aud McPherson, shall be exempt from the provisions of an. act entitled ‘An act in relation to fences,’ for tbe period of five years from the date of the approval hereof. “ Sec. 2. During said period of time, if the owner of stock of any description shall allow the same to trespass upon the premises of another person, such owner shall be liable in damages to the person whose property is so injured.” 2. constitutional £’muThave .a uniform operation. [599] 3. Hera law of 1868 is un conBututionaiand [598] Unquestionably if this latter act be valid, the ruling of the court below is correct. In the case of The State ex rel. Johnson v. Hitchcock, 1 Kas., 178, this court construed the latter clause of the constitutional section above quoted as in its nature directory rather than mandatory, and as leaving a discretion to the legislature to determine whether a desired end “ can or cannot be expediently accomplished by a general law.” But such construction cannot be applied to the first [599] clause of the section. The language is plain and positive : “ All laws of a general nature shall have a uniform operation.” No discretion is left to the legislature or the courts. "Whether it be expedient to limit the operation of such a law is a question they may not ask. Pa^s a law of a general nature, ánd without any words of application, and it operates uniformly throughout the entire State. Pass such a law and attempt to limit its operation, and either the law or the limitation will be void. Now, the fence law of 1868 is without question a law of a general nature, and, (prior at least to the herd law of 1870,) of uniform operation throughout the State. No part of it is in terms repealed by the “ herd law.” It is only by implication repealed so far as it affects certain • specified localities, and these only for a term of years. If the latter be valid the former no longer has a “ uniform operation throughout the State.” That which was a general law, and had the required uniformity of operation, still remains a general law, but is deprived of such uniformity. The constitutional provision would thus be nullified. Now, whatever might be the rule if the attempt to limit the operation of a statute was a part of'the statute itself, when the attempted limitation is sought by a separate act the latter must fall while the former stands. Tested by this rule the fence act of 1868 is valid, the herd-law of 1870 void. No fairer illustration of the evil sought to be prevented by this constitutional provision can be presented than is furnished by these two laws. For they prescribe general rules of property and conduct, diametrically opposed to each other, each to have universal application within a given locality. A. and B. own adjoining farms, but in different counties. A.’s farm is in one of the counties named in the herd law. B.’s is not. Each owns stock. The farm [600] of each is unfenced. B.’s stock strays upon A.’s farm and does great damage to his crop. B. is compelled to pay A. for all such damage. A.’s stock strays upon B.’s farm and does like damage; yet A. is under no obligation to pay for it, and B. must suffer the loss. It is damnum, absque injuria. But it is contended that the two clauses of this constitutional section must be construed together, and the positive requirements of the first clause considered as limited by the discretion given in the latter; that every special law operates as a limitation upon some general rule either of statute or common law; that power to pass special laws carries with it the power to limit the operation of general by special laws. "Whether this be correct or not, is immaterial to this case, because, as it seems to us, the Herd Law of 1870 is a law of a general nature equally with the fence law of 1868. Each imposes a rule of property which applies equally to all property that can be affected by such a rule. Each imposes obligations which fall equally upon all members of a class of citizens. In fact there is no element wanting in the one which in the other tends to show that it is a law of a general nature except the extent of the locality over which it is intended to operate.' But if the legislature can by simply specifying the locality over which a law shall operate change a law of a general to one of a special nature, the obligations of this valuable constitutional provision are weaker than a rope of sand. We cannot so limit it. The judgment of the court below must be reversed, and the cause remanded with instructions to overrule the demurrer. All the Justices concurring. Footnotes [*] [ * In case of Wells v. Beal, decided at January Term, 1ST2, (which was an action of trespass for injuries done by swine,) this court decided that — “In a township in which the hog law has not been suspended, it is no defense to an action for damages done to a crop by hogs suffered to run at-large that the crop is not inclosed by a legal and sufficient fence.” In this case, (TFeZZs v. Beal,) plaintiff in error relied upon the case of Larkin [598] Taylor, 5 Kas., 433, (opinion, pp. 445, 446;) but the court held that the word “ stock,” there used, was used with respect to trespasses committed by horses, mules, neat cattle, etc., (the trespassing animals in Larkin v. Taylor being horses and neat cattle,) and were not intended to include swine% special provisions being made by art. T, §§46 to 54, of the act relating to stock, (ch. 105, Gen. Stat., 1868,) in regard to trespasses committed by such animals. Hence, the word “cattle,” in the text, does not include swine, being used in a sense less comprehensive than Webster’s definition: “ Cattle, to., pi.: Domestic quadrupeds collectively, especially those of the bovine genus, sometimes also including sheep, goats, horses, mules, assess, and swine.” — Reporter.] ‘ ’