Sumner v. Blair

'The opinion of the court was delivered by Valentine, J.: statement of facts. During the year 1870, A. Sumner was a dealer in sewing machines, pianos, and organs, at St. Louis, Missouri. A. R. Foote was. his general business agent, or .business manager, at that place. W. C. Reicheniker was a local agent of his, at Atchison, Kansas. Up to April 1st 1870, Reicheniker was agent for the sale of sewing machines •only, but about that time he was made agent for the sale of pianos and organs also. Just previous to that time, one James Atkins, a general agent of Sumner’s for tuning pianos, was sent by Sumner to Atchison -.for the purpose of ascertaining whether a suitable house •could be rented for the purpose of putting in á stock of jfianos, organs, etc. Atkins and Reicheniker went to E. K. .Blair, one of the executors of the estate of G. W. Bowman, deceased, to see what a certain house belonging to said estate •could be rented for. Blair told them that they could have the room on the first floor for $800 per year, the rent to be paid monthly in advance. They “got the refusal of the room,” -until Atkins could write to Sumner ánd get his consent. It -was understood between the parties that Reicheniker’s — 525 — mother was to take half the room and pay half the rentr and Sumner of his agents to take the other half of the room and pay the other half of the rent. Blair told Atkins that-he would not rent the room to Beicheniker, as he did not consider Beicheniker responsible. Atkins told Blair that Sumner wás responsible. Afterwards Atkins wrote to Sumner, telling him that he had got the refusal of the room, the' terms, the price, etc. Sumner then wrote back to Beicheni-ker, substantially, that if he, Beicheniker, could make the arrangement, he would furnish Beicheniker with a stock of pianos, etc. A portion of the language of said letter is as follows: “Mr. Atkins seems to think there can be some instruments-sold in your place. He writes about a store that he got the refusal of at $800, and says you would write in reference to-having your mother occupy it with you. If you can maker some such arrangement, that will be satisfactory. We can furnish you with a stock of instruments, and will furnish, you the sign.” Beicheniker showed the letter to Blair, and Blair, with I>C. Newcomb, the other executor of said estate, executed a lease to Sumner for said room, and Beicheniker signed Sumner’s name to the lease as one of the parties. The bills for the rent were made out against Sumner, and the receipts for money paid on the rent were given in favor of Sumner.The bill for the rent for the month of September 1870 was-sent to Sumner, at St. Louis, and a draft for the amount,, drawn in favor of the Bowman estate, was returned by Sumner to Beicheniker, and Beicheniker gave it to Blair. Accompanying the draft was a letter to Beicheniker, dated at St. Louis, Sept. 9th, 1870, which reads as-follows: “Enclosed please find our check No. 5249, in full for bill of store rent. Bespectfully, A.' Sumner, per Foote.” This action was commenced to recover for such rent only as accrued and became due after September 1870. The action was commenced originally in a justice’s court. Blair and New-comb were the plaintiffs, and Sumner the defendant. Th^ judgment in the justice’s court was for the plaintiffs, and the — 526 — defendant appealed to the district court. The judgment was ■also for the plaintiffs in the district court, and the defendant .brings the case here on error. 1. cross-examination; when not allowed, During the trial in the court below, the defendant desired ■to show, by cross-examination of Reicheniker, that as between Reicheniker and Sumner, Reicheniker was to pay the rent. 'The court refused to permit such evidence to be introduced. We see no error in this, or at most, none such as will require a reversal of the judgment. Sumner made himself responsible to the plaintiffs below, and it made no difference ' to them whether Reicheniker was responsible to ¡Sumner or not. Neither had Reicheniker on his examination in chief testified as to which was to pay the rent as between themselves, Sumner, or Reicheniker. He simply testified to a state of facts which would make Sumner liable to the plaintiffs, without regard to whether he himself was liable to any one or not. In this respect the evidence sought to be introduced by the defendant was wholly immaterial and irrelevant. It was not impeaching evidence, nor was it :any kind of cross-examination. It did not tend to rebut, •explain, modify, or qualify, in any manner, anything that the witness had testified, to on his examination in chief. But it may be claimed that the evidence sought to be introduced by said cross-examination would in some degree tend to show that Reicheniker had no authority to lease the room for Sumner, and in that way it would tend to rebut or impeach facté which the witness had already testified to. Possibly This may be true; but still it would be such weak evidence, :as compared with the evidence against it, that we would not, for the supposed error of the court in refusing to receive it, reverse the judgment and grant a new trial in order that it might be given to another jury. With this evidence before the jury, the verdict would undoubtedly have been the same as it was; and it ought to have been the same. Admitting that this evidence would have shown absolutely that, as between Reicheniker and Sumner, Reicheniker was to pay the rent, and still the verdict should have been just what it — 527 — was. And admitting that the fact, that, as between Eeich•eniker and Sumner, Eeicheniker was to pay the rent, would have proved absolutely that Eeicheniker had no authority to ^execute the lease, and still the verdict should have been just what it was. The contract for the lease of the house was partially made between Blair arid Atkins. To make the contract complete it only needed the assent of Sumner. Sumner gave his assent in various ways. In the letter he wrote to Eeicheniker, which Eeicheniker showed to Blair, before the lease was executed, Sumner gave his assent. And by paying the rents promptly, as they became due, he gave his assent. And by drawing his draft in favor of the Bowman estate, for the rent due for the month of September 1870, he gave his .assent. But even if he never gave his assent it does not necessarily follow that he is not liable for the rent. Admitting that as between Sumner and Eeicheniker, Eeicheniker was to pay the rent; admitting that Sumner .never gave Eeicheniker any express authority to rent a room; admitting ■that Sumner never gave his assent to the partial contract made between Blair and Atkins; admitting that the written lease, executed between Eeicheniker and the plaintiffs below, was never expressly authorized by Sumner, and was never ratified by him, and still it does not necessarily follow that Sumner is not liable for the rent of the room. On the contrary, we should judge that the other facts would necessarily make him liable. Sumner was the absolute and exclusive •owner of the pianos, organs, etc., designed to be kept in that room. Eeicheniker was only an agent of Sumner’s for the .sale of them. ITe had no other business, and no use for a room except as the mere agent of Sumner. Blair knew all this. It was absolutely necessary, in order to keep a stock • of pianos, organs, etc., at Atchison, and expose them to sale, that Sumner and Eeicheniker should have a room to keep them in. The business could not have been carried on at all, nor the agency fulfilled, without such room. It would therefore seem that the renting of a :room to keep these pianos, organs, etc., in, came absolutely — 528 — and strictly within the scope of Reicheniker’s agency, within the implied scope of his authority. If .so, Sumner is unquestionably liable for the rent, whether he ever gave to any person any express authority to rent the room or not, whether he ever ratified any contract for the rent of the same- or not, and whatever may have been the private understanding between himself and Reicheniker, as to who should pay the rent. The evidence then sought to be introduced by Sumner was very weak. It was weak for the purpose of showing that as between Reicheniker and Sumner, Reicheniker was to pay the rent. And if that fact had been shown absolutely, such fact itself would be very weak, in the light of the other evidence, for the purpose of showing that. Reicheniker had no authority to execute said lease. And even if it had been shown absolutely that Reicheniker had no authority to execute said lease, such fact would be very weak evidence, when compared with the other facts of the-case, for the purpose of showing that said lease, or its substance, was not binding upon Sumner. The introduction then of such evidence as that sought to be introduced, is piling weakness upon weakness in at least a three-fold aspect. It might properly have been admitted. In the latitude of cross-examination, probably it ought to have been admitted. But courts are not always bound to admit even competent evidence. The evidence may be so weak, or so remotely connected with the main fact, that the courts have a discretion whether they will admit it or not. The affairs of men consist of a vast complication of circumstances, each owing its-origin to a combination of pre-existing circumstances, and each so intimately interwoven and blended with others as to-be hardly separable therefrom. This comes from the endless chain, or rather net-work, of causation. Every event that actually transpires is the result of two or more pre-existingcauses; and every result in its turn becomes a co-operating cause in the production of other results. No cause and no-effect can be perfectly isolated from other causes and effects. But every cause and every effect is probably only a portion — 529 — of one great and grand system of causes and effects which had its origin in the foundation of the universe, and which will continue as long as time shall last. And said system probably includes all causes, and all effects, which have ever existed, or shall ever exist. For this reason, proof of one circumstance is generally some proof of some other circumstance, 'and of all others that have any connection therewith, proximate or remote. But' the value of the proof, as applied to different circumstances differs beyond all conception. One circumstance may be so intimately connected with another as to be almost absolute proof of the other, or it may be so slightly or remotely connected therewith as to be scarcely any proof at all. Every fact that may be proved in a court of justice is necessarily connected with many other facts.which tend to modify or explain it; and each of these is again necessarily connected with and modified by as many others, and each of these by others, and so on, ad infinitum. But the proof of all these facts cannot be extended through a trial ad infinitum. A limit must be reached somewhere. Generally only the proximate facts or circumstances can be proved, if from the nature of the case these facts or circumstances can be produced. But where from the nature of the case these facts or circumstances cannot be produced, the rule is extended. In such a case the door is opened wider, for1 less conclusive proof. Each case must depend, to a great, extent, upon its own facts and circumstances, and upon the discretion of the court. The rule being, that the best evidence of which the case, in its nature, is susceptible, must be produced. Where a plaintiff proves his case by remote circumstances, the defendant may rebut such proof by circumstances equally or more remote. But where a plaintiff proves his case by direct and positive evidence, or by proximate circumstances, the court may in its discretion refuse to permit the defendant to attempt to disprove such case by extremely remote circumstances, or by circumstances that are scarcely any proof at all. But the said evidence was .offered to be introduced on cross-examination; and here, of course a wider — 530 — latitude must be allowed. Indeed, the court may in its discretion allow, on cross-examination, the most remote facts and circumstances to be proved. But even on .cross-examination there is a limit beyond’which courts are not bound to go. There are always, in every case, facts and circumstances so remotely connected with the facts or circumstances already testified to by the witness, that the court may rightfully exclude them even on cross-examination. In the present case, the evidence sought to be introduced should probably have been admitted. Evidence tending to show that there was a private contract or understanding between Reicheniker and Sumner, that Reicheniker should pay for the rent of the room, may be a slight circumstance tending to show that Reicheniker had no authority from Sumner to execute said lease. But such evidence is very weak. It is that weak kind of evidence which lies close to the common frontier ■between better evidence, which the court is bound to admit, and weaker evidence, which the court in its discretion may rightfully exclude. But whether said evidence ought to have been admitted or not, we are clear that no substantial right of the defendant below was affected by its exclusion. If we had a reasonable doubt concerning it, we would reverse the judgment, and grant a third trial to the defendant below. But we have no such doubt. And as no substantial right of the defendant below has been affected, we must disregard the error, if there was any error. Civil Code, §§ 140, 304. , X Exceptions to ^enj°and rojusea. The court below gave certain instructions to the jury, and refused to give certain others asked for by the defendant below. The defendant excepted to the action of the court in the following manner: “To which refusal and ° charge of the court the said defendant then and there duly excepted.” The defendant by this exception duly excepted to the charge as a whole, but ho did not duly except to each portion of it, or to any particular portion of the same. Now, as some portions of the charge were correct, and probably all, this exception was insufficient. A general exception to. a whole charge is not available, unless — 531 — the whole charge is erroneous, or unless the charge in its general scope or meaning is erroneous: Lánsing v. Wisswell, 5 Denio, 213; Jones v. Osgood, 6 N. Y., 233; Hunt, v. May-bee, 7 N‘. Y., 266; Caldwell v. Murphy, 11 N. Y., 416; Lecher v. Mathews, 12 N. Y., 313; Oldfield v. N. Y. & II. Bid. Co., 14 N. Y., 310; Thrasher v. Tyaak, 15 Wis., 256; Tomlinson v. Wallace, 16 "Wis.,-224; Jenks v. The State, 17 Wis., 665; Moore v. Gilman, 18 Wis., 373. What we have said with reference to the exception to the charge, is equally applicable to the exception to the refusal to charge as asked. There were four separate and independent instructions asked, and as the exception was to the refusal to give the whole of them together, and not to each separately, if any one of the instructions asked was not good law for the case, the exception is not available. In examining them we find the very first one of them not to be good law for this' case. The instruction reads as.follows: “If the jury find from the •evidence that W. C. Reicheniker had no authority from A. Sumner to execute the lease for Sumner, then said lease was unauthorized, and does not bind the defendant.” There was very strong evidence given of the ratification of the lease by .Sumner, after it was executed; and even if it was unauthorized when it was executed, if ratified afterwards, it would certainly be binding on Sumner at the time of the trial. This instruction goes to the extent that if the lease was not binding when it was made, it would not bind Sumner at the time of the trial, although it had been duly ratified by Sumner subsequent to its execution. This was not good law for this case. Hence, the court below, after reading the first instruction .asked, and finding it not to be good law, had a right to refuse .all the instructions asked, as all were asked as á whole; and the exception to the refusal to give them was a general exception to the whole refusal. The judgment of the court below is affirmed. Kingman, C. J., concurring. Brewer, J.: I think the court erred in ruling out the — 532 — testimony offered, but concur in holding the error insufficient in this case to justify a reversal.