Missouri Pacific Railway Co. v. Lovelace

Johnston, J. A passenger train of tlie Missouri Pacific Railway Company, running through, the State •of Missouri, was derailed June 28, 1890, and, as a result, Effie C. Lovelace, who was a passenger thereon, received some injuries. She came at once to her home in Kansas City, Mo., and, July 1, 1890, after some negotiations, signed a paper in which it was stipulated that, for a consideration of $100, she re — 197 — leased the Company from all claims on account of her injuries. Her husband, who assisted in the negotiations, also joined her in signing the paper. In January, 1891, she was a witness in behalf of the Railway Company in a case on trial in Missouri; and it is claimed that when her' witness fees were paid, sufficient money was added on account'of the injuries previously received to make the amount $20. She then signed a release or receipt, of which the following is a copy: “Kansas City, January 16, 1891. ‘ ‘ In consideration of the sum of twenty dollars to me paid by the Mo. Pac.-Ry. Co., I hereby assign to said Co., my fees in the case of Emma Tyler v. said Co., which amount to $6.25 ; and also release to said Co. any and all claims I have against it for injuries received by me in accident which occurred on June 28, 1890. Mrs. Eerie C. Lovelace. Attest: H. C. McDougal.” For the same consideration, and on the same day, her husband executed a paper releasing the Company from any and all claims he might have against the Company on account of injuries to his wife caused by the accident above mentioned. July 23, 1891, she came into Kansas and instituted an action in the District Court of Johnson County against the Company, alleging that the derailment and injury were caused by the negligence of the Company, and that, in consequence of the negligence, she had sustained injuries in the sum of $10,000. In its answer, the Railway Company denied negligence, averred that the claim for the injury had been compromised and adjusted, and set forth the releases heretofore mentioned. In reply to the answer the plaintiff below alleged that the release of July 1, 1890, was obtained while she was suffering great bodily — 198 — pain and mental anguish, and when she was wholly incapacitated for the transaction of any business ; and, further, that her signature thereto was obtained for the purpose of cheating and defrauding her. In regard to the release or receipt dated January 16, 1891, she alleged that Elijah Robinson, the attorney of the Company, represented to her that the release was simply a receipt for witness fees in the case of Tyler versus the Railway Company, and that, relying upon his representation, she signed the release, believing it was simply a receipt for such witness fees. The trial resulted in her favor, the jury awarding her damages in the sum of $4,500. 1. Expert's opinion of past mental condition based on present physical examination inadmissible. It is claimed that error was committed by the trial court in the admission of what is termed expert testimony. Doctor Lemon was called as an expert, and stated that he had never met the plaintiff until the day before the trial, when he made an examination of her physical condition and discovered that she was suffering from womb and uterine troubles. Among others, the following questions were asked : “ Doctor, what would you say from the condition in which you found plaintiff at the time you examined her, if the injuries resulted from a railway accident on the 28th of June, 1890, as to what her condition of mind would naturally be on the first day of July, following? ” Over objections he gave the following answer : “I can only give an opinion in a general way. The majority of cases in that condition, at so short a time after the injury, with an injury of that character, would be in that condition of mind which we recognize as hysteria, and physicians would consider a patient-” — 199 — Here counsel interrupted and objected to what physicians would consider, when the Court remarked to the witness : ‘ ‘ What do you consider ? ’ ’ The witness then gave this further answer : “ My own opinion would be that any lady suffering with hysteria would be unfit for the transaction of business.” A motion to strike out the answer was refused. He was thep. asked to give his definition of hysteria, and replied as follows : “Hysteria is that effect upon the nervous system which produces, by reflex action, an effect upon the brain of vacillation, hallucination and imaginations of different characters, and is the result of irritation of the uterine walls. There is such a thing as hysteria without uterine disease.” This testimony was clearly objectionable and prejudicial. One of the principal contentions in the case related to the mental condition of the plaintiff at the time the release was signed, July 1,1890. She claimed that, by reason of the pain she was suffering and of the medicine administered to alleviate it, she was incapacitated to transact business, and had no recollection of having signed the paper nor of anything that occurred on that day. A great deal of evidence was introduced to the effect that she was conscious and composed, and was then in the full enjoyment of her mental powers. Doctor Lemon had not seen Mrs. Lovelace at the time the release was signed, nor for more than 18 months afterward. It was competent for him to testify in regard to her condition when the examination was made and to give his opinion, if such testimony was necessary, whether her condition at that time and the pain she was suffering, were the — 200 — result of the injuries received when the train was derailed. The opinion of witnesses competent to speak might have been likewise taken as to the permanéncy of the injury. The witness was not informed as to the condition of Mrs. Lovelace at the time when her capacity was in question ; his testimony was not based on that given by others acquainted with her then physical or mental condition; nor were the facts relating to her condition and as to what she said and did at the time, laid before the witness as a foundation for opinion testimony. The opinion of the witness as to her condition of mind at one time based upon her physical condition a year and a half afterward is largely conjecture and is too uncertain and speculative to be of value. The opinion asked for was based upon conditions altogether too remote ; and the answer given by the witness shows that the opinion is only a double speculation. He stated that persons so injured might have hysteria, and that any lady suffering from hysteria would be unfit for the transaction of business.” Although a number of witnesses testified in regard to her condition and conduct at that time, we find no testimony in the record indicating that she had hysteria or was suffering from anything approximating it. Opinion evidence is only admitted from necessity, and, then, only when it is likely to be of some value. In the present case there was no necessity for extending the scope of such proof, as there was no difficulty in obtaining testimony as to her condition and as to what was said and done by her at that time, so that the jury could readily determine for themselves what her mental capacity was when the compromise was made and the release signed. We think prejudicial error was committed in admitting the testimony. — 201 — On behalf of the Railway Company it is claimed', that there was no proof of mental incapacity when the release of July 1, 1890, was signed, and that, having-signed the receipt dated January 16, 1891, when she-had the capacity and opportunity to read it, if she did not do so, she is concluded, and, therefore, the Court-erred in refusing to instruct the jury that no recovery could be had. There is some testimony tending to-show that she was incapacitated to make a contract-at the time the release was signed; and, if that is-found to be true, the execution of the release and the-apparent consent to the contract are not binding upon-her. In a somewhat similar case, it was held that, where a party executed such a paper when he was under the influence of drugs and opiates taken to alleviate pain, so that no sufficient assent was given to-the release, he was not bound thereby; and it was also held that it was unnecessary for him, as a condi-' tion precedent to his right to sue for damages, to pay back, or offer to payback, money received at the time of signing the paper. Railroad Co. v. Doyle, 18 Kan. 58. 2. A receipt is only prima facie evidence of its contents. The receipt signed in 1891 purports to be an acknowledgment of the payment of witness fees as well as a payment upon any claim for the injuries received at the railroad accident. She claimed that the Company had paid other- . . _ witnesses m the same case more than the-statutory fees, and that it was her idea that the whole $20 was paid to her as witness fees. She further stated that the paper was designated a-receipt when it was placed before her to sign, and that no mention was made of her claim for damages-at that time. Á receipt is, only prima facie evidence-of the statements which it contains, and is open to202 explanation by the party giving it, even to the extent of showing that it was given by mistake and that the statements which it contains are in whole or in part untrue. Ellicott, Assignee, v. Barnes, 31 Kan. 170; Clark v. Marbourg, 33 id. 471; Solomon Rld. Co. v. Jones, 34 id. 443. This is not a case in which the interests of any innocent third party are involved, but the controversy being still between the original parties to the transaction, the question of the negligence of one of them is not of great importance. We are unwilling to decide that her mere negligence in signing a receipt without reading it concludes her and prevents all explanation or denial of what it contains ; and certainly such a view should not be taken if it turned out that she was induced to sign it by the misrepresentation or fraud of the Company. We, therefore, conclude that the Court committed no error in refusing to instruct the jury to return a verdict in favor of the Company. There is cause, however, to complain of the finding of the jury that the signature of Mrs. Lovelace to the paper of January 16, 1891, was obtained through the false and fraudulent representations of Robinson for the purpose of cheating and defrauding her. Robinson was an attorney of the Company, and the paper was prepared in his office and in her presence. She stated that, after it was prepared, she had ample opportunity to read it, and that she could read ordinary writing. Her testimony is that he left it on the table in front of her with the remark— “ Sign this receipt!” There was no attempt to conceal the contents of the paper in any way, and she did not claim or testify that Robinson made any statement of its contents; nor does it appear that she was hurried into signing it. If her testimony is taken as true, it — 203 — affords no support for the finding that her signature was obtained through false and fraudulent representations. 3. Newly-discovered evidence. Another assignment of error is the overruling of a motion for a new trial, based upon the ground of newly-discovered evidence. The attorney of the Company who had charge of the preparation and trial of the cause subsequently discovered testimony of a very material character which might bring about a different result’ if a new trial were had. It includes the testimony of those who saw and talked with Mrs. Lovelace on July 1, 1890, when the release was given, and subsequent to that time. She had testified that she was confined to her bed for three weeks as a result of her injuries ; that her mind was greatly disturbed, and that she was practically unconscious of what was transpiring about her. According to the affidavits, one of the witnesses will testify that she talked with Mrs. Lovelace after the settlement had been made and the release signed; that she was in excellent spirits and in good mental condition ; that she understood and comprehended everything that transpired about her, and remarked that she felt well paid for the injuries she had received. Immediately after the settlement had been made she got out of bed, dressed herself, and afterward went with her husband to their boardinghouse, which was some distance away. Three days later she attended a picnic at one of the parks and appeared to be in good physical condition. Another witness met her on the day following the settlement, and was informed by Mrs. Lovelace that she had sustained some bruises from the wreck, but that they were not serious, and apparently they caused her no trouble. Other testimony of a similar character, — 204 — which, tends strongly to show that Mrs. Lovelace’s mental condition was good at the time in question, is referred to in the affidavits. The principal objection is that there was not a sufficient showing of diligence on the part of the Company to obtain the testimony. Great diligence was not shown, but, in view of the fact that the newly-discovered evidence consists largely of statements-made to third persons and of conduct in their presence, it may be deemed sufficient. It may be that those in charge of. the case for the Railway Company had no reason to suspect that such statements and acts had occurred or were available as testimony, and the attorney of the Company swears that he had no-knowledge of such matters or facts or of the witnesses until after the trial of the cause, but that facts were-developed on the trial and on the cross-examination of the plaintiff which gave a clew to the new facts-that have since been discovered and are contained in the affidavits. In view of the great materiality of the evidence, and the fact that the case was instituted and tried in a State other than where the accident occurred and where the plaintiff below resided, we think a sufficient showing was made, and that a new trial should have been granted. The judgment of the District Court will be reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial. Allen, J., concurring. Martin, C. J., having been of counsel, did not sit.