President of Maryland Hospital v. Foreman

Bartol, C. J., delivered the opinion of the court. This suit was instituted by the appellee to recover money paid by him upon a contract alleged to be illegal and void. At the first argument, heard near the close of the last term, the validity of the contract, evidenced by the receipt dated the 17th of April, 1863, was assailed chiefly on the ground that it was condemned by public policy, and was, therefore, illegal and void. The contract having been executed, and there being no evidence whatever of any duress, hardship or oppression practiced upon the party complaining, there seemed to be great force in the objection that the plaintiff came too late to have the contract set aside, and that the principle, in pari delicto, ought to be applied. The judges who heard the argument not being entirely agreed, and the questions, as here presented, being somewhat novel, it was considered most consonant with the ends of justice to direct *a re-argument, to allow time for a fuller examination, and afford an opportunity for consulting the other members of the bench who did not sit at the oral argument. We must express to the counsel on both sides our thanks for the very full and satisfactory manner in which they have discussed the questions in their notes of argument. [530] These have been carefully considered, and we now proceed to state the grounds upon which we have come to the conclusion that the judgment of the Superior Court ought to be affirmed. The contract upon which the money was paid by the appellee having been made by a corporation, the question lying at the basis of the whole case is, whether the corporation possessed •the power to make, such a contract. This depends upon the true construction of Art. 44. of the Code by which its powers are conferred and defined. The only sections bearing upon the question before us are the 7th and 9th. Sec. 7 provides that the President and Visitors “ may make, ordain, alter, amend and abolish all by-laws, rules and regulations for the administration •and government of the hospital as they may deem beneficial and advantageous.” Sec. 9 provides that “ they, or any number of them, not less than seven, shall have power to prescribe such rules and regulations as they may deem necessary for the management, government and regulation of said hospital, and for the admission and discharge of persons therein or therefrom, which rules and regulations shall be binding on all persons whatsoever.” In our opinion, these sections cannot be properly construed to confer on the appellants the power to make the contract in question. They obviously refer first to the internal police and management of the hospital, and confer power to make rules for its regulation and government; and, secondly, to make rules for the reception and discharge of patients, and as incidental thereto, the power to fix the terms or rate of compensation to be paid for the nursing, attendance and care of patients. The contract before us was not made under, or in conformity with, any such rule or regulation. *It was in the nature of a life insurance, or a lottery, or wager contract, depending upon the duration of the life of the patient, without regard to the duration of her unfortunate malady, and made the loss or profit of the appellants depend upon the life or death of the patient. The power to prescribe rules fixing the rate of compensation for the nare of insane patients, cannot, we think, be construed into a power to make a speculative contract of that kind. No principle is better established than that which limits corporations to the exercise of such powers only as are expressly granted by law, and such as are necessary and usual in the [531] course of their business, to enable them to attain the purposes of their creation. No express power to make the contract before us was conferred upon the appellants, nor was it either usual or necessary in the course of their business. The proof shows that it was unusual; no such contract had ever before been made by them, and, in order to fix upon its terms, they found it necessary to resort to the tables of life insurance companies, compiled from calculations of the probable duration of human life. The power to enter into contracts of that nature cannot be inferred from the terms of the charter. The President and Visitors of the Maryland Hospital are a corporation established for the purpose of receiving insane patients, an unfortunate class of persons most helpless and dependent upon the care and protection of those who have them in charge. The object of the law in establishing the institution was to provide for its inmates such attention and treatment as will secure their comfort and promote their cure. It was not designed that the appellants should speculate upon the life or death of the patient, or enter into a contract by which it might become the interest of the corporation to shorten the life or protract the cure of the patient. It seems to us that it would be contrary to public policy to confer such a power, and, in the absence of express legislative grant, its existence will not be inferred. In the opinion of this court, *the appellants had not the power, under their charter, to enter into the contract of the 17th of April, 1863; it was made ultra vires; was not binding upon them, and could not have been enforced in favor of the appellee. Is he entitled to recover back the money paid under it, or does the principle in pari delicto apply ? If a contract be illegal in itself, or is in violation of some statute, or«against public morals, courts of justice will not aid to enforce it, for the court will not contribute the means of infringing the law. Merrick v. Trustees, etc., 8 Gill, 72; Bayne v. Suit, 1 Md. 86. Such a contract, while it remains executory, may, in some cases, be disaffirmed by either party, and the money paid upon it recovered back. But, after it has been executed, if it appear that the parties stand strictly in pari delicto, it is too late for either to disaffirm or rescind it, and the parties are left without remedy against each other. 1 Story’s [532] Eq. Jur. sec. 298; 2 Parsons on Contracts, 252, 253; Sedwick v. Sedwick, 6 Gill, 39. These principles are well settled, and apply where the contract is in violation of some positive law, or involves moral turpitude; the contract made between the appellants and the appellee is not one of that kind; it was neither malum in se nor malum prohibitum; the parties, therefore, cannot be said to be in pari delicto, for, in the proper sense of the word, there is no delictum. Here the objection, which is fatal to the validity of the contract is, that the power to make it was not conferred upon the corporation by its charter, either expressly or by implication. It was simply ultra vires, and therefore, not binding upon the parties. To such a contract the principle in pari delicto does not apply; but if the party dealing with the corporation has paid money upon it, he is entitled to recover it back. This point was very fully considered and discussed by the Supreme Court of New York in Tracy v. Talmage, 14 N. Y. 162, and in Curtis v. Leavitt, 15 N. Y. 1. *In the able and elaborate opinions of Judges Selden and Comstock in the former; and in the latter of Comstock, Selden and Paige, Justices, many authorities are collected and reviewed, and the doctrine is asserted, that if a party malees a contract with a corporation, which is simply beyond the powers of the latter, he may recover back the money paid thereon, whether the contract be executed or executory. “ The contract in all such cases will be-regarded as void, and the party who delivered the property or advanced the money to such corporation will be entitled to his legal remedy, not founded upon, but in repudiation of the contract to recover the property or the money from the corporation, upon the principle that it had acquired no right or title to either under the contract.” Curtis v. Leavitt, 15 N. Y. 239. We consider this rule as consonant with reason and sound public policy, and supported by the weight of adjudged cases. This will abundantly appear by reference to the authorities cited in the opinions of the Judges, in Tracy v. Talmage and Curtis v. Leavitt before referred to. We are, therefore, of opinion that, upon the finding by the jury of the facts stated in the prayer of the plaintiff below, he was entitled to their verdict. [533] By that prayer, the jury were instructed that the plaintiff was entitled to recover the sum of $1,200 which had been paid by him under the contract, “ less the amount properly chargeable as a fair and reasonable allowance to the defendants for the care and keeping of the lunatic during the period which intervened between the 30th of June, 1863, and the 12th of August, 1864, the date of the lunatic’s death.” This being, in its nature, an equitable action, the measure of the plaintiff’s recovery must be determined upon equitable principles, the deduction or abatement was, therefore, properly allowed. Finding no error in the ruling of the Superior Court upon the prayers, the judgment must be affirmed. Judgment affirmed.