Doe v. Sussan

Miller, J., delivered the opinion of the Court. The record shows that judgment was rendered and the exception signed in this case on the 5th of June, 1866. The appeal was taken on the 21st of the same month, and, being thus in time, the delay in the transmission of the record is presumptively the fault of the clerk and not of the appellant. The case does not come within the operation of the new rule on that subject, recently adopted by this Court, which took effect on the 1st of January, 1870, after the present record had been brought up. The fact that official copies of two documents, used in evidence and contained in the exception, appear to have been made as late as August, 1869, cannot affect the,appeal which the record shows was taken in- due time. The motion to dismiss is, therefore, overruled. The property in dispute appears to be leasehold, and the prayers on either side raise the question of the construction of a clause in the will of William Price, executed in 1828, and admitted to probate the 15th of October, 1831, under which it is assumed the title is derived. By this will the testator devised to several of his grand-children certain houses and lots in the city of Baltimore, among which, that in dispute is alleged to be embraced in the following clause: “And to my grand-daughter, Sarah John Price, her heirs, executors, administrators and assigns, my lot of ground on Alice Anne street, with the three story brick house thereon, (including basement,) adjoining that on the same street above devised to my grandson, William Price. But in case of the decease of [15] all or either of my grand-children above named -without having lawful issue or descendants of the same, then I give and devise the property so bequeathed to him, her or them so dying, unto my said son, Walter Price, his heirs, executors, administrators and assigns forever.” Sarah John Price died several years since, without ever having had children, and never having been married. The plaintiff is the administrator of Walter Price, and his prayer places his right to recover upon the ground that the devise over to his intestate is good, leaving it to the jury to find that the defendant derives his title from and claims under Sarah John Price, and that the latter derived her title from the will of her grandfather as above stated. The defendant’s prayer which was granted, denies the plaintiff’s right to recover upon the evidence of title he had submitted, because the devise over to Walter Price is too remote. ISTo doubt could exist of the correctness of the construction placed upon this will by the Court below if the subject of the devise were a freehold estate. The authorities on this point are too numerous and clear to leave room even for argument. There is, however, a distinction, subtle it may be, but too well settled now to be overturned, between an executory limitation of personal property upon a dying “without leaving issue,” (the words of the present will,) and the same limitation of real estate. This distinction, the leading authority for which is Forth vs. Chapman, 1 Peere Wms., 663, runs through all the decisions, and applies even where real and personal estates are comprised in the same gift. Biscoe vs. Biscoe, 6 G. & J., 236; Usilton vs. Usilton, 3 Md. Ch. Dec., 36; Budd vs. Posey, 22 Md., 48; Woodland and Wife vs. Wallis, 6 Md., 151; and Wallis vs. Woodland and Wife, et al., 32 Md., 101. In most, if not all the Maryland cases in which this distinction has been taken and followed, the subject of the limitation has been money or personal chattels. But, in Forth vs. Chapman, there was a devise of both freehold and leasehold estates to two nephews, and if either [16] “ should depart this life and leave no issue of their respective bodies,” then over, and the question arose whether the limitation over of the leasehold premises was void as too remote. The Court was of opinion and decreed that the devise over was void, among other reasons, because of a distinction between things merely personal and chattels real. But after-wards, when the case came before Lord Parker upon appeal, his Lordship reversed the decree and said, “ if I devise a term to A, and if A die without having issue remainder over, in the vulgar and common sense, this must be intended if A die without leaving issue at his death, and then the devise over is good.” And the Lord Chancellor, in reference to the objection that, as the will in the same clause and the same words, carried both freehold and leasehold estates, the same words could not be taken in two different senses, said: “It might be reasonable enough to take the same words as to the different estates in different senses, and as if repeated in two several clauses, viz: I devise to A my freehold land, and if A die without leaving issue, then to B; and I devise my leasehold to A, and if A die without leaving issue, then to B, in which ease the different clauses would (as he conceived) have the different constructions above mentioned to make both the devises good, and it was reasonable it should be so ut res magis valeat quam per eat.” No case has been more thoroughly adopted by the Maryland decisions than this, and it presents the very case of a limitation of a leasehold estate. In Beauclerk vs. Dormer, 2 Atk., 314, also a leading case upon this law of executory devises and contingent limitations Lord Hardwicke said : “ It would be of very mischievous consequence and introduce great confusion if the Court should admit of a distinction between chattels personal and chattels real” in this respect. In Peake vs. Pegden, 2 Term Rep. 720, there was a devise of leasehold premises to a grandson and the heirs lawful of him forever, “but in case he should happen to die and leave no lawful heir” then over, and Lord [17] Kenyon held the limitation over good on the authority of Forth vs. Chapman, which he said had been uniformly followed by a series of decisions down to that time. The case before him he also said was that of a chattel interest and the words “ leaving no lawful heir” must mean leaving no issue at the time of the death of the first taker. In Crooke vs. De Voudes, 9 Ves. 197, freehold and leasehold estates were devised in the same will to a grandson and the heirs of his body lawfully issuing, with limitation over “ if he has no such heirs,” and the limitation over as to both was held void, but Loi'd Eldon took the distinction between those words and the words “ if he leaves no such heirs,” which latter as to the leasehold estates he said would upon the authority of Forth vs. Chapman, import a failure at the time of his death. This case is cited with approval in Newton vs. Griffith, 1 H. & G., 117. In his elaborate opinion in Cadogan vs. Ewart, 7 Adol. & Ellis, 636, Lord Denman said, the words, "depart this life without leaving issue lawfully begotten,” would, “ if the question arose upon a term for years or other personal estate, now be held to mean a dying without issue living at the death of the first taker.” Other anthorities of equal weight might be cited to the same effect, but these must suffice to establish the distinction, and determine its applicability to devises of leasehold estates. For certain purposes under our laws a leasehold interest like the present under a lease for ninety-nine years, renewable for ever, may have impressed upon it some of the qualities of real estate, but it is rvanting in the essential quality which the authorities show the Courts have mainly considered in establishing the distinction by which they would determine a devise over of a freehold, under a similar clause, to be void. It is still an estate less than a freehold; it does not descend to the heir but is assets in the hands of the executor or administrator to be administered and distributed by him as other personal property, under the authority of the Orphans’ Court. Code, Art. 93, sec. 220; Williams vs. Holmes, 9 Md. 281. [18] (Decided 23d June, 1870.) Upon these authorities and for these reasons we are of opinion the limitation over in the clause of the will under review, if the subject be a leasehold estate, is not void for remoteness, and hence there was error in the Court’s rulings upon the prayers for which the judgment must be reversed, and the cause remanded for a new trial. Judgment reversed and new trial atoarded.