Stansbury v. Fogle

Miller, J., delivered.the opinion of the Court. In several very recent cases, one of which (Cooper vs. Utterbach, ante. 282,) has been decided at the present term, this Court has had occasion to consider the general — 379 — rules of law governing actions for malicious prosecution and false imprisonment, and we shall therefore proceed^at once to determine the particular questions presented for review by this appeal. These are the rulings of the Superior Court in granting the three prayers offered by the plaintiff, and rejecting the defendant’s first, fifth and seventh prayers. 1st. The objections to the plaintiff’s first prayer are that it assumes as facts (what was clearly established by the proof in the case,) that the plaintiff was arrested and imprisoned upon a criminal charge, and that the prosecution against him had been terminated by his exoneration and dischaage, and that it submits to the jury a question of law in allowing them to find that such prosecution was without probable cause. But it does not appear from the record that objection to the prayer upon either of these grounds was taken at the trial. This Court is therefore precluded by its Fourth Rule and Regulation respecting appeals, from considering either of these objections, no matter how well founded and fatal to the judgment they might be if properly presented for revision. That Rule, which was in force when this case was tried, was made and prescribed by the Judges of the Court of Appeals under and by authority of the eighteenth section, of the fourth article of the Constitution, and by virtue thereof has “the force and operation of law until rescinded, changed or modified by the said Judges or the General Assembly.” It provides among other things that no instruction actually given shall be deemed by the Court of Appeals to be defective by reason of any assumption therein <of any fact, or because of a question of law having been thereby submitted to the jury, unless it appear from the record that an objection thereto for such defect was taken at the trial. It is a rule of easy observance, is in strict accordance with previous legislative enactments upon the same subject, and tends to prevent expense, delay and hindrance of justice — 380 — resulting from reversals of judgments upon grounds not presented to or considered by the tribunals that rendered them. If these objections to this prayer had been suggested to the opposing ^counsel, or to the Court in the trial of the case, it would have been easy to obviate them by a different framing of the instruction, or if so presented and overruled by the Court, it was equally easy to make that fact apparent upon the record. 2d. The plaintiff’s second prayer is addressed to the question of malice. As originally presented it asked the Court to instruct the jury that if they believed from the evidence that the prosecution against the plaintiff was instituted or caused to be instituted by the defendant, under such circumstances as would not have induced a reasonable and dispassionate man to believe that the plaintiff was guilty of the crimes so charged against him, then they may infer that the defendant was actuated by malice in instituting or causing the institution of such prosecution. To this was then appended this conceded addition: “While it is competent for the jury to infer malice from a want of probable cause, the question whether the defendant was actuated by malice or not is one to be determined upon the whole evidence, and if upon the whole evidence the jury believe that the defendant did not act maliciously, then their verdict must be for the defendant,” and with this addition the prayer was granted. As was said in Boyd vs. Cross, 35 Md. Rep., 197, “Malice is a question of fact for the jury, and its existence may be and most generally is inferred from the want of probable cause for the prosecution, but it does not necessarily follow that because there is an absence of probable cause the defendant must have been actuated by malice. The presumption of malice resulting from the want of probable cause is only prima facie, and may be rebutted by the circumstances under which the defendant acted.” This prayer with its conceded addition gave the defen — 381 — dant the full benefit of this law, and the only objection that has been urged to it is that it gives an erroneous definition of want of probable cause. In this respect the prayer contains a simple negation of what in law constitutes probable cause. That which is generally considered the best definition of these terms is the one given by Mr. Justice Washington in Munns vs. Dupont, 3 Wash. C. C. Rep., 31, cited with approval in Boyd vs. Cross, viz: “A reasonable ground of suspicion supported by circumstances sufficiently strong in themselves to warrant a cautious man in his belief that the person accused is guilty of the offence of which he is charged.” But it is not necessary to follow the precise words of this definition. It is sufficient if language of equivalent import is uSed. Thus in Cooper vs. Utterbach, the Court’s instruction that probable cause means the existence of such facts and circumstances as would excite the belief in a reasonable mind acting on the facts within the knowledge of the defendant, that the plaintiff was guilty of the crime for which he was prosecuted, was held to be identical in meaning with that adopted by Judge Washington, and the appellee’s second and fourth prayers affirmed in that case, define want of probable cause in very nearly the exact language employed in the instruction we are now considering. Again, the jury in this case were instructed at the instance of the defendant himself, by the granting of his third prayer, that the burden is upon the plaintiff to prove that there was an absence of such probable cause for the prosecution as would justify an ordinarily prudent man in instituting the same, and not upon the defendant to prove the contrary. In our judgment the language of the prayer in this respect is equivalent in meaning to that sanctioned and approved by adjudged cases of the highest authority. In addition to those already cited we refer to the cases of Wheeler vs. Nesbitt, 24 How., 551, 552; Humphries vs. Parker, 52 Maine 505; Spangler vs. Davy, 15 Grattan 388, and to 1 Amer. Lead. Cases, 213, where the annota — 382 — tors in their notes to the case of Munns vs. Dupont have collected a large number of cases on this point. 3rd. The plaintiff’s third prayer is directed to the question of damages. It asserts, that if the jury shall find a verdict for the plaintiff, (that is to say, if they first find every thing necessary to support the action mentioned or assumed in the preceding prayers, including the finding upon the whole evidence, that the defendant in instituting or causing the institution of the prosecution, was actuated by malice,) then they are at liberty to take into consideration all the circumstances of the case, and award such damages as will not only compensate the plaintiff for the wrong and indignity he has sustained, in consequence of the defendant’s wrongful act, but may also award exemplary or punitive damages, as a punishment to the defendant for such wrongful acts. The correctness of this instruction, was not seriously questioned in argument, and we know of no authority which has decided that, in an action like the present, and under such circumstances as this case discloses, the jury is not at liberty to award exemplary or punitive damages. The .case in all its features, is wholly unlike that of Sears vs. Hathaway, 12 Cal., 277, referred to by the appellant’s counsel. 4th. The defendant’s first and seventh prayers are addressed to that branch of the case which relates to the' defendant’s participation in the prosecution of the plaintiff. Upon this subject there is much conflicting testimony. These facts however appear to be undisputed; the plaintiff was arrested by a police officer in the law office of Mr. Waterman, on the 10th of March, 1870, the defendant and Waterman both being present at the time; he was then taken to a magistrate’s office by the policeman, accompanied by the defendant and Waterman; the officer at the time had no warrant for his arrest, and no warrant for that purpose had then been issued; Water — 383 — man then made a statement or charge against the plaintiff, as to his having obtained a grey horse from the defendant; the defendant was then questioned in reference to it, both by the magistrate and Waterman, whom the magistrate regarded as defendant’s counsel, and the defendant then made oath to the truth of the facts he had testified to, and the plaintiff was then committed to jail, under a warrant of commitment issued by the magistrate in the usual form, charging him with obtaining from John S. Stansbury, a grey horse under false pretences ; he remained in jail until the 16th of March, when he was released on bail, and at the following May Term of the Criminal Court was discharged, upon request of the grand jury, who had first summoned, sworn and examined the defendant and his son, who had been returned by the magistrate as witnesses for the State. There was evidence offered on the part of the plaintiff tending to show that this arrest and imprisonment was directly caused or procured by the defendant,' — that he was in fact the originator of the prosecution, and the plaintiff’s prayers leaving it to the jury to find that the prosecution was instituted, or caused, or procured to be instituted by the defendant, are based on that view of the testimony. There was however, evidence offered on the part of the defendant tending to show that his agency or participation in the matter was not that of an originator of the proceedings, nor was it necessary he should have been, in order to make him liable in this action provided the case was in other respects made out against him. Two persons may be parties to an arrest and imprisonment, and both be liable; one maybe the active originator and promoter of the prosecution, and the other may voluntarily aid and assist therein, either by direct personal participation, or by instigation and advice. While mere passive knowledge and consent to the acts of another, is not sufficient to render a party liable, — 384 — (Gilbert vs. Emmons, 42 Ill., 143,) yet voluntary aid and assistance undoubtedly will. The first prayer of the appellee in Cooper vs. Utterbach, approved by this Court, was to the effect, that if the jury found from the evidence that the defendant aided and assisted in procuring the arrest and prosecution of the plaintiff', and aided and contributed to said prosecution, then he is liable to' be sued by the plaintiff in this action, provided, the jury under the instructions of the Court, shall find the other facts necessary to render him so liable. So, in Cotton vs. Huidekoper, 2 Penna. Rep., (Penrose & Watts,) 143, the Court state what is unquestioned law, “if the defendant participated voluntarily in the prosecution of the plaintiff and it was carried on with his countenance and approbation. he is liable in damages, whether there wére others who were concerned in it or not.” The evidence in this case clearly shows that the defendant participated in the prosecution, at least to the extent of giving it voluntary aid and assistance. For assuming the police officer was called in and directed to arrest the plaintiff by Mr. Waterman acting upon his own volition, stilLthe defendant had been present at the previous interview, as testified to by the witnesses in which the plaintiff was told in effect that he had obtained the horse from the defendant upon the strength of representations which were false. And he was also present when the arrest was made, and then without any legal compulsion, he accompanied the parties to the magistrate’s office, and there testified under oath, and upon his sworn testimony, the commitment in the usual form was made out, by virtue of which the plaintiff was imprisoned. This of itself constitutes such voluntary aid and assistance in the prosecution as would render the defendant liable, if the other essential facts of want of probable cause and malice were established. The great defect in the two prayers we are now considering, is, that they both ignore — 385 — altogether this law as to voluntary aid and assistance, which, in view of the testimony in the case, should not have been omitted in instructions like these, which profess to state what was essential to the maintenance of the action Each of them in unqualified terms asserts, that in order to maintain the present action, it is necessary for the plaintiff to satisfy the jury that the alleged arrest, commitment and imprisonment of the plaintiff were, as expressed in the first prayer, “ caused or procured,” and as expressed in the seventh prayer, “caused” by the defendant, whereas we have shown,that voluntary aid and assistance in the prosecution was sufficient. Assuming therefore, (without so deciding,) that the additional parts of each of these instructions standing by themselves, or connected with true antecedent legal propositions would have been correct, still being coupled with an insufficient and erroneous statement of the law of the case, the prayers were incorrect and misleading, and were hence properly rejected. In so far as the testimony might warrant an instruction exonerating and protecting the defendant, by reason of his having acted in the matter under the advice and direction of counsel, the granting of his fourth prayer gave him the benefit of all the law on that subject to which he was entitled. 5th. The remaining question is as to the propriety of the rejection of the defendant’s fifth prayer. In considering this question it is necessary to notice an instruction given at the instance of the defendant himself. The Court granted his second prayer by which the jury were told that it is further necessary for the plaintiff to satisfy them that in respect to the alleged arrest, commitment and imprisonment, (even if they should find the defendant instituted or caused the same,) the defendant acted without reasonable or probable cause, and to constitute reasonable and probable cause, it is not necessary that the plaintiff should have been in fact guilty of the crime — 386 — charged, hut it is enough for the defendant’s justification if they find he had reasonable ground to think that the plaintiff'was guilty of the matter charged. Having obtained this instruction in these broad terms, by which the jury were told it was enough to justify the defendant and therefore defeat the action against him, if th.ey could find from the testimony he had reasonable ground to think the plaintiff was guilty of the offence charged, whether he was so in fact or not, it is difficult to perceive what further instruction upon the question of probable cause he had the right to ask. In our judgment, the Court having granted this instruction at his instance, not only leaving the question of law to the jury as he requested, but stating that law in the most favorable terms for him, were quite right in rejecting any additional instruction on the same subject, and for this reason alone, there was no error in the rejection of his fifth prayer. But again, what is this fifth prayer? It asserts that if the plaintiff sold and delivered to defendant, the articles mentioned in the bill of sale offered in evidence and represented to the defendant that he owned and had the right to sell said articles, and if upon the faith of the truth of said representation by plaintiff - he obtained from the defendant a certain grey horse referred to in the commitment offered in evidence, and the jury find such representation was not true, then there was probable cause justifying the charge upon which the plaintiff was committed, and the plaintiff cannot recover. ' This prayer is based solely upon a portion of the testimony given by the plaintiff himself as a witness. It is now the established doctrine, both in this country and in England, that what facts and circumstances amount to probable cause is a question of law, but whether these facts and circumstances exist in the particular case is for the jury. In this State the jury are instructed hypothetically as to what constitutes probable cause, leaving it to — 387 — them to find the facts embraced in the hypothesis. 35 Md. Rep., 197. But when a Court has to deal with such a case, after the evidence is al,l in, it would be highly improper to allow a particular part of the testimony, disconnected from all the other conceded facts and circumstances of the case, to be selected as the hypothesis, and upon that alone to declare there was probable cause for the prosecution, and thus defeat the action. Such a course would, in many instances, defeat the ends of justice. It appears from the proof in this record that the plaintiff, for many years prior to 1869, had pursued the business of a huckster, and during that period had dealings with the defendant who was a wholesale and retail grocer in Baltimore city. In the spring of 1869 the plaintiff sold to the defendant two huckster’s wagons, and three horses with harness and gear, and conveyed the same to him by bill of sale, with warranty of title, dated the 19th of May of that year, for the consideration expressed in the deed of $737. At the time of this sale the plaintiff represented the property to be his, that he had a right to sell it, and no third party had any claim upon it. The agreement between them as to the payment of the purchase money, was that about $200 of it should go in extinguishment of an antecedent debt for that amount due by the plaintiff to the defendant, and the residue should be paid in two or three weeks; the defendant, however, never paid any of this purchase money, and it does not appear that he was ever the worse off by a single dollar on account of this transaction. He allowed the plaintiff to remain in possession of the property, and early in June following it was taken by the Sheriff under a writ of replevin from the Court of Common Pleas at suit of Wm. G-. Wilson against the defendant, and it then appeared Wilson claimed the property as owner by virtue of a purchase thereof from the plaintiff some time in the preceding winter. After the writ of replevin had been execu — 388 — ted, and Wilson’s claim to the property had thus been made known to the defendant in the most formal and explicit manner by a suit #,t law, the plaintiff, some time in the latter part of June or in July, came to the defendant, and said he was out of employment, but if he had a horse he could borrow a wagon, and carry on a huckstering business. The defendant thereupon purchased a grey horse at a cost of about-$40 or $45, and delivered it to the plaintiff. The plaintiff swears the horse was merely loaned to him. The defendant swears he sold the horse to the plaintiff upon the understanding that the price thereof would be deducted from the balance due upon the purchase money mentioned in the bill of sale; and his son swears he supposed that in case his father was successful in the replevin suit, the horse would belong 'to the plaintiff, but if not so successful the horse would come back to his father or be paid for. But whatever may have been the understanding of the parties in this respect it is clear the plaintiff did not obtain the horse until more than a month after the bill of sale, and not until after the property had been replevied by Wilson. The defendant further swears, (and this is the testimony upon which the prayer in question is based,) that this purchase and delivery of the horse were in consequence of and in reliance upon the representations of the plaintiff, thenagainrepeated by Mm, that he owned all the articles mentioned in the bill of sale at the time of its execution, and had full right to sell the same, and that Wilson had no interest therein, nor ground to claim the same. But the defendant then well knew that the truth of these statements was denied and questioned in the most solemn' form; he knew that Wilson claimed the property by virtue of a previous purchase from the plaintiff, and had asserted that claim by a -law suit actually commenced against himself. Though the general rule is that want of prudence on the part of -the prosecutor in a case of false pretences is no defence if — 389 — he was really imposed upon, yet there are some exceptions to it, and it is well settled that if a party knows the representations to be false at the time he parted with his property, he cannot claim he was influenced by them. 2 Wharton’s Amer. Cr. Law, secs. 2126 and 2128 to 2131. Here though the defendant might not have known that the representations were absolutely false, yet he was instructed and admonished by the law suit against him to place no reliance upon them, and after this it was his own folly to have relied upon them, when reiterated, or to have parted with property upon faith in their truth. Indeed it would seem he could not possibly have done so except upon the hope or expectation that the plaintiff' would testify under oath, as a witness in the replevin suit, to the truth of what he had thus stated. But further the plaintiff after obtaining the horse used it in his business as a huckster, and it does not appear he ever made any attempt to sell or dispose of it, but on the contrary the horse, which was blind, remained in his possession and died on his hands before this prosecution was instituted. The prosecution was not instituted until more than eight months after he had obtained the horse, and not until he had said to the defendant and his counsel that he would not testify in the replevin suit that the property there involved did not belong to Wilson. Immediately upon his making this statement he was arrested and imprisoned upon the charge of having obtained this horse nearly nine months previously by means of false pretences. In this state of case we are of opinion the Court not only committed no error in rejecting this prayer as offered, but could properly have refused to grant any instruction to the effect that there was probable cause for this prosecution. We have carefully examined all the numerous authorities cited in argument, and particularly the cases of Hailes vs. Marks, 7 Hurl. & Nor., 56, and Weston vs. Beeman, et al. 27 Law Jour. N. S., (Exch. Rep.) 57, which — 390 — were especially relied on by tlie appellant’s counsel, but can discover nothing in either of them inconsistent with the conclusions and views we have reached and expressed in this opinion. We have also given to the case especial care and consideration, because of our thorough conviction of the good sense and propriety of the observations of Mr. Justice Washington, which we have cited with approval in Boyd vs. Cross, 35 Md. Rep., 199, but we-find in this case no ground of error subject to our revision in the rulings of the Court to which exception was taken, and its judgment must be affirmed. (Decided 18th February, 1873.) Judgment affirmed.