Miller v. Eschbach

Brent, J., delivered the opinion of the Court. The question which lies at the foundation of this case, is the election of the appellant, as one of the elders of “The Evangelical Reformed Church of Frederick,” on Easter Monday, of the year 1874. If not duly and legally elected to fill that office, he cannot be entitled to the mandamus asked for, no matter what might be the opinion of this Court upon the other many and interesting questions presented in the very elaborate arguments of the several able counsel representing the respective parties. To the legality of the election of the appellant, a custom and usage of the church of long standing is interposed. The appellees, among other causes and reasons set forth — 5 — in their answer, why a writ of mandamus ought not to be granted against them, aver, First, “ That by a usage in said Church, dating back many years before the incorporation of the church in the year 1848, under the provisions of the Act of 1802, oh. Ill, and continuing unbroken and without objection up to Easter Monday last, (the time of the election in question,) it was the privilege, prerogative and duty of the consistory of said church, to select from those of the congregation in their opinion best qualified for the positions, four names of members of said church, as candidates for the office of elders, and four other names as candidates for the office of deacons, out of and from which said four names as candidates for the office of deacons, it was the privilege and duty of the congregation to select two deacons, and out of and from said four names as candidates for elders, it was the privilege and duty of the congregation to select two elders, that by said unbroken and unopposed usage, the congregation, at the meeting for election of elders and deacons, held on Easter Monday of each and every successive year, were confined to, and could select only the two elders and the two deacons, there to be chosen from the eight men, who had been nominated as aforesaid by the consistory.” And secondly, that by the same long continued and uninterrupted custom, it was “the usage in said church for the pastor in charge of said church, or in the absence of said pastor, for the preacher occupying the pulpit thereof, to announce on at least two successive Sundays before Easter Monday in each and every year, the names of all those who were candidates to be. voted for at the election on the Easter Monday succeeding ; that this was the only way in which it was made known to the congregation, who were the candidates who would be balloted for at the said election on the Easter Monday succeeding.” — 6 — The appellant was not nominated by the consistory, nor announced from the pulpit as one of the candidates for the office of elder. He received, however, a majority of the votes cast at the election in question, and is his election valid notwithstanding the non-observance of the custom and usage referred to ? A long continued, unbroken and unopposed custom and usage, such as is set up by the defence in this case, is held by all the’authorities, to which we have been referred, to be in the nature of a by-law, and to be equally obligatory and binding. Like a by-law, it may be annulled or altered by the mode and in the manner proper to be taken by the corporation for that purpose, or it will be held by the Courts to be inoperative, if in conflict with the charter of incorporation. That this custom has been annulled or altered, does not appear from the record before us, nor is it claimed by the appellant that this has been done; but it is insisted, that it is in conflict with the charter of incorporation, adopted by this congregation in 1848, under the provisions of the law of 1802, ch. Ill, and being so in conflict with the charter, this custom is void, and cannot in any manner control or affect the election of elders. The charter provides, that “ no person shall be eligible either as elder or deacon, unless at the time of his election he be a member of this church in full communion, and above the age of twenty-one years.” Sec. 5 It also provides, that “no member shall be entitled to vote for pastor, elders or deacons, or on any matter touching the doctrine or discipline of the church, unless he be a male member over twenty-one years, in full communion with this church,, and who annually contributes according to their ability to its support.” Sec. 10. These two sections designate the qualifications of elders and deacons, and of those who are entitled to vote for them ; and it is argued that the right is thereby conferred on the qualified elector to vote for any one as elder, pos — 7 — sessing the qualifications mentioned, without regard to any usage or custom in reference to the manner in which nominations and announcements of candidates are to be made. It cannot be questioned, that a by-law, or a custom having the force and effect only of a by-law, if found to be in opposition to the charter of the corporation, will be declared and held to be void. Lee vs. Wallis, 1 Ld. Kenyon, 292; Rex vs. Spencer, 3 Burr., 1834; Rex vs. Cushwood, 4 Burr., 2204. But is the custom set up in this case repugnant to the sections quoted from the charter of this corporation ? In Stephens’s N. P., 2297, (mar.,) referring to Rex vs. Sligo, 2 Fox and Smith, 90, it is said, “if in a charter oí incorporation respecting the admission of members, the charter will admit of a construction consistent with the uniform usage in opposition to the claim, a mandamus will not be granted.” The custom of the consistory in this case, in nominating persons to be voted for as elders is easily and readily reconciled with the provisions of this charter. There is no such inconsistency between the charter and this custom, as to place their reasonable construction outside of the doctrine just referred to. They may both well stand together, and both be truthfully and honestly carried out. The charter does not affirm that all persons, possessing the qualifications mentioned in the fifth section may be voted for. Its terms are negative, directing that “no person shall be eligible either as elder oí1 deacon, &c.” The custom of nominating by the consistory, existed before and at the time of the adoption of the charter in 1848, and it may well be regarded as explanatory of the meaning given by the corporators themselves, to the section referred to at the time of its adoption. The power to nominate candidates may be in the consistory, and yet effect given to this section of the charter. They may nominate, but the persons nominated by them must be members of the church in full communion, and above the — 8 — age of twenty-one years. By this construction, all apparent conflict and inconsistency is avoided, and efficacy is given to the terms of the charter, and the long established usage and custom of this congregation of the Reformed Church, respected and preserved. The cases referred to and relied upon by the appellant in 3 and 4 Burrows, and 1 Ld. Kenyon, (cited above,) are readily distinguished from this case. In each of them the by-law, which formed the subject of dispute, was in direct conflict with the charter, and could not, by any reasonable construction, have been reconciled with its provisions. In the cases in Burrows the right to elect certain officers was conferred by the charter upon the Mayor and others and commonalty. By-laws were passed taking away the power of the commonalty to participate in the election, and these by-laws were held to be invalid because repugnant to the charter. In the case of 1 Lord Kenyon, 292,- by the terms of the charter, the warden of the corporation was to be elected yearly “ out of the principal inhabitants of the town.” A by-law was made, “directing eight assistants to the warden to be chosen and nominated out of such of the inhabitants as had served in the office of bailiff or tything man, within tfle said borough, to be nominated by the warden and to continue for life ; and that the warden should be annually chosen out of the said eight assistants.” This was also held to be repugnant to the charter, because “the description of the body, out of which the warden is to be elected, cannot be altered, which was solemnly determined in the case of the borough of Carmarthen, between the King & Phillips, 23 G., 2, where the charter directed the election out of the burgesses, and the by-law out of the common council.” An examination of these cases shows that they differ from the one before us. In them there is a .clear conflict • between the charter and by-law, which cannot be reconciled by any reasonable construction, while in the case before us the two can readily stand together, and efficiency be given to both. — 9 — Sor does it appear from anything in this record that the custom and usage relied upon by the appellees is not a salutary and wholesome one. The office of elder in this church is one of a high spiritual nature, Creed & Customs by Russell, 449. Those who fill it must be “in full communion,” and “exemplary in faith and practice.” Charter, sec. 5. Constitution of Church, Art. 21. To them, together with the ministers and counsellors, are committed the spiritual concerns and government of the congregation. Constitution of Church, Art. 40. They are inducted into office by the imposition of hands and a solemn and imposing religious ceremony. Constitution of Church, Art. 22. Order of ivorship, p. 231. The office is therefore one of the highest importance, and a long continued custom, tending to aid in the selection of suitable members of the congregation to fill it, cannot be regarded with disfavor hv the Courts. Those who compose the consistory are specially charged by virtue of their office to inquire diligently into the faith and practice of members of the congregation, (Constitution of Church, Art. 40,) and to them may well he confided the power to designate, by nomination, candidates possessing the qualifications required by the charter and constitution of the church. The announcement of such candidates from the pulpit gives an opportunity to the congregation of knowing with certainty who are candidates, and of canvassing their respective qualifications. It cannot he expected that the Courts will hold such a custom and usage to he bad, because it may be abused, and upon that ground declare it to he inapplicable and void. In our opinion the first and second reasons, assigned by the appellees in their answer against granting the writ of mandamus in this case, are good and sufficient. The custom and usage there set up is binding upon the congregation, and must be observed at tbe annual election of elders so long as it remains unrepealed and unaltered. As it — 10 — was disregarded in the case of the appellant we must hold that he was not duly elected to the office of elder ; and as a consequence, his petition for a mandamus must be dismissed. (Decided 10th June, 1875.) The judgment refusing the mandamus and dismissing the petition will be affirmed. Judgment affirmed.