Dickey v. Permanent Land Co.

Yellott, J., delivered the opinion of the Court. On certain real estate, described as belonging to the -complainants in this cause, the Permanent Land Company of Baltimore City holds three mortgages, executed at different periods and intended as security for the payment of •different sums of money. The first of these mortgages is dated the 23rd of January, 1867, and was assigned by the mortgagee named therein to the said company, on the 24th of January, 1875. Of the two remaining mort-. gages, one is dated the 19th of December, 1873, and the •other the 23rd of April, 1877. That two of these mortgages have been fully paid and satisfied is not disputed; ■and it is conceded that there has been an over-payment, by way of usurious interest, in excess of the sums really ■due and legally demandablei These payments were made more than three years ago, and an action, at law, instituted for the recovery of usurious interest, might be barred by limitation, if the defendant in such action should •avail himself of his privilege and plead the Act. If, however, the complainants in this cause ever had any right to compel the defendant to refund the money paid by way ■of usury, they had, during a period of three years, a complete and adequate remedy at law. With a full knowledge of all the facts, and therefore, in legal contemplation, perfectly cognizant of their rights and remedy, they have been guilty of laches until by the lapse of time, their right of action may be barred by the operation of the Statute of Limitations; and they now ask a Court of equity to decree relief in equity, by wholly ignoring the fundamental maxim in which equity originated, and on which equitable jurisdiction has its foundation. The debt alleged to be due the complainants, if not wholly extinguished by ■being brought within the purview and operation of the Act of 1876, ch. 358, can yet be sued on in a Court of law, although more than three . years have elapsed since the cause of action accrued. It is perfectly apparent that [176] this debt can he recovered and become the foundation for a judgment in a Court of law, unless the plea of limitations is interposed as a bar to the remedy. The debt itself is not extinguished by the operation of the Statute of Limitations, and Courts cannot assume that a party defendant will seek to bar the remedy by an interposition of the plea. Even if an action at law should eventually terminate in this result, it would he suggestive of the propriety of the application, by a Court of equity, of the maxim, “ vigilantibus non dormientibus jura subveniunt or in other words, that the laws intervene to aid those who are active and vigilant, and not those who are sluggards and who sleep on their rights. The defendant, in its answer, admits that the first two mortgages have been fully paid and satisfied, and releases of the same have been produced, which, the Circuit Court has decreed, shall he recorded and delivered to the complainants. The complainants have thus, by the concession and action of the defendant, obtained all the relief they are entitled to with respect to the two first mortgages, which have been thus released; hut they insist on an account with respect to these two mortgages, so that the over-payment of interest may he ascertained and applied to the extinguishment of the debt still due on the third mortgage. It is conceded by both sides that there has been an application of payments already made by agreement of the parties to the two first mortgages. Now the rule in regard to the application of payments is well defined. At the time when payment is made, there may he an application by agreement between debtor and creditor. If there he no such agreement the debtor may make the application; and, in the absence of any action on his part, the creditor may apply the money to the extinguishment of any claim which he has against the debtor. If there has been no application by parties, the law will apply the [177] payment in conformity with established and recognized rules. But the law never makes an application of payment when the parties have already done so. The law will not undertake to make a new contract for the parties. And this rule strictly governs, even in the case of an application of money to the payment of an item in an account current which is not recoverable in an action at law. Thus in Tomlinson Carriage Co. vs. Kinsella, 31 Conn., 272, Hinman, C. J., says: “ The party receiving money as the consideration of an illegal sale, may, under the statute, he liable to refund it. But to apply it by law as payment to other lawful debts, is, in effect, to make a new contract for the parties against their wishes and intentions, and different from that which the law raises from the circumstances that the money may he recovered back under the statute.” The language of the Supreme Court of Maine is even stronger. In the case of Treadwell vs. Moore, 34 Maine, 112, that Court said, “Ho case can he found where the law by its own vigor has withdrawn a payment deliberately applied to the discharge of a claim, however illegal, and appropriated it in payment of some legal claim existing against the individual making the payment. Ho such principle, as applicable to the appropriation of payments, is recognized.” The same doctrine was held in New Jersey when payments had been applied by a debtor to an illegal usurious contract. Feldman vs. Gamble, 26 N. J. Eq., 494. The principle seems to have been established and settled by a multitude of adjudications that the debtor cannot retract his application of payment to an illegal contract, nor can Courts either of law or equity intervene in his behalf, “whether the application be a present one made by the debtor himself, or by the creditor under a previous agreement with the debtor that it should he thus applied.” And in conformity with this principle it has [178] been determined by a number of tbe appellate Courts, that when part of a creditor’s claim was for liquors sold by him in violation of a statute, which part was not therefore collectible, and the debtor had made payments specifically on those items, the payments must be so applied, and not to other items which were for groceries and other goods, the sale of which was fully sanctioned by law. Caldwell vs. Wentworth, 14 N. H., 431; Richardson, et al. vs. Woodbury, 12 Cush., 279; Hubbell vs. Flint, 15 Gray, 550. (Decided 12th February, 1885.) It must be borne in mind that in the cases just cited the illegal charges were in one account current. But in the case now under consideration, the transactions are distinct, although the mortgages are on the same real estate. The debt created by the last mortgage, may not have been in existence when usurious interest on the first had been received by the mortgagee. It seems to be impossible to discover any established principle by which usurious payments, byo agreement of parties applied to the first mortgages, can, by mere operation of law, now be transferred to the subsequent debt created by the last. The complainants were clearly not entitled to the relief invoked by their bill of complaint; and there being no error in the ruling of the Circuit Court, its decree should be affirmed with costs to the respondent. Decree affirmed.