Gordon v. McCulloh

Bryan, J., after stating the case, delivered the opinion of the Court. The bill of complaint in this case was filed for the purpose of enforcing a supposed lien on certain lands in Garrett County. It alleged that the defendants were seised in fee simple, as tenants in common, of these lands, and that they became indebted to the complainant for professional services rendered by him as an attorney-at-law and solicitor in chancery, and for money paid and expended for them at their request, in his business and employment as attorney and solicitor ; and that titles of all the defendants except James W. McCulloh, were conveyed by several deeds to Richard S. McCulloh; that although each of these deeds on its face appeared to be absolute and free from any trust, yet in fact the lands were conveyed to said Richard, in trust for the purpose of selling and disposing of them and applying the proceeds of the sales to the payment of the sums of money due to the complainant, and the balance to the several grantors, after deducting commissions, costs and expenses. It was further alleged, that the said Richard accepted the said deeds with the understanding that the property conveyed was subject to said trust; and that after the execution of the deeds, and at various times from the year 1872, down to the year 1874, he acknowledged the said trust in writing signed by him, and agreed to pay the complainant the money due to him, out of the proceeds of sales of the property. The bill prayed for a decree establishing the trust and for a [248] sale and the application of the proceeds to the payment of the debts due complainant. The Circuit Court decided that the trust was not proved, and dismissed the bill of complaint. We will consider the evidence applicable to this question. John P. Hubbard acquired the shares of Upham and wife, and Greene and wife, in these lands, and some years afterwards, that is, on the twelfth day of December, ISTfi, he and his wife conveyed all their interest in the property to Richard S. McCulloh in fee simple. On the day of this conveyance, but prior to its execution, Hubbard and McCulloh, entered into a written agreement under their signatures, which, after providing for the execution and delivery of the conveyance, contained this stipulation: “ That said Richard, in consideration of the execution and delivery to him of the aforesaid deed or deeds, will and shall take such steps as he shall judge or may be advised are necessary and proper, to discharge all incumbrances upon or claims against the said lands, and to release and free said lands, all or any of them, from any undivided or joint interest of any person whatever in the same, by exchange, partition or sale of all or any part thereof, by or through proceedings in Court or otherwise ; and finally, the said Richard will hold and transfer to said John, his heirs or assigns, one-third of any residue of the proceeds of the sales thereof, after deducting all charges and expenses which the said Richard may have incurred in the premises.” This language seems to be sufficiently distinct. There were incumbrances and claims resting on the lands, and these it was desired to remove, so that they might be sold with the advantage of a clear title. The debts alleged to be due to the complainant were merely simple contracts, and in no respect “incumbrances upon, or claims against” the lands. These expressions import liens, which proprio vigore bind the realty ; which fasten upon it and follow it into the hands of all purchasers, who [249] take it with notice of their existence ; and which may he enforced by a sale of the property. They are called “ incumbrances ” because they rest as a burden on the title, until they are removed by payment or release ; they are described as “ claims against the land,” because the land is the debtor and may be sold to discharge the debt, without regard to the personal liability of the owner. To be sure, all simple contracts may by a due course of successful legal proceedings be reduced to judgments, and judgments are undoubtedly liens on land. But when this change in the character of the indebtedness occurs, the simple contract has no longer a legal existence. It is merged and entirely gone. It has never been held that a debt is to be considered a lien, because it might become such through litigation, if successfully prosecuted. There are in the record a large number of letters to the complainant from Hubbard and Richard McCulloh. These shew acknowledgments of indebtedness to the complainant, and promise to pay it; but they do not indicate that a trust was imposed upon the realty for this purpose. Before the Statute of Frauds a trust affecting lands might be created and proved by parol. The seventh section of the Statute does not prevent the creation of a trust by parol, but it requires that it “shall be manifested and proved by some writing signed by the party who is by law enabled to declare such trust, or by his last will and testament.” That is to say, the original constitution of the trust may be by words; but in such case, the only competent proof of its existence is a writing signed by the party who had the power to create it. This construction of the Statute had been quite uniform. Maccubbin vs. Cromwell, 7 Gill & Johnson, 157; 1 Greenleaf on Evidence, section 266. We could not hold that it was competent to shew that a parol trust was declared cotemporaneously with the written trust of December the twelfth, 1810; because this would infringe a well established rule of evidence, 'which [250] is necessary to preserve certainty in the construction of written instruments. Nevertheless if these letters showed that subsequently to this written instrument a trust had been declared, we would be obliged to give effect to it. The proper person to declare a trust is the owner of the land. In this case Mrs. Hubbard’s interest in the lands could not he bound by a declaration of trust, in which she did not join. And as a matter of course, in order to hind the trustee, it would he necessary to show that he had accepted the trust. (Decided 16th December, 1886.) Deeds similar to the one executed by Hubbard and wife, were also executed by William J. McOulloh and wife, John S. McOulloh and wife, William I. Brown and wife, and Russell Sturgis and wife, and agreements similar to Hubbard’s were made with Richard McOulloh, by Brown, Sturgis, and John and William McOulloh. It is not so stated in the hill of complaint, hut the record shows that a deed and an agreement of similar character were also made by James W. McOulloh. What we have said about the Hubbard deed and agreement will apply equally to those of the other parties. We affirm the decree. Decree affirmed, with costs.