Diggs v. McCullough

McSherry, J., delivered the opinion of the Court. On the twenty-seventh of September, eighteen hundred and eighty, John G-. McCullough and wife executed a deed, conveying'to Charles H. Slicer a farm lying in Baltimore County. The consideration set forth in the deed was “the sum of ten thousand dollars lawful money.” On the fourth of June, eighteen hundred and eighty-oue, Slicer conveyed to Mrs. Annie E. McCullough the same property for a consideration stated in the deed to be “ three hundred dollars lawful money, and for other valuable considerations.” In the spring of eighteen hundred and eighty-six, McCullough being insolvent made an assignment, for the benefit of his creditors, to his son George S. McCullough and Wilson Townsend. Proceedings in insolvency were thereafter instituted against him and he was adjudged an insolvent. Charles H. Diggs was appointed his — 599 — preliminary trustee. In that capacity Mr. Diggs on the thirteenth of December, eighteen hundred and eighty-six, filed a hill in equity in the Circuit Court for Baltimore County, against McCullough and wife, attacking the two deeds referred to as fraudulent and seeking to have them declared null and void. The defendants answered denying all fraud, averring that the conveyances were made “for ample and adequate” considerations which were “ actually paidand insisting that the farm was purchased with the money of Mrs. McCullough invested for her therein by her husband. Subsequently Mr. Diggs personally became a party plaintiff in the case, and at a later date Col. D. Gr. McIntosh, the permanent trustee, was also made a plaintiff. The Circuit Court dismissed the hill and hence this appeal. The two questions presented by the record are, whether these deeds are fraudulent, and whether the appellants are entitled to assail them. These questions, though somewhat interwoven with each other, will ho considered separately. Mr. and Mrs. McCullough were married on the twenty-fourth of February, eighteen hundred and fifty-six. She was then, and for nearly two years previously had been, engaged in the dress-making business. She continued it until eighteen hundred and sixty-five or six. According to her testimony she realized large profits which, after deducting her household and her business expenses, she placed in the hands of her husband to he invested by him for her. Mr. McCullough put this money, as he received it, along with his own to his credit in bank; checked upon it in the course of his business as a wood and coal dealer and used it precisely as he did that which he earned himself. There was no promise or agreement made by the husband to repay to the wife the money so given by her to — 600 — him. During the course of her examination, after she had testified that she gave this money, in various sums and at various times just as she received it, to McCullough to invest for her as he saw fit; she was asked, “was Mr. McCullough at liberty from what you told him when you gave him the money, to use it, or such portion of it as he saw fit, in his business pr not?” She answered, “I did not restrict him in anyway at all.” “What understanding, if any, or agreement was there between Mr. McCullough and yourself in reference to the money you gave him ? ” Answer, “No agreement whatever, he was to make the most of it in my favor; it was mine, and he was to make as much out of it as he could for me.” It was decided in Far. & Mer. Nat. Bank vs. Jenkins, 65 Md., 248; and in the still more recent case of Jenkins vs. Middleton, 68 Md., 540, that under such circumstances as these the wife had no claim to the money so received by the husband from her. It ceased to be hers and became his. Mrs. McCullough cannot, therefore, maintain the position taken in her answer that the'farm was purchased in the first instance with her money and consequently belongs to her. Not long after their marriage Mr. McCullough began to purchase real estate, the title to which he took in his own name, though he alleges that he paid for it with the money received from his wife. He exchanged this for a part of the farm now in controversy, and for the residue of that farm he gave his notes which were paid by him Avhen due ; and in this instance also he took the title in his own name. The farm was acquired in this way during the years eighteen hundred and sixty-one, sixty-eight and seventy. He purchased other real estate of which he was likewise the ostensible owner.- In September, eighteen hundred and eighty, he conveyed the farm to Slicer. He testified that he received from Slicer in payment ten thou — 601 — -sand dollars in bonds. These bonds he treated as belonging to himself, and included them in a statement of his assets made up to show that he was solvent in May, eighteen hundred and eighty-one. Upon his examination as a witness he swore that in May, 1881, he “owned seventeen thousand dollars in bonds, ten thousand of the seventeen thousand were those I received for the farm,” though in a former portion of his evidence he had distinctly stated that “the said bonds I considered the property of Mrs. McCullough.” He kept these bonds in his possession, treated them as his own, however he considered them, until June, 1881, when, at his instance and request, Slicer conveyed the farm to Mrs. McCullough, and received hack in payment from McCullough these identical bonds which Slicer had given McCullough the preceding September. Thus Slicer-in June, 1881, had exactly the bonds he possessed before the conveyance of the farm to him in September, 1880; Mrs. McCullough had title to the farm, and McCullough had diminished his apparent assets ten thousand dollars, and parted with the ownership of the farm without receiving a single cent in lieu thereof. Slicer never took possession of the farm, and he received no rents from it. McCullough occupied it after the conveyance to Slicer in the same manner as before. This was the first step in a systematic scheme to defraud. In the face of these uncontroverted facts it would he idle to contend that the deed to Mrs. McCullough may he upheld by reason of an actual purchase having been made by her from Slicer in good faith and for a valuable consideration. The bonds, if they ever belonged to Slicer or to McCullough, were certainly not Mrs. McCullough’s ; and it is not pretended that she paid any money or delivered any thing of value to make up the consideration named in the deed from Slicer to her. Upon neither ground relied on in her — 602 — answer can the deed he supported against a creditor' whose claim was then a subsisting one. It becomes necessary now to ascertain with what intent as to subsequent creditors these conveyances were made. Closely following the Conveyance of the farm by Slicer to Mrs. McCullough, and almost concurrently with it, property on the North-west corner of Park and Fayette streets in Baltimore, standing in McCullough’s name, was conveyed by McCullough and wife to the same Charles H. Slicer, for a consideration of six thousand dollars in bonds—being part of the very same ten thousand dollars of bonds which had been availed of to-effect a transfer of the title to the farm. About two-years afterwards McCullough bought this same city property hack for his toife from Slicer—the consideration being six thousand four hundred dollars—four hundred dollars in cash, and Mrs. McCullough’s two promissory notes for three thousand dollars each, signed by herself and her husband, hearing five per cent, interest, and both being payable several years after their date. Before the conveyance of this piece of property to Slicer, McCullough had his coal office on the premises- and he has continued it there ever since. He.collected the rents from the dwelling after the deed was made to-Slicer, and he paid the taxes. Whilst the title stood in Slicer’s name, McCullough paid to the Gay street Savings-Bank the interest on a mortgage held by the-Bank on this identical property. This was, to say the least, very singular conduct, if Slicer in fact and in good faith owned the property. Early in 1882, McCullough sold to his sister a house situated on McCulloh street, in Baltimore, hut conveyed it to her husband John H. Meyers. McCullough alleges that in 1812 he received from his deceased brother’s estate two thousand five hundred dollars in bonds which belonged to his sister Mrs. Meyers ; that. — 603 — he held them for her, collected the interest and invested it until the original principal and the invested interest aggregated four thousand four hundred and some odd dollars. In consideration of these bonds, which McCullough admits he did not dispose of until 1884, the deed was executed in 1882. At the date of this conveyance McCullough and his family occupied this house, and they have continued to do so ever since. He has paid no rent for it, his sister and her husband residing with him during every winter and fall, which, McCullough says, “I suppose was equivalent to the rent.” Upon this property there is a ground rent of three hundred dollars. This together with the taxes amounting to one hundred dollars a year, McCullough has continued to pay, notwithstanding the conveyance to Meyers. Why he parted with the title to this property in exchange for bonds which he had no uSe for until two years later, though he had use for the house and did continue to occupy it, and to make payments of ground rents and taxes, which only an owner would have done, is not explicable upon any theory of good faith in the transaction. In 1883 he sold for eight hundred dollars his McHenry street property, which he valued in his statement of assets at one thousand dollars. In 1884 he sold to the same John H. Meyers (his brother-in-law) a wharf property for ten thousand dollars, and received payment in four notes of Meyers, unsecured in any way, each for twenty-five hundred dollars, and all of them running some years. Meyers did not take possession of this projjerty, but McCullough remained in its occupancy until February or March, 1886, under a rent, he says, of twenty-five hundred dollars a year, which included the annual interest on a seventeen thousand dollar mortgage. The last payment of rent was made by a transfer to Meyers of McCullough’s horses and carts, — 604 — 'in March, 1886. Immediately afterwards these horses and carts passed into the possession of George S. Cullough, a young man of twenty-two years of age, son of the appellees. At the same time the coal yard and wharf property were occupied hy this same son, to whom McCullough sold his entire stock of coal and wood to be paid for as George 8. McCullough could. This stock of coal McCullough bought on credit, hut a short time previously, and had not paid for at all. Meyers, the brother-in-law, in 1884, was master of a tug boat. He owned property, worth about five thousand dollars, in Havre de Grace; and McCullough says “I felt satisfied that if he did not have money at the maturity ■of the notes, that he could borrow it.” It is most remarkable that.one so circumstanced should have involved himself in the purchase of the wharf property for ten.thousand dollars, subject to a mortgage for •seventeen thousand dollars—or a total of twenty-seven thousand dollars—merely for the purpose of renting it to the person from whom he bought it. In 1884 a property on the South-west corner of Pratt and Fremont streets, Baltimore, was conveyed by McCullough to the same John H. Meyers, in consideration of twenty-five hundred dollars. Fifteen hundred dollars of this, McCullough says he owed his sister from the estate of George S. McCullough, deceased; and for the difference Meyers gave his notes which have since been paid. The evidence given by McCullough renders it exceedingly improbable that his statement with regard to this transaction is correct. Property at the North-west corner of Pratt and Fremont .streets, was sold by McCullough in 1886 to his son for two hundred dollars. In 1884 a mortgage for six hundred dollars on Pratt street property was exchanged for property in Anne Arundel County, the deed for which was made to McCullough’s son. Some land — 605 — owned by McCullough in Virginia was also conveyed to Charles.A. Slicer. ° Having thus stripped himself of all his visible property, and having caused the titles thereto to be made to his wife, his son and his sister’s husband, he resorted,, when examined as a witness, to the most extraordinary statements to account for the disappearance of the bonds and other assets which he claimed that he owned on May 1st; 1881. He says that by August, 1884, he had lost thirty thousand dollars in stock speculations, and by the last of December, of the same year, over one hundred thousand dollai-s. The six thousand dollars in bonds which he says he received from Slicer for the Eayette street property, some of the Meyers’ notes, the bonds belonging to his brother’s estate, together with all the money which he could borrow, were swept away. All this large sum of money he says passed through the-hands of a man named Sutton, now deceased, 'who had a desk in McCullough’s office. Sutton sold the bonds and procured the notes to be discounted, but never gave McCullough a check for the proceeds ; and McCullough,, when furnishing Sutton with money to put up in margins, never drew a check therefor. Currency was used in all of these transactions, and there is not an entry on McCullough’s books with respect to a single one of' them. lie admits that a large proportion of these heavy losses was made up of borrowed money, but when repeatedly pressed to give the name of but one person from whom he procured money for the purpose of thus speculating, he is compelled to confess his utter inability to do so. This is simply incredible. If he borrowed from any body for this purpose, it was-impossible for him to fail to remember the name of at least one such person. But he does furnish the name of a person whose notes he had had discounted through Sutton. That person was Samuel J. Smith. McCul — 606 — lough, does not remember the amount of Smith’s paper that he succeeded in having discounted, but he says “I mean to say that I owed him somewhere between five and six thousand dollars.” When asked', in regard to this indebtedness, 160 red. q.: “Don’t you know what amount has been taken up • and paid by yourself?” he replied “I do not remember.” “Can’t you approximate the amount ? ” “Icannot.” “Will your hooks show?” “ They will not.” “ Where is Samuel J. Smith? ” “I do not know, I have not seen him for over two months.” “Do you know whether or not he is in Baltimore City? ” “I have not seen him; I do not know.” “Don’t you know, in fact, that he is a fugitive from arrest under an attachment for contempt of Court, issued by the Court of Common Pleas of this city in the case in which he was adjudged an insolvent, after you yourself were so adjudged ? ” “ I heard so.” It is important at this point to notice briefly the character of McCullough’s indebtedness to Diggs. At the time the deed for the farm was made to Slicer, McCullough owed Diggs a considerable amount. This indebtedness was due for coal purchased from Diggs. Their mode of dealing was as follows: at the end of each month McCullough would give .his promissory notes to Diggs at four months for the purchases of the preceding month. This course was kept up without interruption until McCullough made an assignment, at which time he owed Diggs twenty-eight thousand three hundred and twelve dollars, and thirty-four cents. Whilst he was steadily and uninterruptedly stripping himself of his visible property, he continued to incur debts to Diggs and others, knowing perfectly well that when the end would he reached—when he had parted with all his property-—these creditors would he hindered and delayed, if not entirely thwarted, by these conveyances, in securing payment of their claims. The — 607 — particular notes clue by McCullough to Diggs at the time of the conveyance to Slicer were paid before McCullough’s failure, but there was not a moment of time from 1818, when McCullough began to purchase from Diggs, till now, that he did not owe Diggs large sums of money. These successive conveyances and pretended sales to which we have alluded, were but devices resorted to by McCullough to place his property beyond the reach of his creditors, subsisting and subsequent, whilst he continued in the full use and enjoyment of it himself. This is the direct result of his conduct and, of course, must have been so intended by him. The very methods to which he resorted, and the agencies which he employed, proclaim his fraudulent purpose. The appearance of Slicer in three of these transactions; the use of the very same bonds in two of them; the failure to produce Slicer as a witness, and to prove by him the reasons which induced him to become the purchaser of the farm and the Fayette street property, whereby he lost the interest on his bonds, whilst McCullough held them, and received no income from the property; and his acceptance of the joint unsecured notes of McCullough and wife, bearing five per cent, interest in payment for the city property, which he is said to have purchased with valuable bonds, yielding perhaps not less than six per cent, interest, are circumstances not reconcilable -with good faith. The failure of McCullough to include these two notes to Slicer in his list of debts in the insolvent case carries with it the conviction that the notes never existed, because it is not pretended that they have been paid. His tangible property was transferred to his immediate family, but still remained in his possession and occupancy; his intangible assets were squandered, as he alleges, in stock speculations carried on for him by a person now — 608 — conveniently dead, and not a sing'le memorandum of' any of these margin deals produced or pretended to he extant. If these transactions with Slicer had been genuine and not merely simulated, he would have been called as a witness to prove it. His testimony would have been of vital importance, if it coiild have established the defendants’ case. He was accessible and within reach of the Court’s process at the very time McCullough was himself testifying. The omission,, under such circumstances, to produce him was but little less than a formal confession of guilt. Whilst there is no one specific test by which the existence of a fraudulent intent can, in every instance, be detected; there are certain well recognized badges or indicia (concisely stated in Alex. Br. Statutes, 383), that lead, with moral certainty, to its discovery, in spite of cunning and adroit devices to conceal it. We have given an outline of the indicia furnished by the evidence in this case; and we are constrained to say that it has rarely been our duty to pass upon a case involving such rank fraud—a plan so deliberately formed to cheat, defraud and baffle creditors, and so minutely carried into execution. These conveyances and pretended sales, and this secreting of assets, cannot be explained upon any other hypothesis than this. It is impossible, therefore, to escape the conclusion that from the very beginning McCullough entered upon a scheme to delay, hinder and defraud his subsisting creditors, as well as persons to whom he might thereafter become indebted; and that the deeds in- question were executed in furtherance of that scheme. An effort has been made to support this deed as a voluntary gift; but that cannot prevail. The .deed purports to convey the farm in consideration of “three hundred dollars current money and other valuable considerations.” It must stand, if it stands at all, upon — 609 — that and that only. Mo consideration of a different character can be set up or relied on to maintain it. If if is not founded upon a valuable consideration it must fall when attacked by one who has the right to assail it. Mo merely good consideration, however meritorious, as contradistinguished from a valuable one, can be invoked to rescue it. This doctrine has been repeatedly announced by this Court. Betts vs. Union Bank of Md., 1 Harr. & G., 172; Baxter and Wife, et al. vs. Sewell, 3 Md., 334; Mayfield, et al. vs. Kilgour, et al., 31 Md., 246. Besides this, if the deed was a voluntary one the defences taken by the parties to it in their answers are utterly untrue in fact. If it is a voluntary deed from the husband to the wife, it is clear she was not a purchaser of the farm from Slicer; and it is equally clear that, in the first instance, her money was not invested in it. But the deeds are fraudulent in fact, and therefore cannot be upheld on any ground. If it be conceded that this was a voluntary gift by the husband to the wife, being fraudulent in fact, it could not be permitted to stand. We are now brought to the question whether the plaintiffs have a standing in Court to assail these deeds. The trustee in insolvency represents all the creditors, and may undoubtedly sustain any proceeding which the creditors might prosecute to vacate fraudulent conveyances made by the insolvent. If the creditors thus represented by the trustee became such after the execution and recording of the impeached conveyance, and if the conveyance -was made with a view and with the intent to defraud those who should thereafter become creditors, there is no reason for holding that conveyances so made cannot be successfully attacked by the trustee. A subsequent creditor could maintain a proceeding of that kind, and there is no rule — 610 — of law which denies to the trustee of the insolvent the right to do the same thing. In Moore, et al. vs. Blondheim, et al., 19 Md., 175, it was held “that a voluntary-deed of a debtor ma be impeached and set aside- by subsequent creditors, in cases where the deed is executed for the purpose of defrauding them; and it cannot be doubted that' a deed of a solvent grantor, made and registered in the partial execution of a purpose to defraud subsequent creditors, would, as to such creditors, be declared invalid and void, upon the consummation of the fraud. Upon principle it would seem that a deed, fraudulent in fact, could not, by registration, be made effective against such subsequent creditors, nor bar their right to impeach it.” We refer also to Williams, et al. vs. Banks, et al., 11 Mid., 251; Matthai, Ingram & Co., et al. vs. Heather, et al., 57 Md., 484. (Decided 9th January, 1889.) Our examination of the record before us has brought us to the conclusion tha-t the deeds assailed in this case were executed with the intent to hinder and delay creditors, and to defraud persons who might become creditors thereafter; and that, in consequence, they are void and must be set aside. The decree appealed from will accordingly be reversed, and the cause will be remanded, that a decree may be passed in conformity with this opinion. ■ Decree reversed, and cause remanded.