Latrobe v. Carter

Fowler, J., delivered the opinion of the Court. Thomas Swann Latrobe died intestate as to his real estate, and the bill in this case was filed for the purpose of having the Court below declare by its decree what portion of his said estate he acquired by purchase, and how much thereof he acquired by descent. The maternal aunts of the intestate claim the whole of his said estate upon the theory that all of it was held by him by title by descent, while the defendants, his half-brother and half-sisters, who are also claiming the whole, base their contention upon the ground that he held the same by purchase, and that, therefore, under the provisions of our Code (Art. 46, sections 19 and 20) it must come to them. By its decree the Court below held that both of these contentions were wrong, and decreed as follows: 1st. That all the property and estate which was acquired by the intestate under the declaration of trust executed by his grandfather, Thomas Swann, on 3rd April, 1878, said intestate held by purchase. 2nd. That so much of said intestate’s estate as he acquired under the will of his grandmother, Elizabeth Gilmor Swann, he also held by purchase and not by descent; and lastly, that said intestate acquired by descent from his mother, Louisa Swann Latrobe, one undivided half of the real estate in these proceedings known as the “ Water Company’s Lot.” — 284 — From this decree both the plaintiffs and defendants have appealed, and we will proceed at once to consider the nature of the intestate’s title to the three classes of property which it describes, for these include all the property involved in this controversy as here presented. The instrument, which is called in the decree the deed of trust, is dated the third of April, 1878. By it the late Gov. Thomas Swann, the maternal grandfather of the intestate, divided all his estate, including that which he acquired under the will of his wife, among the children and grandchildren of his said wife and himself. He thereby declared that h.e held his real and personal property, with certain exceptions therein set forth and not now necessary to mention, in trust for his said children and grandchildren, subject to a life estate in himself; one-fifth thereof to each of his three daughters and each of his two grandsons, one of the latter being the intestate, Thomas Swann Latrobe. As to the one-fifth share of his daughter, Mrs. Carter, he provided that it should include certain farms in Virginia, at a valuation to be agreed upon as therein provided, so that her one-fifth shall be equalized in value, with the other fifth parts. And as to the fifth parts or shares of his grandsons he made this provision : These being deducted from the one-fifth parts of my said estate hereby declared to be held in trust for my grandchildren, Thomas Swann Latrobe, Thomas Swann and Sherlock Swann, an amount equal in value to the property situated in the city of Baltimore, known as the “ Water Company’s Lot,” which is to be added to and equally divided between the one-fifth parts held in trust by me for my daughters. And by the will of the intestate’s grandmother there was devised to his grandfather, Thomas Swann, in trust for his daughter, Louisa, the mother of the intestate, one-fifth of the half of the said grandmother’s estate. And it was further provided by said will that Gov. Swann should be indemnified by said Louisa and her brother, Thomas, to the extent of certain improvements he had placed on the “ Water Company’s Lot ’ ’ in case they should desire to possess the- whole or set up a claim to the same. But for the elaborate argument submitted on the part of — 285 — the plaintiff, we would have supposed there was no serious doubt that all the property which was held by the decree to have been acquired by purchase was so acquired, for the reason that it was acquired in fact either under the will or the deed of trust we have just mentioned. And we suppose it is quite clear that the grantor in the one case and the testatrix in the other fully intended that the persons named therein respectively, should take thereunder and not under the statutes regulating the descent of real estate and the distribution of personal property in this State. And this being so, such clearly expressed intention is not to be set aside and nullified by the application of technical rules, unless such a course should be unavoidable. The reasonable view, however, and which is supported by authority as well as reason, is expressed in Gilpin v. Hollingsworth, 3 Md. 190, and again in Donnelly v. Turner, 60 Md. 81, namely, “ that when a will is made, the presumption is that the testator intended that the estate should pass by it and not by descent.” And, of course, this applies to the property which was conveyed under the deed of trust, as well as to that which was devised by the will. But the plaintiffs seek to avoid the difficulty arising from this manifestation of intention by relying in part upon the general rule that the law favors title by descent. And generally, as Blackstone says, “ if a man seized, in fee devises his whole estate to his heir at law, so that the heir takes neither a greater nor a less estate by the devise than he would have done without it, he shall be adjudged to take by descent.” 2 Bl. Com. 241. But it is also a part of this rule that if the estate is devised with any other limitations, or in any other shape than the course of descents would direct, it is held by title of purchase. It will appear that the estates which the intestate took from his grandfather under the deed and from his grandmother under her will, are very different from the estates he would have taken from them by descent. Under the will the children of Mrs. Swann got only one-half of her property, the other half having been devised to her husband, and it will be remembered that the share of the intestate’s mother which came to him was — 286 — charged with the value of certain improvements on the Water Co.’s lot. But in addition to this it may be also said that the intestate could not have taken his share of his grandmother’s estate by descent, for if she had died intestate her property under her ante-nuptial contract would have descended to such persons as would have been her heirs at ' law in case the intended marriage with Gov. Swann had not taken place, and it is obvious, therefore, that the intestate, who was a grandson of Gov. Swann, could not have taken anything from her by descent. It would seem, if this be so, to be useless to further consider the various arguments and authorities on which the plaintiffs relied to show that the property acquired under the will was held by descent, because by the express provisions of the contract mentioned, the estate of the intestate’s grandmother could not have been ■acquired in that manner by him, and could have been acquired by him by purchase only. We think it equally clear that the property which was acquired by the intestate under the deed of trust was held by purchase and not by descent. Some of the reasons upon which this conclusion is based are thus concisely stated in the plaintiff’s brief: “(«) Because Gov. Swann’s (the grantor) entire estate did not pass under the deed. (b) Because he reserved to himself a life estate therein, and declared that he held the property (except the Washington and Newport lots) in trust for his children and grandchildren, whereas estates do no descend in trust. ‘ {¿) Because the deed gave the grandchildren awested remainder in fee. (d) Because the intestate not having been devisee as to any portion of the property of his grandfather excepted from the operation of the deed, did not take the same interest in Gov. Swann’s lands that he would have acquired had his grandfather, the Governor, died intestate.” As it is manifest the intestate would have taken by descent a very different estate both in quantity and quality from that which passed to him under the deed, he must take by purchase, according to the rule we have already re- ■ ferred to. — 287 — But again, it was contended by the plaintiffs that under the deed of trust the grantor retained the entire fee-simple legal title to the property therein included, conveying the equitable title thereto to his children and grandchildren, and that at his death the grantees took the entire equitable title, and at the same time to them also descended the legal title, and that the two thus meeting in the same persons, coalesced, the equitable followed the legal and passed with the latter by descent. A number of authorities were cited to sustain this position. But we do not think this view applicable here, for the reason that the legal estate if not executed under the Statute of Uses nor disposed of by the will of Gov. Swann, would devolve, not upon all the children, as do the equitable estates in remainder under the deed, but upon Thomas Swann, one of the grandsons of the Governor, as the heir at common law, as provided by section 24, Art. 46, of the Code, he being the oldest surviving male descendant of the oldest son of the grantor and trustee. The remaining question relates to the title by which the intestate acquired his share in the Water Company’s lot. By the decree appealed from it was held that it came to him by descent from his mother. The defendants contend that while it is true this property was originally acquired by descent, yet by reason of the acceptance of the deed of trust and by virtue of the doctrine of election and the payment of the money by the intestate to the plantiffs as required by the deed, the plaintiffs cannot now set up a different title or any other than the one which was asserted in said deed. We are unable to discover the application of the doctrine of election to the facts before us. Stated in general terms it is that a person shall not be allowed to claim an interest under an instrument without giving full effect to that instrument so far as he can. Thelusson v. Woodford, 13 Ves. 209. The same doctrine has been frequently applied by this Court. McElfresh v. Schley, 2 Gill, 181; Barbour v. Mitchell, 40 Md. 163 ; Albert v. Albert, 68 Md. 376 ; Kuykendall v. Devecmon, 78 Md. 540, and re — 288 — cently in the case of Hyatt v. Vanneck, 82 Md. 465. In all of the cases it will be found that there was an attempt to claim under and at the same time to repudiate a part of a will or other instrument of writing in order that all the benefits thereunder might be secured and the burdens thereby imposed might be avoided, or as in other cases, an effort to assume some position inconsistent with one before taken, which if allowed to succeed would work injustice. By the deed in question, as well as under the will, the owners of the Water Company’s lot were required to pay a certain sum of money out of their shares acquired respectively under those instruments. In the case of the deed, it is apparent that' the money was required to be paid by the intestate to the - plaintiffs in order to equalize his share with theirs. And likewise in the will the testatrix provided that the shares of her estate devised to the owners of said lot should be charged with the payment of the value of the improvements placed thereon by her husband. But in neither case was there any intention or attempt to dispose of the lot in question. It was originally acquired by descent and, in our opinion, there is nothing in the instruments in question nor in the fact that the plaintiffs have claimed and acted under them which ought to estop the plaintiffs from taking as they now claim to do, by descent from the intestate. (Decided March 26th, 1896). It follows that the plaintiffs take the undivided half of the Water Company’s lot, because it was acquired by the intestate by descent from his mother, and that the remainder of the intestate’s estate, having been acquired by him by purchase under the will of his grandmother, and the deed of trust executed by his grandfather goes to the defendants. Finding no error in the decree appealed from it will be affirmed. Decree affirmed, cause remanded, costs to be' equally divided between plaintiffs and defendants.