Herken v. Glynn

The opinion of the court was delivered by Thiele, J.: This was an action to contest an election for county treasurer of Leavenworth county. Within the limits of Delaware township in that county is a tract of land of over 642 acres on which is located a national home for disabled soldiers, the exact name of which is not important, and which generally will be referred to as the soldiers’ home. By action which will be referred to later, three voting precincts were established at the soldiers’ home, and the prin — 856 — cipal question here involved is the right of the persons residing at the home to vote as electors of Leavenworth county. At the election November 8, 1938, votes were cast and received at the above three precincts, as well as at other precincts in the county. Thereafter the board of county commissioners, as the canvassing board, performed its duties and declared that Herken had received a total of 7,211 votes and Glynn had received a total of 7,283 and Glynn was declared elected by a majority of 72 votes. Herken instituted a contest under proceedings of which no complaint is made, the burden of his complaint being that in the three precincts at the soldiers’ home and subsequently counted by the canvassing board were 496 votes cast for Herken and 581 votes cast for Glynn; that the voters at those precincts were not qualified electors of Delaware township and their purported votes should not be counted, and if not counted he would be the legally elected county treasurer. On December 28, 1938, the contest court gave judgment for Glynn and on January 5, 1939, Herken served his notice of appeal and filed the same with the county clerk. On June 6, 1939, a transcript of the contest court proceedings was filed in the district court and on the same day a bond was given by Herken to pay the costs if the same be adjudged against him. On June 21, 1939, the contestee filed his motion to dismiss the appeal for the reason the contestor failed to perfect his appeal as required by law and the court was without jurisdiction. On the same day the motion was presented to the court and evidence was taken that no deposit for costs had been made and that the bond had been given. The district court denied this motion and that ruling is assigned as error. If there was error, it disposes of this appeal, so we will consider it before going to the merits. There is no specific provision of statute for appeals from the judgment of a contest court under the circumstances here obtaining. In Berglund v. Hanna, 149 Kan. 500, 504, 87 P. 2d 581, it was held that a contest court is a tribunal exercising judicial functions and inferior in jurisdiction to the district court. In G. S. 1935, 60-3308, it is provided that: “Appeals to courts other thaa the supreme court shall be taken and proceedings therein had in the same manner as is herein provided for appeals to the supreme court, except where special provision with reference to such appeals is made by statute.” And in G. S. 1935, 60-3825, that: “The judges of the supreme court may make and amend, from time to time, — 857 — such further rules for the regulation of procedure in the supreme court and inferior courts consistent with this code, as they may deem proper.” Acting under authority of the last-quoted section, this court has promulgated its rule No. 2, which provides that when the clerk of a trial court shall transmit a certified copy of the notice of appeal and accompanying papers to the clerk of this court, the cause shall be docketed at once, but an order of dismissal shall be entered by the clerk unless deposit of $25 advance fee be made within thirty days, etc. Appellant directs our attention to Pee v. Witt, 100 Kan. 171, 163 Pac. 797, where it was held a cash deposit is not a substitute for a bond; to Auto Trunk Co. v. Hahn, 138 Kan. 36, 23 P. 2d 585, where it was held the bond was legally insufficient, and to other similar cases, and insists that because no cash deposit was made the district court acquired no jurisdiction. In those cases the giving of a legally sufficient bond at the time of appeal was necessary in order to perfect the appeal. In the case at bar, applying the analogy of the rule of this court for appeals from the district court to this court, the appeal was perfected when the notice was given and the record was certified to the district court, and Herken had thirty days in which to deposit the advance fee for costs. By reference to the dates above shown, it will be seen that before that time had expired, Glynn had filed his motion to dismiss and it had been denied. We are not advised what reason, if any, was assigned for its ruling by the district court, but it is clear the motion was prematurely filed, and the ruling was correct for that reason if for no other. Thereafter the motion was not renewed nor was the district court’s attention again directed to the matter, nor did the clerk dismiss the action, but the action proceeded and was ultimately heard and determined. Under the facts we cannot say the district court was without jurisdiction, nor will we say failure to make a cash deposit within the thirty-day period was fatal. We need not consider the power of the district court to waive strict compliance with the rule as to a costs deposit, for that is not discussed. It is well known, however, that on occasions where poverty and present inability to comply are involved, the requirement of the rule is frequently waived in this court. As bearing on the question see Obertino v. Mining Co., 87 Kan. 297, 124 Pac. 172. At the trial in the district court, Herken offered in evidence the deeds showing conveyance of the real estate on which the soldiers’ home is situated, and the records showing canvass of the election — 858 — returns, etc. Glynn’s demurrer to this evidence was overruled and that ruling is assigned as error. Glynn offered no evidence. Thereafter the trial court made findings of fact covering the acquisition of the real estate on which the soldiers’ home is situated, and the various laws enacted by the United States and the state of Kansas applicable thereto. It also made findings concerning the election and the vote for county treasurer in the county as a whole and in the three precincts at the soldiers’ home, and that a list of the persons voting in such precincts was attached to contestor’s statement of intention to contest “and said persons were on the date of the election residents of said precincts and claimed their right to vote at such election by reason of their residence in such precincts.” The conclusions of law are summarized, viz.: The state ceded exclusive jurisdiction, with certain exceptions, to the United States and the land (on which sholdiers’ home is situated) was not a part of the state of Kansas on November 8, 1938; the state had no legal right to enter upon the ceded territory and attempt to hold an election, the persons living on the ceded territory were not residents of Kansas, or of Delaware township in Leavenworth county, and the ballots cast by them were void and should not be counted for either party; that Herken received 6,715 legal votes and Glynn received 6,702 legal votes and Herken was the duly elected county treasurer. Judgment was entered accordingly. Glynn’s motion for a new trial was denied and he appeals. There is no dispute concerning the facts here summarized from the trial court’s findings. In 1866 the congress first made provision for establishments for the care and relief of disabled volunteer soldiers of the United States army, the act being amended in 1873. These establishments were to be known as “The National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers” (24 U. S. C. A. §§ 71-77). By an act of July 5, 1884, the congress authorized location of a branch in either of several states, including Kansas, to be located on a tract of not less than 320' acres. By a conveyance made November 21, 1884, a tract of 320 acres in Leavenworth county was conveyed to “The National Home for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers,” a corporate body, and shortly thereafter a home was begun and erected by the United States and has been kept and maintained to the present time. It may here be noted that by a deed made November 21, 1904, to the same grantee, an additional two and one-half acres was conveyed. By Laws 1885, chapter 136, the legislature of Kansas ceded to the United States exclusive jurisdiction over and within all — 859 — the territory described in the first deed above mentioned, saving to the state the right to serve civil and criminal process, and to levy and collect certain taxes, as more particularly, referred to in that statute. In 1901 the congress passed an act by which jurisdiction over the home in Leavenworth county, Kansas, was ceded to Kansas and relinquished by the United States, and that the United States shall claim or exercise no jurisdiction thereover after March 3, 1901, save in certain particulars not here important. Since the year 1902 members of the home residing and living upon the territory above described have voted at the regular elections held in the state of Kansas and in Leavenworth county for the election of state and county officers. In 1906 the board of county commissioners passed a resolution establishing the three voting precincts at the soldiers’ home, the vote from which is here in question. In 1927 the state legislature passed an act (Laws 1927, eh. 206) which is briefly summarized. By section 1 the state consented to the acquisition by the United States of any lands in Kansas which had been or might thereafter be acquired for purposes mentioned in art. I, sec. 8, par. 17, U. S. constitution. By section 2 the state ceded exclusive jurisdiction over any lands so acquired to the United States for all purposes, saving to the state the right to serve therein civil or criminal process and the right to tax certain property. Section 3 provided jurisdiction ceded should not vest until the United States had acquired title. By an act of congress it was declared that all property, the title to which on July 31, 1930, stood in the name of the board of managers of the National Home for Disabled Soldiers, should be transferred to and vested in the United States. Provisions for clearing the titles so vested are here immaterial (July 3, 1930, c. 863, sec. 3, 46 Stat. 1016; U. S. C. A. Tit. 38, ch. la, sec. lib). The findings with reference to the vote cast in the three precincts have been noted heretofore. The trial court also referred in its findings to Laws 1909, chapter 133, section 1 (G. S. 1935, 25-109), which provided that expenses of an election at precincts on the grounds of a national soldiers’ home should be paid by the county and not by the township in which it was located. The particular section was amended by Laws 1939, chapter 187, but the amendment did not change the above provision. The specific question is whether a resident at the soldiers’ home located within the exterior borders of Kansas, is a resident of Kansas and as such entitled to the right of franchise. Certain things — 860 — may well be restated and made clear at the beginning of any discussion of the legal questions involved. The first is that it must be assumed, as the trial court found, that the persons voting at the three soldiers’ home precincts were residents of Leavenworth county, Kansas, otherwise they had no right under any circumstances to vote for county treasurer in that county. It is therefore immaterial to our discussion what may have been their previous place of residence or where they might, at some other times, have been privileged to vote. The second is the factual situation. To repeat — the land for the soldiers’ home was acquired in 1884; in 1885 the state ceded exclusive jurisdiction, with certain exceptions as to service of process and right of taxation, to the United States; in 1901 the United States ceded the jurisdiction back to the state; in 1927 the state again ceded the jurisdiction to the United States, with certain exceptions, and effective when the United States acquired title, and that the United States acquired title in its own name and not. in the name of the home in 1930. It is important, also, to bear in mind the provision of our state constitution, article 5, section 1, that every citizen of the United States, of the age of twenty-one years, who has resided in the state for six months and in the township or ward thirty days next preceding the election at which he offers to vote, is a qualified elector, as well as the provisions of the fourteenth amendment to the constitution of the United States that every person born or naturalized in the United States is a citizen of the United States and of the state where he resides. The questions presented by this appeal find their basis in the force and effect which must be given to article I, section 8, clause 17, of the constitution of the United States, wherein it is provided that the congress shall have power: “To exercise exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such District [District of Columbia] and to exercise like authority over all places purchased by the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be, for the erection of forts, magazines, arsenals, dock yards, and other needful buildings.” Without elaboration, it may be said it has been held that the term “exclusive legislation” carries with it “exclusive jurisdiction,” and that a soldiers’ home is within the term “other needful buildings.” The question of the extent of jurisdiction of the federal government, and the power of the state to legislate in a particular — 861 — case, has been before the federal and state courts in many instances arising under a variety of circumstances. The briefs cite and our research discloses but a few cases dealing with the right to vote at a state election of a person residing on lands within the state which the state has ceded to the United States. In authorities treating the matter generally, it is said that where a cession of a tract is made by a state to the United States for the purposes mentioned in the above constitutional provision, and there is no reservation of jurisdiction by the state other than the right to serve civil and criminal process on the ceded lands, persons who reside on such lands do not acquire any elective franchise as inhabitants of the ceding state. (See McCrary on Elections, 4th ed., § 89, p. 68; Paine on Elections, §63, p. 44; Kennan on Residence and Domicile, § 493, p. 844; 20 C. J. [Elections, § 33] p. 74; 18 Am. Jur. [Elections, § 66] p. 224.) A reference to the authorities above mentioned will show the statements therein are supported by citation to one or more of the five cases next mentioned. As provided by the laws of Massachusetts, in 1841, its house of representatives requested the opinion of the supreme court on four questions pertaining to the rights of residents on lands ceded to the United States for purposes mentioned in the constitution, one question being whether persons so residing were entitled to the elective franchise. The answer is reported in Opinion of the Justices, 42 Mass. (1 Metc.) 580, where, after stating the propositions submitted, and reviewing the facts as to cession, and citing some earlier Massachusetts cases, it was said: “Without stating these cases particularly, we are of opinion that where the general consent of the commonwealth is given to the purchase of territory by the United States, for forts and dock yards, and where there is no other condition or reservation in the act granting such consent, but that of a concurrent jurisdiction of the state for the service of civil process, and criminal process against persons charged with crimes committed out of such territory— the government of the United States have the sole and exclusive jurisdiction over such territory, for all purposes of legislation and jurisprudence, with the single exception expressed, and consequently, that no persons are amenable to the laws of the commonwealth for crimes and offenses committed within said territory, and that persons residing within the same do not acquire the civil and political privileges, nor do they become subject to the civil duties and obligations of inhabitants of the towns within which such territory is situated. . . . We proceed to apply the opinion, thus stated, to the questions specifically proposed by the honorable House of Representatives. . . . “4. We are also of opinion that persons residing in such territory do not — 862 — thereby acquire any elective franchise as inhabitants of the towns in which such territory is situated.” (pp. 582-584.) In Sinks v. Reese, 19 Ohio St. 306 (decided in 1869), the appeal was from an election contest in which the question was the right of a resident of “the national asylum for disabled volunteer soldiers,” located in Montgomery county, to vote for county clerk. The court reviewed the statutes of the United States, the constitutional provision, the consent of the state to the cession, and held: “1. Asylums for disabled volunteer soldiers of the United States are among the ‘needful buildings’ for the erection of which the government of the United States, through the medium of a corporation created by itself or otherwise, may purchase and hold territory, under the provisions of article 1, section 8, of the constitution of the United States. “2. When territory for such purpose is so purchased by ‘the consent of the legislature of the state in which the same shall be,’ the government of the United States is invested, under the provisions of the same section, with exclusive jurisdiction over the same and its appurtenances, in all cases whatsoever. “3. The inmates of such an asylum, resident within such territory, being within the exclusive jurisdiction of a government other than that of the state within whose boundaries such asylum or territory may be situate, are not residents of such state, within the meaning of article 5, section 1, of the constitution of Ohio; and where the constitution of such state confers the elective franchise upon residents thereof alone, the inmates of such asylum, resident within such territory, are not entitled to vote at any election held within and under the laws of such state.” (Syl. MI 1, 2, 3.) The right to vote of residents on the United States Reservation at West Point, in New York state, was before the court in “In re Town of Highlands” (decided in 1892), and reported in 22 N. Y. S. 137, 48 N. Y. S. Rep. 795, where it was held: “Since the state of New York has ceded to the United States the territory comprising the West Point Reservation, reserving nothing except the right to serve' process therein, such territory has ceased to be subject to state jurisdiction, or to be a part of the state; and persons having no .other qualifications as residents than a residence in such territory are not residents of the state, and have no right to vote.” (Syl. ¶[ 1.) A similar question came before the court in McMahon v. Polk, 10 S. D. 297, 73 N. W. 77, 47 L. R. A. 830 (decided in 1897), and it was held: “A person, though not in the army or navy, cannot by long and continuous residence within the boundaries of a reservation, the jurisdiction whereof is ceded to the United States (Const, art. 26, § 18), acquire the right to vote at a state election held in the county wherein such reservation is situated.” (Syl. H 5.) — 863 — In State, ex rel, v. Willett, 117 Tenn. (9 Cates) 334, 97 S. W. 302 (decided in 1906), is a review of the law pertaining to the right of franchise of persons resident on lands ceded to the United States, in which most of the authorities above noted are cited, and it was said: “If, as we have held, and as controlling authorities elsewhere hold, the United States has exclusive jurisdiction over the land on which the Soldiers’ Home in question was erected, then the residents in that home are nonresidents of the state of Tennessee, and cannot fall within the requirements for legal voters laid down by our constitution.” (p. 346.) Each of the above cases cites one or more of the preceding cases, and those thereafter decided refer to Fort Leavenworth R. R. Co. v. Lowe, and Chicago & Pacific Railway Co. v. McGlinn, both of which arose in this state, reached the supreme court of the United States and are hereafter referred to. It may be said that the thread of reasoning running through the election cases is that a person by becoming a resident on lands ceded by a state to the United States, becomes subject to the exclusive jurisdiction of the United States and is no longer a resident of the state in which the lands ceded are situate. We find three other election cases treating the question of jurisdiction, but the claim of exclusive jurisdiction of the United States was not sustained for reasons stated. In Renner v. Bennett, 21 Ohio St. 431, one of the questions was whether, cession having been made to the United States, jurisdiction could be relinquished to the state, and it arose in an election contest case. Without pursuing the reasoning of the case, we note the holding as shown by paragraphs 2 and 3 of the syllabus, viz: “2. Where such purchase is made with the consent of the state, or even with an express cession of jurisdiction by the state, congress has power to relinquish, or re-cede to the state the jurisdiction thus acquired, without abandoning the property or its legitimate use. “3. A jurisdiction thus acquired from á state, although exclusive while it subsists, is to be regarded as a mere suspension of the state jurisdiction, and, therefore, an act of congress relinquishing such jurisdiction, and re-ceding it to the state, is effective for that purpose, without any acceptance or assent by the state.” The right of a person, resident on a reservation under claimed jurisdiction of the United States to vote at a state election, was considered in Stephens v. Nacey, 49 Mont. 230, 141 Pac. 649. The case involved a town on an Indian reservation, jurisdiction over which had been retained by the United States, when the state was — 864 — admitted to the Union. Thereafter the United States granted a right of way across the reservation to a railroad company, and thereafter by direction of the Secretary of the Interior a part of the grant and some additional land was platted as a townsite and sold. Residents on these lots were held not disqualified from voting, and that although the town had been establishd on the reservation, the effect was not to make residents of the town residents on the reservation. Without pursuing the matter fully, it was held that the grant to the railroad company, the establishment of the town and sale of lots, extinguished the Indian title. The general question of jurisdiction as presented in the case at bar was not discussed. In Porter v. Hall, 34 Ariz. 308, 271 Pac. 411, it was contended that Indians resident on a certain reservation had been extended rights of citizenship and were eligible to register as voters. The court held the Indians remained wards of the United States and for that reason were not entitled to vote. No case has been found where it has been held that residents on lands ceded by a state to the United States retained or acquired a right to vote as residents of the ceding state. Appellant in effect contends that persons resident within the confines of the territory now included in the soldiers’ home, if otherwise qualified, who had an undisputed right to vote prior to the original cession in 1884, certainly had that same right after recession in 1901, and that the second cession to the United States in 1927 did not cut off that right; that the act of cession did not take away the right, and it persists to this day; that the state had a concurrent jurisdiction over the ceded territory, and until the United States legislated, the state law remained in full force and the right of the inhabitants to vote was unimpaired. He directs our attention to Craig v. Craig, 143 Kan. 624, 56 P. 2d 464. There the question was the right of a resident on an army post or reservation within this state to maintain an action for divorce in an adjoining county under the proviso in G. S. 1935, 60-1502. In answering a contention the legislature had no authority to legislate concerning the subject of divorce as applied to residents on the reservation, the rule was stated that until state laws are superseded by appropriate legislation of the United States, the validity of existing state legislation should be sustained, and that although jurisdiction had been ceded to the United States, congress was not obliged to exercise its jurisdiction, and until existing laws were — 865 — abrogated or superseded by it, the state law remained in force and unimpaired. In that case reference is made to many of the decisions hereafter mentioned. The question of jurisdiction as between this state and the United States, insofar as the military reservation at Leavenworth is concerned, was before this court in the two cases next mentioned. Appeals to the supreme court of the United States resulted in decisions which are often cited as leading cases. In Ft. L. Rld. Co. v. Lowe, Sheriff, 27 Kan. 749 (decided in 1882), this court held, that the state had power to tax railroad property lying within the boundaries of the Fort Leavenworth military reservation. The cause was taken to the supreme court of the United States on writ of error (Fort Leavenworth R. R. Co. v. Lowe, 114 U. S. 525, 5 S. Ct. 995, 29 L. Ed. 264). In the opinion by Field, J., will be found an extended discussion of the question of jurisdiction over lands ceded to the United States. Limits of space do not permit a review of what was there said. Reference was made to the opinions in 1 Met. 580 and 19 Ohio St. 306, above referred to, as well as others, and it was said that they were— “Sufficient to support the proposition which follows naturally from the language of the constitution that no other legislative power than that of congress can be exercised .over lands within a state purchased by the United States with her consent for one of the purposes designated; and that such consent under the constitution operates to exclude all other legislative authority.” ' (p. 537.) In discussing a contention the state had no power to make cession, the court held that it did have such power and further— “In their relation to the general government, the states of the Union stand in a very different position from that which they hold to foreign governments. Though the jurisdiction and authority of the general government are essentially different from those of the state, they are not those of a different country; and the two, the state and general government, may deal with each other in any way they may deem best to cany out the purposes of the constitution. It is for the protection and interests of the states, their people and property, as well as for the protection and interests of the people generally of the United States, that forts, arsenals, and other buildings for public uses are constructed within the.states. As instrumentalities for the execution of the powers of the general government, they are, as already said, exempt from such control of the states as would defeat or impair their use for those purposes; and if, to their more effective use, a cession of legislative authority and political jurisdiction by the state would be desirable, we do not perceive any objection to its grant by the legislature of the state. Such cession is really as much for the benefit of the state as it is for the benefit of the United States. — 866 — It is necessarily temporary, to be exercised only so long as the places continue to be used for the public purposes for which the property was acquired or reserved from sale. When they cease to be thus used, the jurisdiction reverts to the state.” (p. 541.) In C. R. I. & P. Rly. Co. v. McGlinn (decided in 1882), 28 Kan. 274, the question before this court was the liability of the company to the owner of livestock killed on the right of way across the Fort Leavenworth military reservation.’ In deciding that the state statute was effective, this court said: “It is the rule, as we understand it, that all laws and municipal regulations in force at the time any territory is ceded by one power to another power or jurisdiction remain in force until changed by the new sovereign authority, unless such laws and regulations are inconsistent or in conflict with the existing laws of the new power taking possession of the ceded territory. It follows from this that even conceding the validity of the act of February 22, 1875, ceding to the United States the Fort Leavenworth reservation, and conceding that the United States has legally accepted the grant, the act of 1874 is operative over the reservation, because such act has not been abrogated by congress, nor is it inconsistent with any legislation of that body. (Cass v. Dillon, 2 Ohio St. 607; U. S. v. Power’s Heirs, 11 How. 570. See Fort Leavenworth R. Co. v. Lowe, supra.)” (p.277.) (Italics ours.) This case likewise reached the supreme court of the United States (Chicago & Pacific Railway Co. v. McGlinn, 114 U. S. 542, 5 S. Ct. 1005, 29 L. Ed. 270), where the decision of this court was affirmed. In the opinion reference was made to the holding in the Lowe case, supra, and it was further said: “Upon the second question the contention of the railroad company is that the act of Kansas became inoperative within the reservation upon the cession to the United States of exclusive jurisdiction over it. We are clear that this contention cannot be maintained. It is a general rule of public law, recognized and acted upon by the United States, that whenever political jurisdiction and legislative power over any territory are transferred from one nation or sovereign to another, the municipal laws of the country, that is, laws which are intended for the protection of private rights, continue in force until abrogated or changed by the new government or sovereign. By the cession public property passes from one government to the other, but private property remains as before, and with it those municipal laws which are designed to secure its peaceful use and enjoyment, ris a matter of course, all laws, ordinances, and regulations in conflict with the political character, institutions, and constitution of the new government are at once displaced. Thus, upon a cession of political jurisdiction and legislative power — and the latter is involved in the former — to the United States, the laws of the country in support of an established religion, or abridging the freedom of the press, or authorizing cruel and unusual punishments, and the like, would at once cease to be of obligatory force without any declaration to that effect; and the laws of the country on — 867 — other subjects would necessarily be superseded by existing laws of the new government upon the same matters. But with respect to other laws affecting the possession, use and transfer of property, and designed to secure good order and peace in the community, and promote its health and prosperity, which are strictly of a municipal character, the rule is general, that a change of government leaves them, in force until, by direct action of the new government, they are altered or repealed. (American Insurance Co. v. Canter, 1 Pet. 542; Halleck, International Law, ch. 34, § 14.) ... It is true there is a wide difference between a cession of political jurisdiction from one nation to another and a cession to the United States by a state of legislative power over a particular tract, for a special purpose of the general government; but the principle which controls as to laws in existence at.the time is the same in both. . . .” (pp. 546, 547.) (Italics inserted.) The matter of jurisdiction over the Fort Leavenworth- reservation and the force and effect to be given the laws of Kansas in an action for wrongful death which occurred on the reservation came before this court in the later case of Hoffman v. Power Co., 91 Kan. 450, 138 Pac. 632 (decided in 1914), where the rule of the McGlinn case was approved and followed. From the above it appears the rule is as stated in 65 C. J. 1258 [United States, § 7], viz.: “When jurisdiction is ceded, the municipal laws of the state, except insofar as they are inconsistent with the laws of the United States, remain in force until abrogated by the United States, but this includes only such laws as are in effect at'the time of the cession. . . .” That leads to a consideration of what is included in the term “municipal law,” and the nature of the right to vote. The term “municipal law”-has been defined to be a rule of civil conduct prescribed by the supreme power of the state (Sevier v. Riley, 198 Cal. 170, 244 Pac. 323, 325), and a similar definition may be found in Merchants Exchange v. Knott, 212 Mo. 616, 111 S. W. 565, 571, where it is said the definition is a part of Blackstone’s definition which adds that it is “commanding what is right and prohibiting what is wrong.” The latter part of the definition is used to define the term in 36 C. J. [Law, § 12], p. 961, which also states it is: “. . . that which pertains solely to the citizens and inhabitants of a state, and is thus distinguished from political law and commercial law. . . .” A political right has been defined as consisting of the right and power to participate in the establishment or management of government, to exercise the right of suffrage, and to hold -office. (See State, ex rel., v. Huston, 27 Okla. 606, 113 Pac. 190, 198; Friendly — 868 — v. Olcott, 61 Or. 580, 123 Pac. 53, 56; Haupt v. Schmidt, 70 Ind. App. 260, 122 N. E. 343; State v. Collins, 69 Wash. 268, 124 Pac. 903; People v. Barrett, 203 Ill. 99, 67 N. E. 742, 743.) The right to vote has been said to be a political right or privilege (McCrary on Elections, 4th ed., p. 5 et seq.; Paine on Elections, p. 2), and that it is not included among the rights oí property or person (18 Am. Jur. [Elections, § 44], p. 209, and 20 C. J. [Elections, § 13], p. 60). It would seem to follow that the right to vote was not included under the term “municipal law” and, not being so included, would not be such a right or privilege that it would persist in the residents of a territory the jurisdiction over which has been ceded to another sovereignty. We have not overlooked the case of Cory v. Spencer, 67 Kan. 648, 73 Pac. 920, to which our attention has been directed. In that case it was held that a member of the soldiers’ home was not deprived of the right to acquire a residence there for voting purposes. That case was decided in 1903, at which time, under the act of congress heretofore noted, jurisdiction over the home had been relinquished to the state. The question of jurisdiction of the United States was not involved nor discussed, as the recession made it immaterial. (See Renner v. Bennett, supra.) Nothing said in the Cory case is conclusive in the case at bar. Some argument is made that our conclusion will result in disenfranchising those persons who reside at the soldiers’ home. Such a result does not follow. Under article 5, section 3, of our- state constitution, it is provided that— “For the purpose of voting no person shall be deemed to have gained or lost a residence by reason of his presence or absence . . . while kept at any . . . asylum at public expense.” Under that provision there is no reason why any person, resident in the state of Kansas before- entering the soldiers’ home, may not vote at his former place of residence, if he is otherwise qualified. Indeed, that is the only place he can legally vote (Campbell v. Ramsey, 150 Kan. 368, 92 P. 2d 819). And he need not go there personally to vote; he can cast his ballot as an absentee voter under appropriate statutes (Lemons v. Noller, 144 Kan. 813, 63 P. 2d 177). Persons who enter the soldiers’ home from other states are protected by the laws of the state from which' they came. In the absence of any showing to the contrary, and there is none, we assume they have the same right to cast absentee ballots as do residents of this — 869 — state, absent from the state. Any conclusion other than we have reached would permit a resident of the home, regardless of the state from which he came, after being at the home six months, not only to vote for any elective officer of Delaware township, but of Leavenworth county, and of the state, as well as for congressman and United States senators, and to be candidates for any of such offices. We are of the opinion they do not have such right, and that when the several persons voted at the election in 1938 they attempted to exercise a political right they did not have. To recapitulate, when the United States relinquished jurisdiction to the state of Kansas in 1901, the right of persons residing at the soldiers’ home to vote as residents of Kansas was established by the laws of Kansas, and when the board of county commissioners of Leavenworth county, in 1906, established the three voting precincts at the home, it lawfully did so. But after the passage of Laws 1927, ch. 206 (G. S. 1935, 27-101 et seq.), and the action of the United States in acquiring title in 1930, if it did not previously have it, the jurisdiction was in the United States, and residents at the home could no longer exercise the political right to vote as residents of the state of Kansas at the particular precincts. We note the trial court in its conclusions of law used the language found in some of the cases cited, and held “the persons living on the ceded territory were not residents of Kansas.” That statement is too broad. Residence at the home is not sufficient to confer the right to vote as a. citizen of Kansas, but as has been pointed out, if a particular person was a resident of Kansas at the time he entered the home, he is not to be deemed to have lost his residence because he entered the home. Under such circumstances, he is still a resident of Kansas for the purpose of exercising the elective franchise at thé place from which he came. The votes cast at the particular three precincts were all illegally cast, and the trial court rightly concluded they should not be counted. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.