Detroit Savings Bank v. Ziegler

Cooley, J. This suit is upon a bond, given by defendant,Herman H. Ziegler, as principal, and the other defendants as sureties, to secure to the plaintiff the faithful performance of Ziegler’s duties as teller. The bond is dated February 10,1877. The penalty named is five thousand dollars, and the condition is as follows: “ The condition of this obligation is such, that whereas the above-bounden Herman H. Ziegler has been appointed receiving teller savings department, and by the terms of the by-laws of said bank,' is made responsible for all such sums of money, property and funds of every description, as may from time to time be placed in his hands by the cashier, or otherwise come into his possession as receiving teller: “Now, therefore, the condition of the foregoing obligation is such that if the said Herman H. Ziegler shall faithfully and honestly discharge the duties of his said office, and shall faithfully apply and account for all such moneys, funds and valuables, and shall deliver the same, on proper demand, to the board of directors of said bank, or to the person or persons authorized to receive the same, then the foregoing obligation shall be void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue.” At the time when this bond was given and Herman Zieglier entered upon the performance of his duties, his brother Charles Ziegler was the general teller of the bank. As such he had charge of commercial deposits and payments, and he was also the superior of Herman Ziegler, whose duty it was to account to him at the close of each business day for the money received in the savings department for that day. It seems to have been customary in the bank, if for any reason the general teller was temporarily absent, for the receiving teller of the savings department to take his place while the absence continued, and the cashier of the bank testified that he directed this, and understood it to be the duty of the receiving teller of the savings department to comply with the direction. Such temporary absences occurred while Herman Ziegler was such receiving teller, and he took his brother’s [159] ■place while they continued. The case shows that of the moneys which came to his hands while thus temporarily acting for his brother, he embezzled a sum larger than the penalty ■of his bond. His brother was privy to the embezzlement. I. This suit is in assumpsit/ and it is objected that assumpsit will not lie. That at the common law the action must have been debt, is conceded; but the statute provides that •“ In all cases arising upon contracts under seal, or upon judgments, when an action of covenant or of debt may be maintained, an action of assumpsit may be brought and maintained in the same manner, in all respects, as upon contracts without ■seal.” Comp. L. § 6194. Counsel for the defense make an ingenious argument to convince us^ that this statute is not •applicable to a penal bond without covenants. We do not agree in this. We think the intent of the statute is made plain in its words : to permit the action of assumpsit to be brought “ in all eases ” where before an action of debt might ■be brought on a contract under seal. This is such a contract •and such a case. II. The second objection to a recovery is more specious, •and goes to the merits. It is that there has been no breach of the bond. The moneys for which Herman Ziegler failed to account did not, it is said, come to his hands as receiving teller of the savings department of the bank, or in the performance of his duties as such; but they came to his hands while he was temporarily performing the duties of another office. But this bond is not conditioned that he shall faithfully perform the duties of any other office, or account for moneys that might come to his hands by virtue of any other trust; and his sureties cannot be supposed to have contemplated when they undertook to be responsible for his con■duct as receiving teller of the savings department, that they were making themselves responsible for his conduct in •some other position, to which he might be assigned, and of which the duties might be different and the responsibilities greater. This, in short, is the argument for the defence. Abstractly considered, this argument is undeniable. The sureties upon an official bond undertake for nothing which [160] is not within the letter of their contract. The obligation is strieUssimi jwris; and nothing is to be taken by construction against the obligors. They have consented to be bound to a certain extent only, and their liability must be found within the terms of that consent. Paw Paw v. Eggleston 25 Mich. 36, 40; Detroit v. Leadheater 29 Mich. 24; Johnston v. Kimball 39 Mich. 137; Bullock v. Taylor 39 Mich. 187; United States v. Boyd 15 Pet. 187; State v. Cutting 2 Ohio St. 1; McCluskey v. Cromwell 11 N. Y. 593 ; Urmston v. State 73 Ind. 175. This is familiar law, and rests-on sound reason. But has this law any application to the facts of this case t The judge of the Superior Court thought it had, and turned the case out of court. "We are not satisfied he was correct in this. The bank, it appears, was one which had two departments j a savings department, and a commercial department. It had for both one cashier and one general teller; and the money does not appear to have been kept separate, but was brought daily into a common fund. The receiving teller was subordinate to the general teller, as well as to the cashier. The exact duties of the receiving teller of the savings department do not seem to have been particularly defined,, except as the designation of the office would define them, or as-they would be indicated by the condition of the bond. He was to be responsible for all such sums of money, property and funds as the cashier might place in his hands as such teller, and also for all such other money, property and funds as might otherwise come into his hands as such teller. His-duty was to account faithfully for all these. When the teller should stand at his desk and receive savings deposits, he would of course receive them as receiving teller; and it might also be said that he would receive them because they were placed in his hands by the cashier, who, as chief financial officer of the bank, had placed him at that post. But if the defence is correct in the view taken of this offieei,’s duties, it is not very manifest that the cashier could have had any occasion to intrust him with moneys [161] otherwise. lie simply received what was paid in, and handed it over to the general teller. "What occasion could have arisen for putting other moneys into his hands as receiving teller merely ? But we think this view is too restricted and narrow. Every such appointment is made with the general course of business in such institutions in mind, and it must contemplate that what is customary will take place. If it is customary for one officer to assist another when the need arises, we must assume that he expected to render such assistance, and that by implication he undertook to do so as a part of his official duty. And if he was bound to have this understanding of his undertaking and his duty, his sureties were bound to have the like understanding. The number of the officers of a bank will vary with the extent of the business and with its needs. There may be only a president and cashier, but there will commonly be a teller, and there may also be a vice-president, assistant cashier, one or more assistant tellers, and such number of book-keepers, messengers and other assistants as the business may require. When a cashier and a teller are sufficient for all the ordinary needs of the bank, is a cashier performing an official act when, in the temporary absence of the teller, he steps to the teller’s place and receives a deposit ? Or is the teller acting outside his duty when under corresponding circumstances at the cashier’s request he answers the ordinary calls at the cashier’s table ? We think not. We think any such interchange of assistance as temporary need may require is fairly within the contemplation of any appointment to such a place, of the undertaking in accepting it, and of any official bond that might be given by the appointee. If this were not so, every officer in'a bank would require an assistant, or the business of the bank would come to a stop whenever temporary illness or any necessity whatever should, for any time however short, take him from his desk. We agree entirely with the defense that it is not legally competent to impose new duties upon an officer to the prejudice of his sureties, but wo do not think such [162] a temporary assignment is a ease of that nature. The officer is merely giving the temporary aid which must have been contemplated in his employment; and if he were to refuse to give it when having no better reason than that he did not consider it a part of his business, he would have been likely to be regarded by his superiors as altogether too unaccommodating for their purposes. It would not be too much to expect a dismissal under such circumstances. "We need not say whether a dismissal would be strictly justifiable, for we do not think the needs oof this case require a decision upon that point. It is enough in this case to note that Herman Ziegler did not refuse. As receiving teller of the savings department he was called upon to take the place of the general teller temporarily, and he took it and received moneys which he embezzled. These moneys were confided to him by the cashier, because of his being such receiving teller, and, because in the opinion of the cashier, which Ziegler himself did not contest, it was proper that he should receive them under the circumstances. They therefore came to his hands, because of his office and under circumstances justifying their being confided to him ás such. The cases of Minor v. Mechanics’ Bank 1 Pet. 46; Rochester City Bank v. Elwood 21 N. Y. 88; and German American Bank v. Auth 87 Penn. St. 419, are in point. The judgment must be reversed with costs and a new trial ordered. The other Justices concurred.