Jaffray v. Jennings

Hooker, J. Plaintiffs were copartners', residing in New York, and were jobbers, of whom the defendants (father and son, and also partners) purchased goods. The son, Ward L. Jennings, having purchased a quantity of goods for his firm from the plaintiffs, the latter commenced proceedings by attachment upon an affidavit which alleged that the defendants fraudulently contracted the debt upon which the action was brought, viz., that arising from the purchase mentioned.2 The writ was levied upon property belonging to the father, and upon his application the attachment was dissolved by the circuit judge. It was admitted that at the time of the levy the firm had sufficient personal property out of which the claim could have been satisfied. Defendant’s contention is that the individual property of the innocent defendant was not subject to seizure by attachment. Counsel for the plaintiffs build a strong argument upon — 517 — the doctrine that each partner is an agent of his fellows, citing May v. Newman, 95 Mich. 501, to the proposition that an attachment lies against a debtor whose agent fraudulently contracted the debt. But the statute upon which the remedy by attachment depends has relieved the innocent partner from the application of this rule. An examination of the statutes may aid in solving this question. We start with the proposition that attachment is a harsh and extraordinary remedy, unknown to the common law; and the statutory provisions upon which the right depends, being in derogation of the common law, must be strictly construed, and cannot be extended beyond their terms. See cases cited in 1 Jac. & C. Dig. p. 96, § 1; Estlow v. Hanna, 75 Mich. 219, 224. An action against joint debtors is like any other action. It is aimed at the individual debtors. A service on one is not a service upon the other; they may appear separately; their defenses may be different; the judgment is against each for the whole amount; the execution issues against the individuals, the officer being commanded to collect the debt from the goods and chattels, and, for want thereof, of the lands and tenements, of the individuals. And this is as true where the joint obligation is a partnership debt as in cases where the debtors are not •copartners. The act authorizing proceedings in attachment permits any creditor to have an attachment against his debtor, upon conditions mentioned. The conditions are that he shall show that the defendant — i. e., the debtor— is believed to be guilty of certain acts, or to possess certain intentions regarding the debt or his property, fraudulent in character, the general tenor of which indicates danger that such debtor will put his property beyond the reach of the creditor. The law lays hold of the property of such debtor, to preserve it for the creditor. So long as there is a sole debtor, n© difficulty is likely to — 518 — arise; but, when tbe debt is joint, tbe question arises, how far should the fraudulent acts and intentions of one subject the property of another to seizure? The acts, if strictly construed, only provide for attachment against the debtor who is guilty of the fraud. An additional remedy, summary in its nature, is given against him. It is given, in terms, against no others. And where the act is done by one only, the law can only be made applicable to another by invoking the doctrine of agency. No one will question the fact that one can, through an agent, subject his property to attachment; and this is as true where the agent is a partner as where he is not, and where the act complained of is the fraudulent purchase of goods by a partner, as in this case. There is much persuasiveness in the argument that, as the firm received the benefit and appropriated the fruit "of the transaction (whether with knowledge upon the part of both, or not), the rule that a partner is an agent of his copartner makes his act the act of both. It would not be so convincing if the cause for attachment were another of those named in the statute — e. g., if one only was shown to have an intent to dispose of the firm property, or had actually done so without the knowledge of his partner, or where he absconded, or removed out of the State, or was about to do so, with intent to defraud the firm creditors. Still more hard would be the attachment against one where his copartner has merely resided out of the State for three months, which in itself is ground for attachment, regardless of the honesty of his intention. Can it be said that in all of these cases these acts are partnership acts, binding the partners under this application of the doctrine of agency? Is it true that the creditors of a firm in Michigan, one of the members of which lives in Chicago, have the absolute right to commence all actions against the firm by attachment, and to levy not only on the firm property, — 519 — but that of each resident member, as well as that of the non-resident? If not, it must be that this doctrine is improperly applied, or a distinction must be drawn between the different causes for attachment named in the statute, and the liability limited to those acts which we may say, either as a conclusion of fact or law, are the acts of the firm, which would seem to limit the cases to those where the debt was fraudulently contracted, and where the property of the firm had been assigned, concealed, or disposed of with intent on the part of one to defraud the firm creditors. If plaintiffs’ theory -is correct, these would be the acts of all partners, and subject to seizure not only the partnership property, but the individual property of each partner, no matter how honest, and notwithstanding their solvency. There can be no doubt that partners are bound by the contracts, and many times by the torts, of one of their number, to the extent of liability. But is it as clear that the nature of the remedy is always subject to the same rule? As already stated, this remedy is statutory, and the statutes must show the design to cover such cases as this, or they are not to be treated as within them. The attachment statute is borrowed from New York. It will be found in the Revised Statutes of 1838 and 1846 and the Compiled Laws of 1857. The section of which How. Stat. § 8015, is an amendment remained unchanged from the time of its adoption until 1861. It is section 19, chap. 1, tit. 4, pt. 3, p. 512, Rev. Stat. 1838. The same is found in Rev. Stat. 1846, chap. 114, § 30, p. 517, and 2 Comp. Laws 1857, § 4771. It reads as follows, viz.: “When two or more persons are jointly indebted as joint obligors, partners, or otherwise, the attachment may be issued against the separate or joint estates or property of such joint debtors or any of them, and the same proceedings shall be had as hereinbefore prescribed.’’ It goes without saying that under this act, where all the — 520 — joint debtors are shown to have participated in the statutory act, or where it appears that each has entertained the fraudulent intent, the writ should issue against all; and it •is as plain that in such case the writ could be issued against the separate or joint estates of- the debtors. So far it lays down a plain, consistent, and just rule. Shall we go further, and say that it was meant that the writ would be as far-reaching in cases of joint debtors who are not partners, where one was innocent of wrong? That would probably not be claimed by any one. As to partners, the same claim might'be made as is made here, viz., that in dealing with the partnership property the act of one is the act of all, and that the consequences are the same to all. But this act had received a construction before it became a law in Michigan. In Re Cyrus Chipman, an absconding debtor, 14 Johns. 217, decided in 1817, it was held that an attachment might issue against the property of one of several partners who absconded, for a debt due by the frm, although his copartners were resident within the ¡state, and subject to process. This is not conclusive of vthe question here, and is cited only to show that counsel in that case did not resort to the remedy by attachment against all of the partners. Two years later the same court held that an attachment might issue against the separate property of an absconding debtor upon a debt due from his copartnership. Here, again, the writ appears not to have been sought against the partner who remained. But the case went further, and held that the partnership property could not be seized; and the reason was that the other partner had a right to retain it to pay the partnership debts. In re Smith, 16 Johns. 102. It may still be said that in neither of these cases were ¡all of the partners sued ‘in attachment, and therefore there yet remains doubt if the right contended for does not exist — 521 — under this statute; and it is probable that such doubt led to the amendment of 1861, which reads as follows: “When two or more persons are jointly indebted as joint obligors, partners, or otherwise, and an affidavit shall be made, as provided -in section two of this chapter, so as to bring one or more of such joint debtors within its provisions, and amenable to the process of attachment, then the writ of attachment shall issue against the property and effects of such as are so brought within the provisions of said section; and the officer shall be also directed in said writ to summon all such joint debtors as may be named in the affidavit attached thereto, to answer to the said action as in other cases of attachment.” Before discussing the statute, let us review the situation. Under the previous statute, attachment lay against all joint debtors, whether partners or not, where it could be shown as matter of fact that all participated in the act constituting a cause. It was also plain that, where one joint debtor only committed such act, his property only was subject to the writ, unless there was a partnership. There was, then, no necessity for legislation to reach either of these cases, for joint debtors, where not partners, were fully, protected where innocent of wrong, and the creditor had his remedy against both where both participated, and against the offender where only one was guilty. In this condition of affairs, the Legislature passed section 8015, thereby giving immunity from attachment to joint debtors, including partners, who were not themselves participants in the wrongful act. Now, by a construction of this act, it is sought to say that partners are not within its terms, because the act of one is the act of all, and that, as a matter of law, they are, therefore, all participants in the fraudulent act. If that is so, the statute seems to have no office to perform. It has relieved nobody. Joint debtors, not partners, could not be attacked by attachment before unless guilty. But there may have been a doubt about partners. That doubt seems to have caused — 522 — the enactment of a law whose only object must have been to reach and relieve the very class of cases which the construction contended for seeks to exclude from its protection. As said at the outset, attachment is a harsh and extraordinary remedy. The law may well restrict its use, and deny it as against all honest persons, though they -have the misfortune to be connected in business as partners with dishonest persons. Such persons have legal obligations to, discharge in relation to the partnership affairs. They must see that obligations are discharged, and the law presumes that they will faithfully do so. No very good reason suggests itself why the private foitune of an honest partner should be seized because his partner has been detected in a fraudulent act in connection with partnership affairs. • It is common knowledge that few men or firms can survive an attack by attachment. It is the almost certain precursor of insolvency, as in former days it was of bankruptcy, and we should hesitate before broadening the scope of the act in question. A case quite similar to the present was before the Court, viz., Edwards v. Hughes, 20 Mich. 290. Mr. Justice Cooley wrote the opinion, and seems to have taken a similar view of these statutes to that expressed above. It is true that the facts in that case may permit it to be distinguished from the present, but the language used is broad, and iWs hardly possible that the Court could have overlooked the'contingency of such cases as this. Since this decision we think the bar have understood that the liability was limited to such partners as personally participated in the fraudulent act. See Tiffany’s Justice Guide (5th ed.), p. 62, note 1, where this doctrine is laid down; 1 Shinn, Pl. & Pr. § 307. See, also, Miller v. Circuit Judge, 41 Mich. 326, where a writ issued against non-resident partners only. — 523 — We think the learned circuit judge correct in his conclusions, and that his order dissolving the attachment should be affirmed, with costs. Ordered accordingly. Long and Grant, JJ., concurred with Hooker, J. Footnotes [2] After the commencement of suit by declaration against both defendants, the attachment was sworn out under How. Stat. §§ 8018-8028, which authorize the issuance of a writ of attachment in a suit already commenced.