Tunison v. Weadock

Grant, J. (after stating the facts). The following: facts are established by the testimony: — 149 — 1. Plaintiff and her husband were familiar with the manner and the usual speed of running cars in that part •of the city. 2. A car passed every few minutes, and therefore they should have expected one. 3. Plaintiff and all her witnesses, including her husband, who was driving, supposed that" they were far enough away from the track to permit a car to pass. 4. Plaintiff’s husband turned suddenly towards or across the track just before the buggy was struck. 5. There was a good and safe roadway, 12 to 15 feet wide, between the track and the gutter. 6. Plaintiff and her husband took no steps to determine whether a car was coming. Either could have seen the •car and its headlight in a second by turning his or her head. They do not testify that they took the precaution to listen for the ringing of the bell. The disputed facts relate to the speed of the car, the ringing of the bell or gong, and the position of the horse and buggy at the time the car struck the buggy. Two witnesses on the part of the plaintiff alone testified to the speed of the car, — Mr. Robinson, who did not see the car until just as it was passing his buggy; and Mr. Curry, who stood upon the sidewalk. Robinson testified to a speed of 18 to 20 miles an hour; Curry to a speed of 20 miles an hour. Mr. Curry testified that he did not know anything about the speed of cars running in the, locality, but that they ran .very swiftly, he should think. He did not see the car between Green avenue and the place of collision, a distance of 150 feet. His attention was directed to something else. He was then asked as to his competency .to testify about the speed of the car that night, and was permitted to do so. Such testimony is of no value, and does not rise to the dignity of evidence, and should have been excluded. The horse was going at a “slow jog.” If the car was going at a speed of 18 to 20 miles an hour, it would manifestly be impossible for the horse to jump in front of the car and to the other side of the track without being struck, and all agree that the horse was not struck. The opinion of Mr. Robinson as to — 150 — the speed is shown to be unreliable and incorrect by the undisputed facts and by his own testimony, for he says-the car was stopped at 40 to 50 feet from the place of the collision. It would be impossible to stop a car in that distance going at the rate of six miles an hour, according to the uncontradicted testimony of the motorneer, who had been a motorneer on this road for six years. It is common knowledge that it could not be stopped in that distance if it was running at a speed of 18 to 20 miles an hour. The motorneer was the only witness on the part of the defendants who testified to the speed, and he fixed it at about six miles per hour. The sole passenger testified that the-car did not go fast by the switch, which had just been passed, but gave no opinion as to the speed. The lawful rate of speed was 12 miles an hour. Whether this testimony was sufficient to justify the jury in finding that the car was running at an unlawful rate of speed I do not deem it necessary to determine, as I think the case must be disposed of upon another point. The only disagreement among the witnesses in regard to the ringing of the bell is the distance of the car from the carriage when it was rung. Three of the witnesses for the plaintiff agree that the bell was rung at or before the collision. Mr. Robinson, on the part of the plaintiff, testified he was listening; that, “at the time he went by me, he struck the buggy, and the bell rang.” Mrs. Robinson testified: “ It did ring just as it struck the rig. It rang-three or four times.” Mr. Curry said, “There was no-bell rung until about the time the car struck the rig.” Plaintiff testified that “the bell did not ring before we-were struck.” Mr. Tunison testified, “ I heard no bell rung before we were struck. ” In view of the noise made-by the two horses and carriages over a hard and frosty road, it would not be surprising if these witnesses, only one of whom testified that he was listening, did not hear the bell, if it was rung. Three witnesses who were in position to know, and two of whom were entirely disinterested, swear positively that the bell was rung. — 151 — The important questions are, What duty did the defendants owe to the plaintiff, and what duty did she owe to herself and the defendants, while both were traveling upon the public highway, over which each had a right of passage ? Courts have almost universally held that street railways have no exclusive right of way, and that motormen must be vigilant in keeping a watch for pedestrians and teams crossing their tracks or driving in front of the cars. Electric cars have become a necessity, and they are traversing not only cities and villages, but country towns. They must, and are permitted to', travel faster than ordinary vehicles drawn by horses; otherwise they would be of little use. At street crossings, and other places, where the motorneers see people about to cross, or see them upon the track, or in a dangerous position, or partially on the track in front of them, they are bound to ring their bells or gongs as a warning; and, when they see any signs of danger, to keep their cars under control as much as possible. These cars cannot be stopped as speedily as carriages drawn by horses. Their speed is fixed by ordinance within cities and villages, and in this case the speed in the populous parts of the city is fixed at 8 miles per hour, and outside those limits 12 miles. The speed allowed where this accident, occurred was 12 miles per hour. This court, speaking through Chief Justice Morse, in Rascher v. Railway Co., 90 Mich. 413 (51 N. W. 463, 30 Am. St. Rep. 447), said: “A street car can neither turn to the right nor left. It runs with greater rapidity and with greater momentum than a wagon or omnibus; therefore greater caution must be taken in its running to avoid collision. It ought to be lighted in the night-time, so that its approach can be seen by other travelers; and between twilight and dark, if not lighted, it ought to be run so slowly as to avoid collision, or else give by some signal warning of its approach. Street cars have precedence, necessarily, in the portion of the way designated for their use. This superior right must be exercised, however, with proper caution and due regard for the rights of others; and the fact that it has a. — 152 — prescribed route does not alter tbe duty of tbe defendant to the public, who have a right to travel upon its track until met or overtaken by its cars.” '. A corresponding duty is also imposed upon the traveler by the fact of these heavy cars being run over the public highways for the convenience and carriage of the public. He is chargeable with notice that they travel faster than ordinary vehicles, that the momentum is greater, and that while running at a lawful rate of speed they cannot be instantaneously stopped. Therefore, when he turns his carriage to cross the street, it is his duty to look and see whether a car is approaching so near as to make it dangerous for him to make the attempt to cross. The same rule applies when one suddenly turns towards the track, and brings his carriage in line of an approaching car. Applying this principle, what was the duty imposed by the law upon the plaintiff and her husband ? They believed that they were at a safe distance from the track. ■ So did those who saw them, until a sudden turn was made towards the track, which brought the carriage within the danger line. They were in as good, and probably better, position to know they were at a safe distance from the track than was the motorneer. A man has not the right, knowing that the cars are apt to approach any moment, to put himself at what he believes to be a safe distance, and then hold the defendant company liable for damages because its motorman made a like error in judgment. If the plaintiff and her husband were'riding upon the track, or were crossing it, or were in obvious danger while riding too close, it would have been the duty of the motorneer to not only ring his bell, but to apply his brake and reverse his motive power. The motorman is not called upon to act uhtil he sees, or should see, that a person is in danger, or liable to run into danger. Daly v. Railway Co., 105 Mich. 193 (63 N. W. 73); Lyons v. Railway Co., 115 Mich. 114 (73 N. W. 139). While the travelers by carriage have the right to use the entire highway from curb to curb, yet they have not — 153 — the right to turn quickly and blindly from a safe distance to a dangerous nearness to the track, or to attempt to cross without looking for an approaching car. Such negligence has been termed by this court gross negligence. Wood v. Railway Co., 52 Mich. 402 (18 N. W. 124, 50 Am. Rep. 259); 2 Thomp. Neg. (2d Ed.) § 1389; Graham v. Traction Co., 64 N. J. Law, 10 (44 Atl. 964); Christensen v. Trunk Line, 6 Wash. 75 (32 Pac. 1018); Davidson v. Tramway Co., 4 Colo. App. 283 (35 Pac. 920); Sonnenfeld Millinery Co. v. Railway Co., 59 Mo. App. 668. In Christensen v. Trunk Line the car and the plaintiff were traveling in the same direction, and plaintiff suddenly turned to cross the track in front of the car. The court held that the motor man “had a right to presume that, the respondent would remain off the track, and not knowingly place himself or his property in imminent danger; and he was not bound to regulate his speed at such a rate as would certainly avoid injury to any one who might attempt to cross the road in an unreasonable and improper manner.” In Davidson v. Tramway Co. it is said: “It is very difficult to imagine circumstances which would excuse the injured party for his neglect to use his ■eyes as well as his ears to guard against an accident occurring while he is crossing the track.” In Sonnenfeld Millinery Co. v. Railway Co. it was held not to be the duty of a motor man to stop his car on seeing a person in the street, near the railway tracks, if such person when seen by him is not in a position of peril. In Fritz v. Railway Co., 105 Mich. 50 (62 N. W. 1007), plaintiff was driving a milk wagon in the same ■direction that the car was going, — the car coming from behind. He testified that he listened for the ringing of the bell, but could not hear anything. Without looking, he then turned diagonally across the track, and the rear wheel of his wagon was struck by the car. At page 53 my Brother Montgomery, who wrote the majority opinion, discussed the general rules relating to travelers upon the highway and street cars, and said: — 154 — “ Unless he had the right to assume that there was no-car in the rear with which he was likely to come in contact, or unless he had the right to rely upon his failure to-hear the sound of the gong, it was clearly negligent for him to turn across the track suddenly, and without assuring himself by proper investigation that no car was coming. Booth, St. Ry. Law, § 315. In fact, until the car-approached the crossing, it is very doubtful whether it was-the duty of the motorman to sound any gong. So long as-the plaintiff was traveling in the same direction, and at such a gait as would not result in collision, it cannot be-said that the motorman had any occasion to sound the gong, as he would have no reason to apprehend that the plaintiff would come to a stop, or make a short turn across-the track.” In Blakeslee v. Railway Co., 105 Mich. 462 (63 N. W. 401), it was held to be negligence to go upon a street-car track without taking precautions to ascertain whether or-not it is safe to do so, and that plaintiff could not avoid the legal effect of such negligence by placing himself in such position where he could not easily see an approaching car. In that case my Brother Hooker cited with approval Fritz v. Railway Co., and said: “It was there held that one riding in a covered carriage, and thereby prevented from looking behind, could, not recover against the street-car company when he turned suddenly upon the track in front of a car and was injured.”' So, in this case, plaintiff and her husband were riding-at a safe distance from the track, and suddenly turned towards it, and brought themselves within the danger line.. In Wood v. Railway Co., supra, plaintiff was driving a one-horse vehicle along the street on one side of the-tracks, when, encountering obstructions, he turned towards-the tracks so that his right-hand wheels were over the rails. He did not look behind him to see if a car was coming, until he felt something strike the rear wheel. It was-held, as a matter of law, that he was guilty of contributory negligence. In Lyons v. Railway Co., 115 Mich. 114 (73 N. W. 139), we held that a motorneer has the right to assume155 that a person standing on the track will step out of the way, and that the motorneer is not bound to check thg speed of the car until he has good reason to believe that such person is paying no heed to the customary signals. Why should the motorneer be required to assume that one traveling at a safe distance from the track will suddenly walk or drive upon it ? Counsel for plaintiff cites and relies upon two cases: Manor v. Railway Co., 118 Mich. 1 (76 N. W. 139), and Rouse v. Railway, 128 Mich. 149 (87 N. W. 68). In the former case plaintiff had crossed the track from the south side to the north side, and before doing so looked both ways, and no car was visible. The roadway for about 9 feet from the track on the north side was macadamized with broken stone, worn smooth only in two parallel tracks where the wheels of vehicles ran. Plaintiff drove so that the wheels would follow in the beaten portions of the road. Cars passed at intervals of a half hour each. She had driven about 300 feet, when she heard a bell, and attempted to guide her horse away from the track, but was struck, before she had time to do so. It was there contended that plaintiff had turned in towards the track. This, however, was a controverted question of fact, and, of course, properly submitted to the jury. The court plainly instructed the jury that, if this were so, she could not recover. That case would rule this if there were any dispute as to plaintiff’s husband suddenly turning his horse towards or across the track, and if the roadbed in this case had been like the one in that. In the latter case there, was a deep ditch upon the side of the highway, and the roadway at the side of the track was so narrow that teams in the daytime were driven into the ditch when cars were passing. The roadway was between 9 and 10 feet wide, and the footboard extended over the roadway outside the. rail 2 feet. The deceased and his companion had never driven over the road before. It was in the night, and dark. We held, speaking through my Brother Long, that the question of contributory negli — 156 — gence was for the jury. Clearly, in my judgment, those cases do not control this one, where there was a roadway 12 to 15 feet wide, perfectly level, and the plaintiff and her husband knew thatcars were passing every few minutes, and that one was liable to overtake them at any moment, and yet took no steps whatever to protect themselves from injury, which they might have done without any inconvenience. To sustain this verdict establishes the rule that jurors may find that travelers are free from negligence when they ride in a level street alongside street-car tracks at what they consider, and what in fact is, a safe distance therefrom, and suddenly turn towards the track and into the danger line, without taking any precaution whatever to determine whether a car is approaching, and in reliance upon their ability to hear the gong sounded or bell rung amid the noise made by two horses and two carriages, each with four wheels, riding over frozen ground. If such were the rule, it would be unsafe- for street cars to run at the speed now allowed by law, and necessary for the convenience of the public. Such a rule is not, in my judgment, a just and reasonable one. A traveler has the right to drive upon the street-car tracks, and has an' undoubted right to rely upon a warning from the approaching car for him to give it the right of way; in which case he is entitled to sufficient time to place himself outside harm’s reach. But when, in his own judgment, as well as that of the motorneer, he is traveling outside harm’s reach, I cannot recognize a rule which calls upon the motorneer to assume that he will suddenly turn within harm’s reach. If it be granted that there was a conflict of evidence as to the speed and the ringing of the bell, and that the defendants were negligent in these respects, it is apparent to me that plaintiff was equally negligent. The learned circuit judge very clearly defined the rights and duties of the parties in the following language: “Now, the plaintiff’s husband, in driving along there, knew that the street-car track was there, and that cars — 157 — were being operated upon it every few minutes, and he should use care in driving. He should be careful not to get on the track, or, if he did go on or near enough to the track to endanger them, before doing so it was his duty to look out; to look around to see that no car was approaching ; to do what a reasonable and prudent person should to see that it was safe for them, to go on the street-railway track, or to go at any time so near to it as to endanger their conveyance or themselves. And the street railway, or the car motorman in operating his car, was bound to keep a lookout for any obstructions that might exist upon the track, and to be careful and exercise due care lest he should run against or upon any obstructions there might .be upon the car track, so as to avoid running against anybody in case they were upon the track-. Any person driving along the highway has no right, as I have stated, to drive upon the track or to attempt to cross the track suddenly, without looking out to see whether or not the car was approaching. They have no right to attempt to cross a street-railway track, or put themselves in a place of danger, without looking or listening or taking some means to be certain that a car is not approaching. It is recognized nowadays that electric cars as well as steam cars are dangerous. They run with rapidity. They cannot be instantly controlled. They must be operated with care, and the people who use the streets and highways where they are in operation must equally understand that they must watch out and be careful, and not expose themselves to unnecessary danger. _ “ Now, the plaintiff in this case and her husband had a right to drive on the street-car track if they did it carefully. And, if it became necessary in any way for their purposes, they had a right to drive on the track; and if, while on the track, a car comes from behind, and the motorman sees them driving on the track or in close proximity to it, and he does not take care nor attempt to get his car under control so as to prevent hitting them, and he hits them, then he is guilty of negligence, and the company is liable, because they have rights on the track, and he must be careful. But that is a very different thing from what it is for a driver to suddenly turn on the street-car track when the motorman has reason to expect or anticipate no such thing, and, in fact, has a right to assume that the driver going along on the street with a clear road ahead will continue so to drive. The motorman has a right to fairly assume that they will do so.” — 158 — The vice of the instruction lies in the fact that there was no conflict of testimony. Plaintiff and her husband did the very things that the judge told the jury constituted negligence on their part. They used no care. They did not look or listen, or take any means to be certain that a car was not approaching. Under the plaintiff’s own theory, both she and her husband erred in judgment as to the distance they were from the track. If plaintiff and her husband had no reason to anticipate that they were in the danger line, why should they expect the motorman to have a judgment superior to theirs ? Where a traveler is riding beside the track, and there is a good roadbed 12 to 15 feet wide, it is his duty1 to drive a sufficient distance from the track to avoid collision with a car. It is a reasonable rule that he do so, since the car cannot turn aside, and he can. By so doing he-.does not inconvenience himself, and avoids delays and dangers to other travelers upon the cars. I think the judgment should be reversed, and new trial ordered. Montgomery, J. I cannot agree with the opinion of my Brother Grant. The case is brought here to determine questions of law, and an examination of this record convinces me that there were distinct questions of fact as to the manner of this accident, which were submitted to the jury, and of which there was testimony, but which the opinion of Mr. Justice Grant assumes not to exist. There was testimony tending to show that the plaintiff’s husband was following the beaten track. That this beaten path took him and his conveyance very near to the car track is true, but the evidence by no means conclusively shows that he suddenly turned towards or across the track. Under these circumstances, I do not adopt the view of the law which my Brother Grant takes. It is true that one traveling a public highway on which there is a street-car track is bound to use some caution. If he is turning to drive across the track, he is bound to look to see whether — 159 — a car is liable to come in collision with him. He is undoubtedly bound to look ahead for the same purpose. But I am not prepared to hold that he is, as a matter of law, bound to be constantly looking backward when driving upon or in proximity to the track. He has a right to assume that some effort will be made by the motorneer to prevent a collision; that he is in a position to see in advance, and to note whether a collision is likely if he continues in the course. See Montgomery v. Railway Co., 103 Mich. 46 (61 N. W. 543, 29 L. R. A. 287); La Pontney v. Cartage Co., 116 Mich. 514 (74 N. W. 712); Goldrick v. Railroad Co., 20 R. I. 128 (37 Atl. 635); Rouse v. Railway, 128 Mich. 149 (87 N. W. 68). In the present case there was evidence from which it might be found that for a considerable distance, at least, the vehicle in which the plaintiff was traveling was pursuing a course near the railway track, — so near as to make it reasonably certain that a collision would occur if the car was not brought under control. Under such circumstances it cannot be said that the motorneer had the right to pursue his course, and run this vehicle down. The case of Fritz v. Railway Co., 105 Mich. 50 (62 N. W. 1007), presented a very different state of facts. In that case such a case as this was expressly saved. It was said in the opinion: “ It is not a case in which the plaintiff had been driving up the track, and was run down by the motorman, but an attempt to cross the track, unexpected and sudden.” This case and others cited by my Brother Grant are distinguished by Mr. Justice Long in Rouse v. Railway, supra. I think the case was a proper one for the jury. The judgment is affirmed. Hooker, O. J., and Moore, J., concurred with Montgomery, J. Long, J., did not sit.