Pellston Planing Mill & Lumber Co. v. Van Wormer

Fellows, J. December 10, 1914, the sheriff of Em-met county levied on premises of the present plaintiff, situated in that county, to satisfy an execution, theretofore issued out of the circuit court, upon a judgment rendered in justice’s court and duly transcribed, in favor of the Rockwell Manufacturing Company. On March 30, 1915, said premises were sold at execution sale to Roy A. Darling, for the sum of $130.14, and a certificate of sale was issued to him; on January 11, 1916, he assigned such certificate to the First State Bank of Petoskey; on March 30, 1916, the bank as — 650 — signed such certificate to Arthur B. Weyant. It is alleged in the bill that at this time $36.05 was paid to the bank by plaintiff; that Weyant furnished the balance of the money and took the assignment as plaintiff’s representative, with an understanding that he should hold it for plaintiff’s benefit. On June 12th, the amount due was paid to Weyant by plaintiff and he executed a receipt, which we think sufficiently describes the judgment, and which receipt was filed in the office of the register of deeds. On September 7, 1915, the present defendant recovered a judgment against plaintiff, in the circuit court for the county of Emmet, for the sum of $1,00.0 and costs, which were taxed at $67.30. ' On September 16, 1915, execution on this judgment was levied upon the same premises of plaintiff, as was the Rockwell Manufacturing Company’s execution, and, it is said, upon others. June 23, 1916, defendant paid to the register of deeds the amount of the Rockwell Manufacturing Company’s execution sale, together with interest, and presented to and left with such register all the papers required by section 112, chap. 23, Act No. 314, Pub. Acts 1915 (judicature act, 3 Comp. Laws 1915, § 12927). On July 1st, the sheriff executed and delivered to defendant his deed of the premises, purporting so to do by virtue of the sale on the Rockwell Manufacturing Company execution and the proceedings taken by defendant, and thereupon defendant took peaceable possession of the premises, or at least a portion thereof, in the name of the whole. This bill was filed to set aside the sheriff’s deed, to restrain defendant from entering or remaining.on the premises, and for general relief. The regularity of the proceedings, upon which both executions rest, is not assailed. The bill was dismissed and plaintiff appeals. It is the claim of plaintiff that it had a right to re — 651 — deem at any time within 15 months after sale; that, however, within the year after the sale it made arrangements with Mr. Weyant to advance some of the money needed to take up the Rockwell Manufacturing Company’s claim and hold the certificate of sale as security; that it paid, and the holder of the certificate accepted, the full amount of the Rockwell Manufacturing Company’s judgment within the 15 months, and before defendant took the steps it did to redeem as an execution creditor; that the sheriff’s deed is void and should be set aside and defendant be required to respond in damages for the profits plaintiff might have made during the time defendant possessed the premises. Defendant insists that the right of the plaintiff to redeem the premises from the execution sale ceased at the expiration of one year from the date of the sale; that thereafter the right to redeem existed exclusively in execution creditors having a levy, and that this right could not be taken away by any arrangement between the judgment debtor and senior execution creditors, or by payment and acceptance of the amount of the senior execution creditor’s sale; that, by the proceedings taken by him, pursuant to the statute, he acquired the right as redemptioner to have the sheriff’s deed issued to him; that it was in all regards valid and passed title to the premises; that plaintiff is not entitled to the premises, or to any damages for their being withheld. The right to redeem from execution sales did not exist at common law but is a creature of the statute. An execution debtor has the right to redeem given him by the statute law of this State, and, so far as we have been able to find, by the statute law of all the States in the Union. As distinguished from his right to contract upon the subject of redemption, which we shall discuss later, and speaking only of his legal — 652 — right to redeem, such right depends upon legislative action, and is controlled by it. His right to redeem continues during the period fixed by the statute, and it continues no longer. Youmans v. Loxley, 56 Mich. 197 (22 N. W. 282) ; Ross v. Mead, 5 Gil. (Ill.) 171; Cam-pau v. Godfrey, 18 Mich. 27 (100 Am. Dec. 133); Cameron v. Adams, 31 Mich. 426. By sections 96 and 97 of chapter 23, Act No. 314, Pub. Acts 1915 (3 Comp. Laws 1915, §§ 12911, 12912), which are the re-enactment of former legislation, this period within which the execution debtor may redeem is fixed at one year from the time when the execution sale was made. By section 113 of the same chapter (3 Comp. Laws 1915, § 12928) it is provided: “The right and title of the person against whom the execution was issued, to any real estate which shall be sold thereby, shall not be divested by such sale, until the expiration of fifteen months from the time of such sale; but if such real estate shall not be redeemed as herein provided, and a deed shall be executed in pursuance of a sale, the grantee in such deed shall be deemed vested with the legal estate from the time of the sale on such execution, for the purpose of maintaining an action for any injury to such .real estate.” By this section the right and title of the judgment debtor to the real estate is not divested until the full time within which both he and execution creditors may redeem, but the period within which his right to redeem exists is fixed by the sections above referred to, and that period is not extended by section 113. The fact that the statutory period within which execution creditors may redeem was fixed at 15 months does not, in any way, modify or change the statutory period fixed within which execution debtors may redeem, but furnishes a reason for the provisions of section 113. It was within the province of the legislature to fix one period for the execution creditor and another for the execution debtor. This it has done. We conclude that — 653 — one year, and one year only, is given the execution debtor within which he may enforce his right to redeem. But it is urged that the execution debtor and the execution creditor may make such arrangements with reference to the redemption of the premises, and may enter into such contracts with reference thereto, as they may see fit, and the contracts are enforceable. If they may contract and bind themselves with reference to the extension of time to redeem beyond the year, may they not, in the absence of an express contract in advance, after the year has expired, discharge the lien, if done before any junior execution creditor has acquired rights in it by taking the steps pointed out in the statute? We think it is clear they may. If parties may validly contract for the doing of a particular thing, they may validly do that particular thing without contracting in advance. The authorities are numerous, and we think substantially uniform, that the execution creditor and the execution debtor may bind themselves by an agreement to extend the time for redemption, and that such agreement does not fail by reason of the statute of frauds. Mr. Freeman, in his work on Executions (3d Ed.), § 316, vol. 3, p. 1859), lays down the rule in the following language: “So, if any agreement is entered into subsequently to the sale, though by parol, the substance of which is that the purchaser, or other holder of the certificate of sale, will treat it as a mere security, or will give a definite time in which to redeem, it will be enforced. The effect of such an agreement is to prevent any effort on the part of the debtor to redeem within the time designated by the statute; and not to enforce it in his favor, when it had been the means of lulling him into inaction, would be to pervert it into a cruel and fatal decoy. This the courts will not permit, nor will they heed the plea that the contract cannot be received in evidence because within the statute of frauds.” The rule finds support in numerous cases, among — 654 — them see the following: Schroeder v. Young, 161 U. S. 334, 344 (16 Sup. Ct. 512) ; Turpie v. Lowe, 158 Ind. 314 (62 N. E. 484, 92 Am. St. Rep. 310) ; Vannoy v. Martin, 41 N. C. 169 (51 Am. Dec. 418); Burt v. Gamble, 98 Mich. 402 (57 N. W. 261); Smith v. Michigan State Bank, 102 Mich. 5 (60 N. W. 438); Combs v. Little, 4 N. J. Eq. 310 (40 Am. Dec. 207) ; Griffin v. Coffey, 9 B. Mon. [Ky.] 452 (50 Am. Dec. 519). In the last-cited case it is said: “The right to redeem being a right created by law, the time for its exercise may be prolonged by the verbal agreement of the parties.” If, then, the execution creditor may validly contract to waive the statutory period of redemption we think he may waive it, and does waive it when he accepts payment of his judgment. There is an allegation in the bill to the effect that the redemption period was extended by an arrangement between plaintiff and Weyant, but the court excluded the evidence to this effect, and it was not taken down or returned pursuant to section 5, chap. 17, Act No. 314, Public Acts 1915 (3 Comp. Laws 1915, § 12493), and is therefore not before us. But, as we have indicated, the case must be controlled by the same theory, whether the redemption was pursuant to the terms of a pre-existing contract, or arrangements then made. The levy of the defendant was upon the lands of the plaintiff. It was not a levy upon plaintiff’s right to redeem, or his right to contract with reference to such redemption. While the. second levy is frequently spoken of as a levy upon the equity of redemption, cases which have the question squarely involved hold that the levy is not a levy upon the right to redeem. Merry v. Bostwick, 13 Ill. 398 (54 Am. Dec. 434), Hamilton v. Hamilton, 51 Mont. 509 (154 Pac. 717) ; Watson v. Reissig, 24 Ill. 281 (76 Am. Dec. 746). Our — 655 — statutes on the subject set the matter at rest. It provides that the defendant in the execution may redeem; his devisees, executors, and administrators, his heirs, his grantees, or his vendees of the right may redeem. Section 97, chap. 23, Act No. 314, Pub. Acts 1915 (3 Comp. Laws 1915, § 12912). The right to redeem, therefore, passes by devise, descent, grant, or sale; and this, no matter how many executions have been levied. The parties given the right to redeem may redeem from any or all executions, and the second levy does not take away or create a lien upon such right. It therefore follows that when defendant made his junior levy it was upon the lands of the plaintiff, and not upon plaintiff’s right to redeem from the first levy; that right was still free and unencumbered after the levy. But it is urged that when defendant made his levy he acquired rights of his own; that he acquired the right by taking certain steps to redeem from the senior levy. True, he did acquire such rights, and so long as such senior levy was in existence the defendant, by taking the steps provided by the statute, might become subrogated to all the rights of the senior execution, creditor. But he must do this when such rights were in force, before they were extinguished. This he did not do. After they were extinguished by payment, acceptance thereof, and discharged, no lien or rights longer existed and there were no rights to be subrogated to. Defendant had no interest, and could have or acquire no interest in the senior execution until, and unless, he took the steps for subrogation provided in the statute. In the instant case, when those steps were taken, the senior lien and the rights thereunder had been extinguished by payment, and by a payment which, we have shown, could lawfully be made and which operated as a discharge of the lien and the indebtedness secured thereby. — 656 — We are unable to find that the plaintiff is entitled to recover damages. The premises have not deteriorated. The claim for damages grows out of prospective profits. We are very doubtful upon this record, whether the mill is in physical condition to do a profitable business. We think that the prospective profits, under the testimony in this case, are too speculative and conjectural to be allowed, within the cases of Allis v. McLean, 48 Mich. 428 (12 N. W. 640), and Truman v. Machine Co., 169 Mich. 153 (135 N. W. 89). It follows that the decree of the court below must be reversed and one entered here setting aside the sheriff’s deed to defendant and vacating the interest of defendant acquired thereby, but not affecting defendant’s lien under the execution issued upon his judgment. The plaintiff will recover costs of both courts. Kuhn, C. J., and Bird, Moore, Steere, and Brooke, JJ., concurred with Fellows, J.