Kruce v. Lakeside Biscuit Co.

Brooke, JV (after stating' the facts). It may be stated at the outset that the authorities upon the question presented are not entirely harmonious. A review of all of the law upon the question leads the writer in volume 1, Corpus Juris, p. 1112, § 287, to enunciate the rule as follows: “The decided weight of authority is to the effect that, if an action is not brought until more than one breach of the same contract, or until more than one claim or installment is due thereunder, all such breaches or claims or installments constitute but one cause of action, and must be included in.one action, the theory being that, while the different breaches or installments give rise to separate causes of action as they occur or become due, yet all which occur or become due before action is brought are merged or consolidated into a single cause of action; and in some cases it is stated broadly that this rule applies to all claims or demands arising out of the same contract, although based upon separate and distinct covenants or stipulations thereof. There has, however, been some conflict of authority in regard to this rule, even in the decisions of the same jurisdiction, and there are accordingly decisions to the effect that separate demands, although they arise out of the same contract or transaction and are due at the [740] time of the first action, need not be joined. Causes of action arising out of entirely separate and distinct contracts need not be joined, although they are of such a character that a joinder would be permissible, and. causes of action arising after an action is instituted need not be added by amendment.” The cases cited support the text. The question was before this court in the early case of Dutton v. Shaw, 35 Mich. 431. In that case Shaw had sold and delivered to Dutton several lots of staves, all at a price fixed by a contract, whereby Shaw was to deliver and Dutton to accept all the staves to be got out by Shaw in 1863. After all the staves had been delivered Shaw sued Dutton upon the contract, and the case went to judgment. During the trial Shaw failed to prove one item of 2,546 staves, and that item he withdrew. In the case considered by this court Shaw sued Dutton to recover the item thus withdrawn. This court said: “This item, being within the former declaration, and being a part of the articles furnished under a single contract entirely executed, cannot, on any known principle, be distinguished from any other case in which a party has failed for lack of proof. It was not a distinct cause of action, and the former judgment was a final determination of the damages to which Shaw was entitled under the contract. The principle which prevents the splitting up of causes of action, and forbids double vexation for the same thing, is a rule of justice, and not to be classed among technicalities. It was intended to suppress serious grievances.” The question was again considered in the case of Stickel v. Steel, 41 Mich. 350 (1 N. W. 1046). There Stickel bought of Steel on the same day two bills of goods, the first bill with a credit of four months from September 15th following, and the second with a credit of four months from October 1st following. The court held that the two bills constituted distinct demands, and warranted the bringing of two separate actions. [741] In the case of Milroy v. Mining Co., 43 Mich. 231 (5 N. W. 287), plaintiff and his minor son had worked for the defendant a period of six months, and had earned the sum of $676. Of this claim he had assigned to one Bigelow the sum of $100, which sum had been placed in judgment by Bigelow. The judgment not having been satisfied, Milroy sued in his own name for the entire sum of $676. The court held that the Bigelow judgment was a bar to the subsequent action, saying: “There can be no question, either upon reason or authority, that a claim like the present cannot be split and cut up into separate causes of action to suit the convenience or whim of the plaintiff. If so, he could assign, after working six months, a month’s wages to an individual or firm, and so of each and every month, and thus have six separate suits commenced, or he might commence six separate actions in his own name. The assignment, and the fact that the suit was commenced in the assignor’s name for the use and benefit of the assignees, can in law make no difference. * * * “To permit separate causes under such circumstances would be to subject the debtor to costs and expenses far in excess of the principal debt, besides the annoyance and injury which so many suits would necessarily be to him. This the law will not tolerate or permit. It gives the creditor a remedy against his debtor to enable him to collect his demand and the whole thereof, and it at the same time protects the debtor against needless and vexatious causes of action.” In Reid, Murdoch & Co. v. Ferris, 112 Mich. 693 (71 N. W. 484, 67 Am. St. Rep. 437), plaintiff had sold to defendant various bills of goods at different times and on different terms of credit. Some of the goods were replevined by plaintiff from defendant, and an action in trover was brought for the remainder. It was held that, where fraudulent purchases are made on different occasions, each constitutes a distinct and separate [742] fraud for which the seller is entitled to maintain a separate action. In the case of Phelps v. Abbott, 116 Mich. 624 (74 N. W. 1010), it was held that a creditor might bring separate suits upon claims embraced in an open account subject to the penalty of loss of costs in subsequent suits where the whole of the claim upon such account is not included in one action, citing Stickel v. Steel, supra, and Reid, Murdoch & Co. v. Ferris, supra. See, also, Jensen v. Gamble, 191 Mich. 233 (157 N. W. 440). We are of opinion that the facts in the case at bar bring it within the principle of the decisions in Dutton v. Shaw, supra, and Milroy v. Mining Co., supra, and that the cases of Stickel v. Steel, supra, and Phelps v. Abbott, supra, are distinguishable. In the case at bar the 11 suits were started as the result of successive breaches by the defendant of the same provision of a single contract. The alleged indebtedness of the defendant accrued from time to time under and by virtue of a single contract, and the entire demand was due at the time the 11 suits were brought. We conclude that, where several claims are involved, or due and payable under one and the same contract at the time of bringing suit, such claims must be brought in one action in order that the defendant may not be harassed by a multiplicity of suits. The judgment is reversed, with costs, and a new trial granted. Kuhn, C. J., and Stone, Ostrander, Bird, Moore, Steere, and Fellows, JJ., concurred.