Vaughan v. Grand Trunk Western Railroad

Per Curiam. This is an action brought under the Federal Employers’ Liability Act, 45 USC 51 et seq. (fela). After a trial held in Oakland Circuit Court, the jury returned a judgment against defendant and awarded plaintiff $914,000 in damages for a work-related back disability. Defendant appeals from the judgment and the court’s subsequent denial of its motion for new trial. Plaintiff cross-appeals, contending that he should have been awarded prejudgment interest in addition to the — 577 — damages awarded. We affirm the lower court judgment. We have determined that prejudgment interest is not properly allowable to plaintiff here. We first address defendant’s argument that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of defendant’s negligence prior to May 20, 1978. Plaintiff has alleged that defendant negligently assigned him to work which was not within his physical capacity to perform with reasonable safety. Defendant has viewed plaintiff’s allegations as being that of a continuous injury, rather than continuous negligence. Defendant argues that a cause of action accrued with each injury plaintiff suffered from 1966 to 1978. Because the three-year statutory period of limitation had lapsed regarding all but the 1978 injury, defendant argues that only evidence of its negligence in relation to that injury should have been admitted at trial. The case law in this area recognizes that in a negligent assignment claim, the critical time for limitations purposes is not the time at which the injury was first manifested, but the time at which the employer, knowing of a physical impairment, ceases to assign the employee to duties which expose him to an unreasonable risk of harm: The statute of limitations for the negligent assignment claim is distinguished from the claim for the original injury. Where injury results from a negligent act and the injury continues by reason of continued negligence, a recovery may be had for damages caused by the continuous negligence although a cause of action based on the original negligent act is barred. 54 C.J.S. Limitations of Actions § 174a. Therefore, although the cause of action for the original injury was barred by limitations, the statute of limitations for the negligent assignment claim did not begin to run until its own time of accrual. [Fletcher v Union Pacific R — 578 — Co, 621 F2d 902, 907-908 (CA 8, 1980), cert den 449 US 1110; 101 S Ct 918; 66 L Ed 2d 839 (1981).] Applying this principle to the present case, although the cause of action for plaintiffs 1966, 1970, and 1971 injuries was barred, as the lower court held, the statute of limitations for the negligent assignment of work duties did not hinge upon those dates. Instead, plaintiffs claim accrued once the railroad’s ongoing allegedly tortious conduct ceased by taking plaintiff off the job in June, 1978. Accordingly, the lower court did not err in allowing evidence of defendant’s alleged negligent acts in assigning plaintiff to various physical labor tasks prior to May 20, 1978. These acts were part of a continuing tort, the claim for which was filed by plaintiff less than three years after its accrual. As in Fletcher, supra, the railroad in the present case had actual knowledge of plaintiffs original back injury in 1966 and his ongoing chronic back problems. Emmons v Southern Pacific Transportation Co, 701 F2d 1112 (CA 5, 1983), relied upon by defendant, is distinguishable from the present case in that the railroad in Emmons lacked knowledge of the employee’s physical problems. The Emmons court determined that since the railroad did not know of the disability, it could not be found negligent for failing to reassign the employee to less strenuous work. In the instant case, the railroad had knowledge of plaintiffs original injury and through its medical officers and plaintiff’s supervisors knew that plaintiff had developed a chronic lower back condition in 1966 which persisted throughout the remainder of his employment. Further, defendant’s attempt to distinguish Fletcher, supra, by arguing that the plaintiff was returned to the same position in Fletcher, while plaintiff in the instant case was — 579 — returned to several positions as he received job promotions, is without merit. The controlling consideration is the nature of the work to be performed, not the job title under which it is to be done. We next address defendant’s contention that the trial court erred in denying defendant’s motion for mistrial once it changed its ruling regarding evidence of defendant’s negligence prior to 1978. Defendant argues that a mistrial should have been declared because of the element of surprise and the fact that the jury would hear evidence of alleged acts that defendant’s trial tactics had been directed at excluding. Generally, this Court will not interfere with a trial court’s disposition of a motion for mistrial unless there was an abuse of discretion which results in a miscarriage of justice so that the party has not had a fair and impartial trial. Kucken v Hygrade Food Products, 51 Mich App 471, 473; 215 NW2d 772 (1974). Our review of the court’s instructions to the jury shows us that defendant was not denied a fair trial. The court made it very clear that neither party was at fault with respect to the court’s earlier ruling on the statute of limitations question and that both attorneys had simply conformed their arguments and examinations to comply with that ruling. It was brought out at oral argument concerning this appeal that the cause of the trial court’s difficulty was the manner in which defendant made its motion to limit the introduction of the evidence. It was also developed that discovery had been closed for approximately one year before the trial date and that defendant proceeded with its discovery as though all acts of negligence would be introduced at trial. Moreover, defendant did not commence its case — 580 — in chief until two days after the trial court reversed its ruling. Thus, defendant had sufficient opportunity to attempt to develop facts which would rebut plaintiffs evidence of negligent work assignment subsequent to March, 1966. There was no surprise involved since the allegation of negligent work assignment was contained in plaintiffs complaint and was at the forefront of plaintiff’s case as trial began and proceeded. We similarly find that the trial court did not err in denying defendant’s motion for new trial. Defendant’s argument that the trial court’s reversal of its order constituted unfair surprise is without merit. The defense motion to exclude such evidence was not made until minutes before trial was to begin. Defendant must have been cognizant that the trial court might deny its motion to exclude evidence, and defense counsel should have been prepared to defend regarding all acts of negligence alleged in the complaint from March, 1966, onward. As noted above, it was brought out in oral argument on appeal that defendant had indeed prepared its defense during discovery with regard to the earlier negligence allegations. Further, the court instructed the jury that the change in the evidentiary ruling was based solely on a question of law and not the conduct of the defendant. We find no hint in the court’s instructions of defense misconduct, contrary to defendant’s assertion. Finally, we have determined that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in denying plaintiff’s motion for prejudgment interest. Despite the provision of MCL 600.6013; MSA 27A.6013, which authorizes Michigan courts to award prejudgment interest, the allowance of such interest on pela judgments by Michigan courts is a matter of federal substantive law. Shemman v American — 581 — Steamship Co, 89 Mich App 656, 676-677; 280 NW2d 852 (1979), lv den 407 Mich 875 (1979). Under federal case law, prejudgment interest must be requested from the jury if such award is not statutorily mandated. Failure to leave the determination of its applicability and the amount to be awarded to the jury bars a subsequent attempt to seek prejudgment interest from the trial judge. Kolb v Goldring, Inc, 694 F2d 869 (CA 1, 1982); Robinson v Watts Detective Agency, Inc, 685 F2d 729, 742 (CA 1, 1979), cert den 459 US 1105; 103 S Ct 728; 74 L Ed 2d 953 (1983). Affirmed.