Martin v. Lennon

By the Court. Ripley, Ch. J. With respect to the principal point raised on this appeal the case is briefly this : The defendant being indebted to the plaintiff upon sundry notes of hand, all drawing interest at moré than seven per cent, per annum after due, upon a settlement and accounting together in respect of the indebtedness of defendant to plaintiff, on the 1st February, 1858, computed the amount' of principal and interest then due upon said notes, which were all over due, with the sum of $275.79 and interest therefor paid by plaintiff for defendant, at the sum of $8,215. In arriving at this amount, the interest upon said several notes was computed according to their terms, but within the express literal terms of the contract. The defendant then admitted said sum of $8,215 to be due from him to the plaintiff, and he then voluntarily gave therefor his four promissory notes, payable in six months thereafter with interest at the rate of three per cent, a month. At the same time, and as a part of the same transaction, he conveyed to plaintiff the land in the complaint described, and received from him a bond in the sum of $10,000,conditioned for a re-conveyance thereof upon Dayment of said $8,215 in six months with interest at three per cent, a month. It is apparent, and is not disputed, that this deed and bond together were meant to be and constituted a mortgage to secure the notes. ■ Under the general prayer for relief the court below has adjudged the plaintiff entitled to judgment for a strict foreclosure of this mortgage, and that the defendant is liable for the face of said notes and interest, and is entitled to no deduction on account of there being included in the said notes a — 72 — greater rate of interest than seven per cent, upon the principal of /the old notes knd demands aforesaid after maturity. To the extent of that excess, however, the defendant contends that there was a want of consideration for said notes. If that be so, they are pro tanto a nullity, and he is entitled to the deduction he claims. We think, however, that according to the doctrine heretofore laid down by this court with respect to such interest, we perceive in the facts of this case, a good consideration for the defendant’s express promise to pay it in these notes contained. In the first place, it is an entire mistake, as has been explicitly held, to speak of it as illegal interest. It cannot be said that the taking of interest beyond seven per cent, per annum is contrary to the spirit and policy of the .law, where the statute expressly authorizes it to be done. Nutting v. McCutcheon, 5 Minn. 389. And it, is evident, both on principle' and the authority of that case, that it no more offends the law to pay and receive such interest as compensation for the use of money in the past, without any previous agreement therefor, than to agree to do so as compensation for the use of money for a time yet to come. If, however, it is not illegal so to pay and receive such interest it cannot be illegal to agree to do it. But the court, in the interest decisions, so-called, were of opinion that an agreement in a note to pay a greater rate of interest than seven per cent, per annum, after maturity, could not be regarded as a contract to pay interest, strictly speaking, but was an attempt of the parties to liquidate the damages in cases of a failure to perform the contract; that the law fixed the rare of damages' in breaches of such contracts at seven per cent, per annum; that when the damages are susceptible of proof, a stipulation for a certain amount of damages — 73 — will be held to be a penalty to secure the damages actually sustained, which in the case of such contracts are fixed by law as aforesaid. Mason et al. v. Craig et al. 2 Minn. 350; Talcott v. Marston, 3 Minn. 339. Such contract, however, is no more void than the penal clause in a bond is void. It is just as binding on the promissor at law. Until relieved against it is valid, and it can only be relieved against upon application by the debtor to a court of equity therefor. It is voidable, say the court, at his option ; but that option, it is also held, lies in his choosing to invoke the equitable powers of the court to restrain his creditors from recovering more than the damage actually sustained. In that one case, therefore, and in that only, can he avoid his contract. Bidwell v. Whitney, 4 Minn. 76; Mills v. Kellogg, 7 Minn. 469. But since it is simply because there is no redress at law against such exactions that a court of equity interferes when called upon, and relieves unfortunate debtors who by their own acts have incurred penalties, which the creditor is about to enforce against them, (Bidwell v. Whitney, supra,) it necessarily followed, and so the court held in that and the other cases which followed it, that the debtor might waive his right to invoke such interposition. Culbertson v. Lennon, 4 Minn. 51; Nutting v. McCutcheon, 5 Minn. 389; Mills v. Kellogg, 7 Minn. 469; Allen v. Jones, 8 Minn. 202. His contract was valid, until he exercised his option to apply to a court of equity for relief; but after waiver, he has no longer the right to apply for such relief; he has waived it and it is gone. His contract is thenceforth valid absolutely. It may be enforced against him at law, and equity will not interfere, for there is no principle better settled than that a party may waive rules of law intended for his benefit and protection. Bonner v. Wilkinson, 5 B. & Ald. 606. An analagous case is that of an endorser of a negotiable — 74 — promissory note, whose- undertaking is only to pay it in case the maker does not, and he has due notice of default. Yet if, after he is discharged for want of due notice of dishonor,he, with full knowledge of the facts, expressly promises to pay the note, he is liable. Edw. on Bills and Notes, 651; Sigerson v. Mathews, 20 Howard, 496; Yeager v. Farwell, 13 Wallace, 65. The facts in the present case unquestionably amount to such waiver. The notes had been long over due, and for a period during which it is perfectly notorious that money commanded very high rates of interest in this state; the parties meet and the debtor settles the amount of principal and interest due by giving these notes info which the several notes and claims held by plaintiff are consolidated. ’ The defendant admits that the said sum is due from him to plaintiff, and voluntarily makes and gives said notes. Now, what is the principle on which it is held that, on proof of a promise by the endorser, with knowledge that he was not liable on the bill or note, the holder may recover 1 It is not that the endorser is bound by the promise as matter of contract, for it wants consideration. It is a promise to pay what he is not liable to pay. But it is on .the ground that the promise amounts to a waiver of the objection that the proper steps have not been taken to charge the endorser. Edwards on Bills, p. 654; Tibbetts v. Dowd, 23 Wend. 379; 3 Kent’s Com. 5 ed. p. 113. In the case at bar, there is a liability at law resting on the debtor. If he chooses, he may be relieved from it through the interposition of a court of equity. If he admits that the debt is just, and expressly promises to pay it, where is the inj astice in holding him to his promise? Has he not made his choice not to ask that interposition of a court of equity? If one is sued at law 'on a note of this — 75 — description, and suffers judgment to go against him for tbe full amount, it is a waiver of his right to such interposition, unless the debtor can make out a case of mistake, surprise, or excusable neglect. Suppose when thus sued he interposes this equity by answer, and afterwards, and before judgment, he admits in open court that the full sum is due, and expressly stipulates that judgment shall go against him therefor. Could he be heard afterwards to insist on his answer? There is no difference in principle between such an admission and promise made after suit commenced, and a like admission and promise made before action brought. They are both equally operative as a waiver of defendant’s right to seek relief. We have not overlooked the case of Whittacre v. Fuller, 5 Minn. 508, in this connection. On the point now under consideration that case is undoubtedly opposed to our conclusion, for it holds, in respect of interest of the character in question, and which could not have been collected in an action if a defense were interposed, that the obligation on the part of the promissor is rendered no more binding by his giving his note for it, unless it appears that.it was given and received in payment of it. But we have not thought that .we ought to be bound by that case. Its Reasoning on the point is unsatisfactory, to say the least. Its conclusion, so far as it bears upon the case now before us, is, in our judgment, at variance 'with clear principles of law. applicable thereto; while that to which we have come, seems to us tbe necessary result of the doctrines enunciated in the other decisions of the court, to which we have referred. The court below also held that the mortgagee was entitled to interest at 12 per cent, per annum on taxes paid by him. This was an error. — 76 — Ch. 6 of Laws of 1862, p. 40, re-enacting Rev. St, ch. 9, sec. 101; Comp. St., p. 244, sec. 80; provided that any one who has a lien by mortgage or otherwise upon any land upon which the taxes have not been paid, may pay such taxes and the interest and charges thereon,'and the receipt of the person authorized to receive such tax shall constitute an additional lien on the land to the amount therein specified and the interest thereon; and the amount so paid and interest thereon, shall be collectable with, as part of, and in the same manner as the amount secured by the original lien. It also provides, (sec. 107,) re-enacting and amending Rev. ■Stat.chap. 102, that when any tax on real estate shall have been paid by or collected of any occupant, or tenant, or any other person, which, by assignment (agreement) or otherwise, ought to have been paid by the owner, lessor, or other party in interest, such occupant, tenant, or other person shall be entitled to recover by action the amount which the owner, lessee, or party in interest ought to have paid, with interest thereon .at the rate of twelve per cent, per annum ; or he may retain the same from any rent due or accruing from same to such owner or lessee for real estate on which such tax is so paid, and the same shall until paid constitute a lien upon such real estate. The Gen. Stat ch. 11, §§ 152, 153, retained these provisions, correcting, however, by the substitution of “agreement” for “ assignment,” the manifest clerical error in the latter of the two. The two sections refer to and provide for distinct classes of individuals. Sec. 152 provides a mode by which one who, having a lien of whatever description upon land, shall have paid taxes in arrear thereon — may reimburse himself, viz.: by collecting the amount paid and interest as a part of, at the same time, and in the same manner as the amount secured by the original lien. Sec. 153 prescribes the way in which those may — 77 — reimburse themselves, who, having no such lien, have nevertheless paid the taxes, and as between whom and any other person owning or having an interest in such real estate, there was an obligation resting,on such party in interest to have' paid them. In this case the amount paid with twelve per cent, interest may be recovered by action. In the case of Spencer vs. Levering, 8 Minn. 461, this court, with these statutory provisions before it, held that a mortgagee, who had collected rents and paid taxes before foreclosure, would not be entitled, if the owner brought an action against him for such rent, to offset such taxes. “ It is apparent therefore that Bradford, in order to have the shadow of a claim for reimbursement for taxes paid, must have paid them before foreclosure, and in his capacity of assignee of the mortgage lien. This he could only do by virtue of the statutes above referred to and the only claim they have provided for reimbursement is by way of adding the amount so paid to the original lien and collecting it as a part thereof. He acquired thereby no personal claim against the mortgagee but must look alone to the mortgaged property for' reimbursement.” P. 466. This is a direct decision, that the case of a mortgagee before foreclosure is not within sec. 153. ' It may be suggested, however, ■ that the plaintiff was in possession and therefore within sec. 153 as an occupant. Bub it is not every occupant who is within the statute. The mere fact of occupancy will not raise the statutory liability on the part of the owner of land to reimburse such occupant the taxes thereon with 12 per cent, interest, if such occupant has seen fit to pay them. For instance, the taxes on land are by law to be paid by March 1, in each year, and are deemed delinquent if not then paid. Yet they may be paid at any time before the day of — 78 — sale, with qthe addition of the few cents for advertising, if any. Is it to be supposed that because one occupies such land, he may pay the taxes on the 2d of March, and recover the amount of the owner with 12 per cent, interest 1 Yet, in one sense it may be said tha.t this was a tax which the owner ought to have paid, for, as a good citizen, he ought to pay his taxes at the day appointed. He incurs no personal liability to the state, however, by letting his land go to sale. The taxes are a charge on the land merely, which land he may lose by persistent delinquency; but that is a matter between himself and his own pocket. It is not in the sense of any such moral obligation as that of the citizen above mentioned, that the statute uses the expression ought to pay. The relation between the occupant and the owner must be such as to raise an obligation as between them, on such owner’s part* to pay such tax. A mortgagee out of possession before foreclosure has as we have seen no other claim for reimbursement of taxes paid by him than such as arise under sec. 152? If while defendant was bn receipt of the rents and profits, the plaintiff had no other claim for reimbursement, it,is diffi-' cult to see how the fact that the plaintiff had come into the receipt thereof can possibly give him any other. It is further to be observed, moreover, that it does not appear,for what, if any, part of the time plaintiff hás been iu personal occupation- of the premises. He has been in possession ; but that for a part of the time at least, he has been in possession by his tenants, -is evident by the finding of the court. Any claim to 12 per cent, interest as an occupant should in any case have been based on proof of actual occupancy. As it is not found that such occupancy existed at any specified time at which taxes were paid, it could not be known for — 79 — what time and in respect of what sums, such interest was claimed, or in any case, if in' any, to be allowed. The paper book does not state the date of the judgment appealed from, but the notice of appeal is dated August 2ü, 1871. The court below ordered judgment for a strict foreclosure, unless the defendant paid the amount due within one year from the date of the judgment. As the year has already expired, a simple modification of the judgment, reducing- the sum found due by the difference between 12 and seven per cent, interest on the taxes , paid, would not do justice. The judgment is therefore reversed,.and the court below will amend its order for judgment as may be equitable and conformable hereto.