Livingston v. Ives

Bebet, J. The main controversy in this case is as to whether a ■certain deed of real estate, executed by John B. Livingston to Buth L. Swift, was an absolute conveyance, as it purported to be on- its face, or in legal effect a mortgage.’ The complaint alleges that it was given to secure an indebtedness, and is therefore a mortgage, from which it is the object of this action to redeem. The answer (1) denies the allegations of the complaint to the effect that the deed was a mortgage, and (2) avers that it was given in payment of, and not <as security for, an indebtedness. In the course of the trial evidence came out, tending, as defendants claim, to show that the deed was made, in part at least, for the purpose of hindering and delaying Livingston’s creditors. The court by which the action was tried having made no finding with reference to this evidence, the defendants’ counsel moved for an additional finding as to whether or not such hindering and delaying of creditors was “one of the motives or objects of Livingston in executing such absolute deed instead of a mortgage, * * • * he then being in — 58 — embarrassed circumstances and insolvent, by creating the impression that he * * * had no remaining interest in said property.” Defendants insisted (1) that the finding was material to the issue» involved in the action, and (2) that a finding in the affirmative was justified by the evidence; but the court refused to make the additional finding. For at least two reasons we are satisfied that the refusal was-right: 1. Because no intent (in making the deed) fraudulent as respects. Livingston’s creditors is set up or suggested in the answer, which, on the contrary, is confined to the defences already mentioned. In fact the defence shadowed forth in the request for an additional finding is-not only not embraced in the issues of the pleadings, but it is inconsistent with the denial (in defendant’s answer) that the deed was a mortgage at all, and the further averment that it was given as payment, not as security. But irrespective of this latter consideration, the settled rules of pleading (especially under the Code) require that matters in confession and avoidance, like the defence in question, must be affirmatively and specially pleaded. A mere denial does not. cover them. Finley v. Quirk, 9 Minn. 179, (194;) Brown v. Eaton, 21 Minn. 409; Gunderman v. Gunnison, 39 Mich. 313; Adams v. Adams, 25 Minn. 72, 76; Haigh v. Kaye, L. R. 7 Ch. App. Cas. 469. The defendants rely upon an exception to this rule of pleading, viz., that where evidence not relevant to the issues in the pleadings is admitted without objection, it is sometimes allowed all the force which it would have had if properly pleaded. That exception is not applicable to a case like the present, where evidence is received which is pertinent to the issues therein, and which would also be pertinent to another issue which might have been but is not made by the pleadings, in which case its reception is not a waiver of an objection to-the consideration of such other issue. City of Winona v. Minnesota Ry. Const. Co., 27 Minn. 415, (6 N. W. Rep. 795, and 8 N. W. Rep. 148;) Williams v. Mechanics’ Ins. Co., 54 N. Y. 577; O’Neil v. Chicago, M. & St. P. Ry. Co., 33 Minn. 489, (24 N. W. Rep. 192.) Neither would- its introduction be such waiver when, introducing evidence pertinent to the issues made by the pleadings, the party could. — 59 — not avoid also introducing the evidence not thus pertinent, as where, as in some instances upon the trial in this ease, both kinds of evidence were found in the same instrument of evidence, e. g., a letter; and it may be added that upon the record this is not a case in which (as is sometimes said) the course and conduct of the trial have any tendency to show that it was had upon any theory, expressed or acquiesced in, that the matter of fraud upon creditors was in fact at issue, or involved in the action. With reference to a class of authorities cited by counsel, we note a distinction between evidence coming into a case, but not pertinent to the issues, which shows moral or criminal turpitude or a clear violation of settled public policy, and such evidence when only showing a private fraud. This distinction is adverted to in Harvey v. Varney, 98 Mass. 118, and Oscanyan v. Arms Co., 103 U. S. 261, and seems to rest upon the ground that to overlook or disregard evidence of the first kind mentioned would be to lend a disgraceful countenance and sanction to violations of law. From the memorandum filed by the trial court it appears that the additional finding was refused upon the ground that it was “immaterial.” .Strictly speaking, so far as it was proper to refuse the finding on the ground, that the fraudulent intent towards creditors was not pleaded, it would be because such finding would be irrelevant, (i. e., to the issues,) rather than immaterial, though these words are used more or less interchangeably. However, if the refusal was proper, the precise reason given for it is not important. 2. We are further of opinion that the refusal to make the additional finding was right because it would have been strictly immaterial. That is to say, a finding that the hindering and delaying of his creditors was one of Livingston’s motives or objects in executing the deed in question would not affect his right to have the deed absolute in form declared a mortgage, so as to entitle him to redeem. There are cases which hold that, in respect to a transfer of property made wholly or partly for the purpose of defrauding creditors, no relief whatever will be afforded to the party making the transfer, and that, as between themselves, the parties to the transfer will be left exactly where they are, and to extricate themselves as they may with — 60 — out any aid from the courts of justice; so that in an instance like this at bar, where a deed absolute in form was in fact given and taken as security, and would therefore ordinarily be treated as a mortgage, as has been often held in this court, still, if one of the grantor’s motives in executing it was to hinder and delay his creditors, he would not be heard to claim that his deed was a mortgage, and that he be permitted to redeem, but would be held strictly and irremediably to the naked and literal terms of his deed. Such are the cases of May v. May, 33 Ala. 203; Weir v. Day, 57 Iowa, 84; and many other adjudications. Other courts treat a transaction of the kind mentioned as entirely valid between the parties, and as between them enforceable in all its terms. Their reasoning is that not only the parent statute of 13 Eliz., but the statutes since passed in this country, make such transactions voidable only in favor of defrauded creditors, leaving them in all other respects as if no such statute had been enacted; and that the fraud, if one there be, is a strictly private fraud, with which neither the public, nor the courts as guardians of public policy, have any concern, and which is available only to those injured by it. Such is the view taken by Chief Justice Parsons in Drinkwater v. Drinkwater, 4 Mass. 353; by Chief Justice Shaw in Dyer v. Homer, 22 Pick. 253; and in Harvey v. Varney, 98 Mass. 118; Clemens v. Clemens, 28 Wis. 637; Brooks v. Martin, 2 Wall. 70; Nichols v. Patten, 18 Me. 231, (36 Am. Dec. 713;) Hoeser v. Kraeka, 29 Tex. 450; Springer v. Drosch, 32 Ind. 486; Gowan v. Gowan, 30 Mo. 472; Smith v. Quartz Min. Co., 14 Cal. 242; and by this court in Jones v. Rahilly, 16 Minn. 283, (320.) This is the view which commends itself to our judgment. The statute against fraudulent conveyances having been enacted solely for the benefit of creditors, why should it, by construction, be held to operate either to the prejudice or benefit of any one else ? Many of the cases cited against the view which we adopt may readily be distinguished from this at bar in this respect, viz., that they relate to attempts on the part of a grantor to repudiate his transfer or conveyance, upon the ground that he had wholly or partly made it to defraud his creditors; an entirely different case from this, where — 61 — the effort is not to repudiate the real contract between the parties, but to carry it into effect. The deed absolute in form was not absolute in fact, but a mortgage, and the plaintiffs simply ask that this state of things may, as between mortgagor and mortgagee and their heirs, be recognized according to the truth of the case. With reference to Hassam v. Barrett, 115 Mass. 256, which is much relied on by defendants’ counsel, it seems to us not in principle fairly reconcilable with Dyer v. Homer, supra; and that it is not the understanding of the supreme court of Massachusetts that the latter case is overruled by the former is apparent from the fact that Dyer v. Homer is cited and relied upon as late as Snell v. Dwight, 120 Mass. 9. So far as authority and weight of reasoning are concerned, the opinion of the court in Hassam v. Barrett will hardly bear comparison with that of Chief Justice Shaw in Dyer v. Homer. We may add that while the words of the court in Hassam v. Barrett strongly favor the position of defendants’ counsel, the facts in that case differ from the case at bar in respects which may not be unimportant. With reference to defendants’ contention that plaintiffs’ claim for relief is stale, we are unable to discover any reason for taking this case out of the ordinary ten-years limitation of actions for redemption of mortgages, as that limitation has been laid down and applied by this court in Holton v. Meighen, 15 Minn. 50, (69;) King v. Meighen, 20 Minn. 237, (264;) Parsons v. Noggle, 23 Minn. 328; Fisk v. Stewart, 26 Minn. 365, (4 N. W. Rep. 611.) There are, so far as we see, no facts or circumstances going to show that plaintiffs are or ought to be estopped from availing themselves of the right of redemption for the full usual period allowed in such cases. If the transaction was in fact a mortgage, as plaintiffs claim, there is nothing inequitable in this ease in permitting them to treat it as such, and as they would if it were a mortgage in form. See Meighen v. King, 31 Minn. 115, (16 N. W. Rep. 702.) They cannot be said to have “stood by” and allowed the property to be improved by or transferred to parties who have been misled, or in any proper legal contemplation injured, by their silence or acquiescence. Their mere delay to assert their legal rights is not in such eircum62 stances laches, even if it be admitted that any mere delay short of 10 j^ears could be regarded as under any circumstances fatal to the prosecution of their claim of redemption. As we have no doubt that the evidence in this case is sufficient to support the findings of the trial court, it only remains to consider certain exceptions taken by defendants to the admission of evidence upon the trial. 1. Exhibit 56 (Livingston’s letter of January 6, 1876, to Mrs. Swift) appears to have been properly excluded as immaterial, and as having nothing to do with this case. Whether the arrangement with Mrs. Welty was like that with Mrs. Swift, or not, was a question foreign to the issues here, and therefore not proper to be gone into on this trial. 2. The court properly refused to permit the memorandum of his conversation with Capt. Berkey, made by the witness Ives, to be put into his hand while he was upon the stand, for the purpose of refreshing his memory; for there is nothing in the case to show that his memory required to be thus refreshed, or that his recollection was not clear and distinct without reference to the memorandum. On the contrary, without reference to it, the witness had assumed to testify, and had ostensibly testified, fully as to the conversation mentioned. The rule of evidence by which a witness is permitted to resort to a memorandum made by him for the purpose of refreshing his memory per se involves the idea of the necessity of so refreshing it. If it needs no refreshing, there is no occasion to refresh it; and this is fairly and necessarily inferable from what is said upon this subject in 1 Starkie, Ev. 175, 176; and see Russell v. Hudson River R. Co., 17 N. Y. 134. 3. The admission of testimony as to the contents of the letter from Mrs. Swift to John B. Livingston, (the parties to the transactions involved in this suit,) both deceased, was not in violation of G-en. St. 1878, c. 73, § 8. That section has reference only to spoken words. Chadwick v. Cornish, 26 Minn. 28, (1 N. W. Rep. 55.) 4. The offer to show that Mrs. Swift always treated the property to which this controversy relates, while it was in her possession, as — 63 — lier own was properly excluded as hearsay. King v. Frost, 28 Minn. 417, (10 N. W. Rep. 423.) The only other exception which we feel called upon to notice in ■this opinion is that to the reception of Exhibits 13 and 14, being letters from John B. Livingston to Capt. Berkey. As to Exhibit 13, we are inclined to agree with plaintiffs’ counsel that there is at least fair ground to infer that it was written before the delivery of the deed ■claimed to be a mortgage to Mrs. Swift; and as to Exhibit 14, while we are not quite able to see why it was strictly speaking admissible, we feel no hesitation in saying that, even if improperly admitted, it is of too little significance to have materially affected the result arrived at by the learned and experienced trial judge, and therefore furnishes no sufficient reason for a new trial. Order affirmed.