Millman v. Drake & Stratton Co.

Philip E. Brown, J. Action to recover damages for personal injuries. The defendant the Drake & Stratton Company on May 19, 1910, and for a long time prior thereto, was engaged in removing earth from over a body of iron ore of the Dale-Uno mine, situated near Hibbing. Two steam shovels, each located on a separate track, were used to remove the overburden, and it was loaded into the usual dump cars, which were about fourteen feet in length. In the process of excavating a pit of considerable size and depth had been made, in the bottom of which the steam shovels were located and alongside of these were temporary dump car tracks. Two small narrow-gauge tram tracks ran in an easterly and westerly direction from the shovels, extending westerly out of the pit and merging into one track at a point where the first of the two switches hereinafter mentioned was located, some one hundred feet or more east of the second switch which led to what will be referred to as the tail track; the last switch mentioned being the one which lined up for the trains to pass from the tail track east to the dump track and to the dump. The tail track referred to was about four hundred fifty feet in length, and had been in use about one month. Six trains, of nine cars each and drawn by a single engine, were operated over these tracks on each shift. Small engines, called “dinkies” and weighing about twenty tons each and equipped with steam jam brakes, were used to haul the — 126 — trains out of the pit and to the dump. These engines had no tender,, and the coal and water required for their use was carried, respectively, in a box attached' to the side of the cab and on the top thereof in-a saddle. The engineer sat on the right side and the rear of the-cab, which the engineer and fireman both occupied, and the same was-open and unprotected either by guard or railing to prevent them from falling from the rear end. The coupler on the rear of the engine was in the center, substantially on a level with the floor of the-cab, and extended out about one foot, and there was a board about ten inches wide above the coupler, forming practically an extension of the cab floor. The coupling pin extended through this board over-the coupler and through the coupler; the head of the pin being left extended about one inch above the board. The opening into the cab-was in the rear, over the coupler, and the bother head was directly in front of the opening, leaving a space in the cab back of the bother head of about thirty inches. To fire the engine when in motion, it was necessary, whthe in the act of shoveling coal into the fire box, to-stand with one foot on the cab floor against the bother head and the other foot out on the board over the coupler and backed against the head of the coupling pin. The track leading from the pit was first on an upgrade for some-distance, then on a downgrade, and then on an upgrade which extended to the first switch. This-space between the two switches, and‘ also the tail track, was nearly level. On May 19, 1910, the plaintiff was employed by the defendant, company as a brakeman and fireman on one of the trains mentioned,, and at the time in question was working on the night shift. He was-thirty-eight years old, and had been employed by the said company in this class of work for several years. Between nine and ten o’clock in the evening of the day mentioned, the plaintiff was working om one of such defendant’s trains in the said capacity, which was pro-. pelled by engine No. 114; such engine being in charge of the .defendant Vern Lovdahl as engineer. The train had been loaded at one of . the steam shovels, and the engine which was attached to the forward-end of the train, head end to, started to back out towards the tail track, pulling the cars after it. Whthe ascending the first grade after. — 127 — leaving the shovel the train stalled twice, and it became necessary to rnn forward toward the shovel in order to regain sufficient momentum to surmount the grade. On the third trial the train passed up and over this grade and the other portion of the track, descended past the two switches, and, when it reached a point some forty or fifty feet heyond the second switch and on the tail track, the plaintiff was either thrown or fell from the engine, and sustained serious injuries, for which he sought recovery in this action. Before leaving the shovel, the engineer, Lovdahl, put coal into the fire bos, and as the engine backed away from the shovel towards the first switch the plaintiff sat upon the coal box in the cab of the engine. All of the defendant’s tracks were laid on the surface of the ground, without ballast, and the plaintiff was familiar with their construction and condition. The plaintiff claims, and offered evidence tending to show, that the engineer was angry after surmounting the first grade, and continued to run the train rapidly ; that, when the engine came within about a car’s length of the first switch, he, the plaintiff, got down, and put a scoop of coal into the fire box, standing, for this purpose, in the usual position when firing, and that he was temporarily blinded by the fire, so that he could not see and did not know when the engine ran over the second switch ; that after it had passed this switch, and unknown to the plaintiff, whthe the engine was running ten mthes an hour and when the plaintiff was about to throw another shovel full of coal upon the fire, the engine lurched and jumped up and down from one side to the other, twice as much as it had ever done before whthe he was thereon, and he was thrown out at the place above indicated. There was also evidence tending to show that it was the custom and practice and his custom to fire on the way from the shovel to the tail track, and on the tail track and at any place and whenever fire was needed; that the train was operated over the grade on the said third trial and on the night mentioned at a speed of ten or twelve mthes an hour, such being the usual rate of speed up to a point between the switches, but that it was customary to slow down the train between the two switches so as to pass over the last one and on to the tail track at no greater speed than four mthes an hour; that the — 128 — tail track was very rough, and that the track running from the shovel to the switch was in good shape; that there was no trouble in firing in the position which the plaintiff occupied, whthe coming out from the shovel to the switch, when running at a speed of ten mthes an hour, and that he had frequently, and without difficulty, fired on the engine with the train moving on the tail track at a speed from three to four mthes an hour, but that he had never fired on the tail track when the engine was running as fast as it was on the night in question ; that at the point where he was thrown from the engine on the tail track there was a low place or sag in the track, so that, when the engine ran over this place, one side of the engine would drop down, thus making the track rougher and uneven, and that, in order to run over this place with reasonable safety, it was necessary to reduce the speed to three or four mthes an hour; and that such was the customary rate of speed in passing over such place. The plaintiff’s ultimate claim is the same as that alleged in the complaint, namely, that the defendant company was negligent in maintaining its tail track in the condition stated, and that the defendants were negligent in operating the train described over the tail track where the accident occurred at an unsafe rate of speed and greatly in excess of the customary and usual rate at that point, and that the negligence of the defendants as stated constituted the proximate cause of the injuries complained of. The defendants allege in their answer, maintained on the trial, and offered evidence tending to show that neither of them was negligent in the respects claimed by the plaintiff, or otherwise; that the track upon which the plaintiff was riding immediately prior to receiving the injury was the ordinary, usual, and customary track commonly used for such purposes and in the same condition as other tracks upon and about the said earth-stripping operation; that at the time the plaintiff was injured the engine upon which he was riding was the usual and customary engine used upon the said work, and with which the plaintiff was thoroughly familiar; that it was being operated at the usual and customary rate of speed over a track that was similar in all respects to other tracks upon the work, and the usual and customary track provided and used generally for such — 129 — purposes; and also that the plaintiff’s injuries were the result of his own carelessness, negligence, and lack of attention to his duties, or were the result of a risk or danger incident to the business in which he was engaged, all of which were open, known to, understood, and appreciated and voluntarily assumed by him. The cause was tried to a jury, and the plaintiff had a verdict against both of the defendants; the jury also finding that the plaintiff’s injury was caused by the negligence of the defendant Lovdahl. This is an appeal from an order denying the defendants’ motion for judgment notwithstanding the verdict or for a new trial. The court charged that, to entitle the plaintiff to a recovery, both grounds of negligence claimed by the plaintiff to have existed must in fact have existed at the time of the plaintiff’s injury; that is, that there must have been a depression in the tail track due to negligence, and that the train, at the time in question, was run at a negligent rate of speed, and that if they so found, and also that the negligence of the defendants was the proximate cause of the plaintiff’s injuries, the plaintiff should recover, unless he assumed the risks resulting in such injuries or was guilty of negligence proximately contributing thereto. 1. No direct claim was made here by the defendants that the evidence was insufficient to sustain the finding of the jury embraced in the general verdict returned, to the effect that both of the defendants were negligent as charged and within the instructions given by the court, and we are of the opinion, after an examination of the record, that such a contention could not be sustained. 2. The defendants urgently maintain that they were entitled to a directed verdict because it appeared that the plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence, and also that the injuries he sustained were the result of the ordinary risks of the occupation, the dangers whereof were open, obvious, and familiar to him, and hence were assumed when he continued in the employment of the defendant company. The defendants had the burden of establishing these defenses on the trial, and to sustain either contention would require a holding that the facts upon which it depended were conclusively established by the evidence. — 130 — As to the alleged contributory negligence, it is not feasible or necessary to discuss the evidence, which covers more than one thousand printed pages, at length. If the plaintiff’s testimony was true, which was for the jury to determine in the first instance, then it fairly appears that he did nothing unusual shortly before the accident knowingly to jeopardize his safety, and omitted nothing in his work which it was usual or customary to do in the performance thereof with the appliances furnished him by the defendant company. On this issue it was proper to consider that he was justified in acting within reasonable limits on the assumption that the engineer would use his accustomed care in driving the engine. We hold that fair-minded men might reasonably draw á different conclusion in this regard from the proofs than the one deduced by the defendants, and, further, that the question was for the jury. We also reach the latter conclusion upon the question of assumption of risk. 3. The defendants assert, in support of their claim that the court erred in denying their motion for a new trial, that a witness called by the plaintiff wilfully gave false testimony upon the trial, to the great prejudice of the defendants’ interests, and in favor of the plaintiff’s claims concerning the vital questions involved. This point was presented to the trial court, upon the defendants’ application for a new trial, solely upon the testimony given by this and other witnesses on the trial. No suggestion appears that the plaintiff was in any way responsible for or implicated in the giving of this testimony except in so far as the witness was produced by him. It appears that the defendants knew that this testimony was false when it was given, and witnesses were produced by them who contradicted it on the trial, and, further, that the defendants requested the court to instruct the jury particularly concerning this witness and his testimony, which request was fully complied with. We have no hesitation in disposing of this point adversely to the defendants, for the falsity of the testimony was so clearly established that no one possessed of half average intelligence could have been deceived thereby, and, further, for the reason that the trial judge,-who had a much better opportunity to judge whether the jury were misled than we have, denied the defendants a new trial. In jury trials an occurrence — 131 — of this kind would usually, if not always, militate against the interests of the party producing such a witness. The proposition that a party to an action calling a witness for examination in chief is responsible or vouches for his veracity is true to a very limited extent. Selover v. Bryant, 54 Minn. 434, 56 N. W. 58, 21 L.R.A. 418, 40 Am. St. 349. The defendants finally complain because the court refused to give this one of their sixteen requested instructions: “If the jury find from the evidence that the plaintiff had not been accustomed prior to the time of the accident to put in a fire backing up or to be off his seat in the engine whthe they were backing up from the steam shovels, and that the engineer did not know that the plaintiff was doing anything out of the ordinary, at the time in question, it would not be negligent for the engineer to run the engine and train at any speed that would not cause any danger of derailment of the engine or ears.” There was no error in refusing to give this instruction. The general instructions clearly, fully and correctly stated the rules of law applicable to the facts proven, so far as the defendants were concerned. This branch of the case is governed by the rule stated in Senro v. Chicago & N. W. Ry. Co. 115 Minn. 110, 131 N. W. 1011, as follows: “The court is not required to instruct the jury as to the effect of particular items of evidence, or what conclusions may or may not follow therefrom * * * when the law of the case is fully stated in the general charge.” But, this aside, the instruction requested was inaccurate and ambiguous. Bunning an engine “at any speed that would not cause any danger of derailment” is not a proper test of ordinary care. Moreover, the jury might have inferred from the phrase “anything out of the ordinary,” as used, that the court intended to convey the idea that the plaintiff was doing an improper act at the time indicated. Order affirmed.