Illinois Central Railroad v. Daniels

Mates, J., delivered the opinion of tbe court. In July, 1908, Mrs. Julia H. Daniels brought suit against tbe Illinois Central Railroad Company for tbe negligent killing of her husband on tbe 4th day of tbe same month. Her bus-band was killed in Boguecbitto> an incorporated town, while going to tbe depot of tbe railroad company, intending to take passage on a passenger train which passed through tbe town — 321 — of Brookhaven, in which place deceased resided. Some time later the canse came on for trial, resulting in a verdict in favor of Mrs. Daniels for the sum of $20,000, and from this judgment the railroad company appeals. Tn the determination of this cause we do not deem it necessary to pursue all the various errors assigned by counsel for appellant, since under our view many of them are not involved in the decision of the case. There is no serious complaint as to the amount of the verdict; it seeming to be virtually conceded by the appellant that, if Mrs. Daniels is entitled to recover at all, the amount is not excessive. We shall not go at length into a statement of the facts, but a short review of them is necessary in order that the case may be thoroughly understood. The case made by the record is substantially as follows, viz.: On the 4th day of July, 1908, the deceased purchased a round-trip ticket over the Illinois Central Railroad from Brookhaven to Bogueehitto, and about 2 o’clock in the afternoon of the same day boarded a south-bound passenger -train on appellant’s line of railway, and proceeded to Bogueehitto. The above town is a regular passenger station on the line of appellant’s railway where all local passenger trains stop. Being a town within the meaning of Code 1906, § 4043, it is unlawful under the statute for any train to run through the same at a greater rate of speed than six miles an hour, the penalty for a violation of this section being that any railroad company which violates same shall be liable for any damage, or injury, which may be sustained by any one', whilst the train is running through the town at a greater rate than the statute allows. It is thus seen that, if this statute has any bearing on the question of tbe negligent act of the railroad in this case, the facts so circumstanced it as to make it available to the party bringing this suit. After reaching Bogueehitto^, the deceased remained in the town until about 8:30 p. m., at which time he expected to take a local passenger train over the appellant’s line back to his home. A local pas — 322 — senger train going north, to Brookhaven was scheduled to stop there at that hour. It appears that appellant’s line is double tracked at Boguechitto; trains bound north traveling over the east track, and trains bound south traveling over the west track. To the north of the depot in Boguechitto there is a cut of twenty or thirty feet, by which the view in that direction is obstructed, unless one be actually on the track and looking north. The cut does not extend to the south of the depot, and one, though not on the track, can obtain an unobstructed view looking-south. The deceased was on the west side, and a train coming into Boguechitto from the south may be seen for quite a distance in that direction by a person so situated, while a view could not be obtained by the same person looking north. As the time approached for the arrival of the train on which deceased intended to take passage for his return trip to Brookhaven, he was standing at the store of a Mr. Zwirm on the west side of the railway and about one hundred and sixty feet from the depot, and at a point where he could not see a train approaching Boguechitto from the north and running south, but where he could see the passenger train then approaching the depot from the south. When the passenger train coming from the south blew its whistle for the station, deceased left Zwirm’s store, and proceeded rapidly towards the depot, having his return trip ticket in his pocket, and intending to become a passenger on that train to Brookhaven. In order to reach the passenger train, it was necessary for deceased to cross the west track of the railroad, on which ran all south-bound trains, in order to get across on the east track, on which east track was the north-bound passenger train. At the very instant that the passenger train was approaching the Boguechitto depot from the south on the east track, a freight train was also approaching the depot from the north on a parallel track on the west, running at the furious and reckless speed of from twenty-five to forty-five miles1, per hour. Thus it is that the railroad company had so arranged its schedule as that — 323 — at tbs very instant a passenger train was scheduled to- stop at that depot, for the purpose óf loading and unloading its human freight another, a through freight, train was scheduled to pass on a parallel track at the reckless speed of from twenty-five to forty-five miles per hour. Railroads are bound by those things which are matters of common knowledge, just like others, when the question at issue is one of negligence. It is common knowledge that, upon the approach of a passenger train, persons intending to become passengers are hurrying from various direction to take the train, feeling secure in the belief that the railroad company will fulfill its duty to provide for their safety at that time, and not negligently allow to be done those things which virtually amount to the setting of a deathtrap. Passengers do rely, and under the law have a right to rely and act, upon the duty of the railroad company to exercise the highest ■degree of care in providing for their safety in going to take the train, in alighting from it, and while actually en route; ■and whether or not a passenger who is injured by the failure ■of the company to fulfill this duty is guilty of contributory negligence precluding a recovery for the injury always depends on the facts and circumstances surrounding him at the •time. It is common knowledge that many parties contemplating ■a business or pleasure trip linger until forced to the depot; business men to give the last direction about business; friends to say the last good-bye; and railroads in providing for the safety of their passengers must consider all these things. Thus, the deceased, standing at the store of Zwirm one hundred and ■sixty feet from the depot, heard the passenger train whistle, ■and ran towards the depot for the purpose of catching this train, relying on the railroad at such time and such place to provide for his safety; not stopping, looking, or listening before going upon the west track, but, utterly unconscious of his danger, was caught by the south-bound freight train on the parallel track, almost the instant that he reached the same, — 324 — and. was burled to bis death. Can. tbe company wbieb is so careless of tbe safety of its passengers as to arrange for a schedule that places a through freight train, running at the rate of from twenty-five to forty-five miles an hour, at the depot at the very instant that a passenger train is scheduled to stop, find any rule of law- that will absolve it from liability under these circumstances ? It is attempted to- be shown that one or two persons, seeing the danger of deceased, undertook to warn him of same and that he would not heed them, but it is manifest that the deceased did not understand them, and did not understand that they were trying to call his attention to the approaching freight train. It is again suggested that the deceased was drunken to- some extent, but, even if this be so-, it is certain that this was not the influential cause of his death. The particular case presented by this record is not one which this court has been heretofore called on to decide. It is but fair to state that it can hardly be doubted, under the facts of this case, that deceased failed to stop, look, or listen before going upon the track when he met his death, and it may also be stated that the facts show that, if he had stopped or looked, it would have averted the accident, as in either ease he would have discovered the approaching freight train. It is manifest,, however, that deceased did not know of the danger that threatened from the approaching freight train and was not therefore taking his chances of successful escape from known risk. It is-with these facts conceded that we shall discuss this case. While it is unquestionably true that even a passenger is not absolved from all care, it is equally true that it is the duty of the railroad company to exercise the highest degree of care in providing for the safety of a passenger going to the depot for the purpose of boarding its trains. Therefore, as to what constitutes negligence on the part of a passenger must depend upon the facts and circumstances at the time of the injury. This duty of the railroad company is so imperative at the very time — 325 — that a passenger train is scheduled to arrive that it justifies a passenger in assuming that this high duty will be faithfully performed. The duty of the company to protect its passengers is so imperative and may be so relied on as not to make an act done by a passenger negligent, although it might be negligence in one not standing in the relation of passenger to the company. Arising out of this duty on the part of the company to its passengers, and this relation on the part of the passenger to the railroad company, there has grown up an important exception to what is familiarly known as the stop, look, and listen doctrine. A passenger has an invitation to come to the place of the stoppage of the trains, and, being so invited, that place must be made safe for him. Let it be remembered that in this case, it was not twenty minutes before the-train was due to arrive that deceased went upon the track, but it was at the very instant of the arrival of his train, and at a time above all others when the duty of the company to make the way safe for him was at its highest. In the case of Atchison, Topeka & Santa, Fe R. R. Co. v. Shean, 18 Colo. 368, 33 Pac. 108, 20 L. R. A. 729, the facts showed that Thomas Shean, deceased, was a passenger on appellant’s cars. While on the train as a passenger, the train arrived at a little station where it was customary for the railroad company to allow its passengers to get their meals. The train on which Shean was a passenger was running in two sections, and Shean was on the first. The eating house was on the opposite side of the track from that on which the train bearing Shean stopped, and, in order to reach the eating house, •it was necessary for Shean to cross over the track. While passing diagonally over the track, the second section came in on .another track, running at a rate of from six to ten miles per hour, and Shean was killed. It was shown that deceased did not stop, look, or listen before crossing the track when he was killed, but, if he had looked, he could have seen the train that — 326 — killed bim. It was contended, under these circumstances, that the railroad company was not liable because of the contributory negligence of the deceased, but the court sustained the liability of the company, and said: “It is settled that a passenger on a railroad, while passing from the cars to the depot is not required to exercise that degree of care in crossing a railroad track as is imposed upon other persons, and that he has the right to assume that the company will discharge its duty in making the way safe; and, relying on this assumption, may neglect precautions that are ordinarily imposed upon a person not holding that relation; and this distinction is to be taken into consideration in determining the propriety of his conduct. TJnder all the facts shown in evidence and the circumstances surrounding the accident, whether the person injured was guilty of contributory negligence at the time is a question within the province of the jury to decide, and one that the court cannot rightfully take from them.” In the case of Pennsylvania Company v. Nellie Keane, Adm'r, 41 Ill. App. 317, it was shown that the party killed rushed out of a little station near Thirty-Seventh street in Chicago for the purpose of taking a train on appellant’s line. It was about 6 o’clock in the morning, and dark and rainy. In so.doing it was necessary to cross a parallel track of the company’s line upon which was running another train of the same company at a- rate of speed variously estimated at from ten to twenty miles an hour, and this train killed the party for whose death the suit for damages was instituted. It was not shown that deceased stopped, looked, or listened before going upon the parallel track, and the court said: “It is insisted by appellant that the deceased failed to look out or watch for the train coming from the south, and that this was such negligence upon his part as will preclude a recovery in this case. Undoubtedly, it is ordinarily the duty of a person about to cross1 a railroad track to watch for approaching trains; but a person about to take a — 327 — train standing at a station waiting to receive passengers, and one alighting from a train that has just arrived, have a right to presume that the trains will be so run and the road so operated that such track may be passed in safety. A passenger under such circumstances is justified in assuming that the company has exercised such care and so regulated its trains that the road will be free and safe for him to pass over.” In the case of Warner v. B. & O. R. R. Co., 168 U. S. 346, 18 Sup. Ct. 70, 42 L. Ed. 491, it is said: “The duty owing by a railroad company to a passenger, actually or constructively in its care, is of such a character that the rules of law regulating the conduct of a traveler upon the highway when about to cross and the trespasser who ventures upon the tracks of a railroad company are not a proper criterion by which to determine whether or not a passenger who sustains injury in going upon the track of the railroad was guilty of contributory negligence. A railroad company owes to one standing towards it in the relation of a passenger, a different and higher degree of care from that which is due to mere trespassers or strangers, and it is conversely equally true that the passenger under given conditions has a right to rely upon the exercise by the road of care, and the question of whether or not he is negligent under all circumstances must be determined on due consideration of the obligations of both the company and the passenger. * * * Whilst it is true, as was said, in Terry v. Jewett, supra (78 N. Y. 338), that such implied invitation would not absolve a passenger from the duty to exercise care and caution in avoiding danger, nevertheless it certainly would justify him in assuming that in holding out the invitation to board the train the corporation had not so arranged its business as to expose him to the hazard of danger to life and limb unless he exercised the very highest degree of care and caution. The railroad under such circumstances, in giving the invitation,, must necessarily be presumed to have taken into view the state — 328 — of mind and of conduct wbicli would be engendered by tbe invitation, and tbe passenger, on tbe other band, would have a right to presume that in giving the invitation tbe railroad itself bad arranged Jlor tbe operation of its trains with proper care. Tbe doctrine finds a. very clear expression in a passage 'in tbe opinion in tbe Terry case, already referred to, where it was said (page 342) : “It may be assumed that a railroad corporation, in tbe exercise of ordinary care, so regulates tbe running of its trains that tbe road is free from interruption or obstruction where passenger trains stop at a station to receive and deliver passengers. Any other system would be dangerous to human life, and impose great risks upon those who might have occasion to travel on tbe railroad.” In tbe case of Chicago, R. I. & P. Ry. Co. v. Stepp, 164 Fed. 792, 90 C. C. A. 438, tbe court said: “It is now tbe settled rule of tbe federal courts that passengers using station premises for tbe purpose of taking or leaving trains have a right to assume that tbe place is one of safety, and to act upon that assumption. While they are not absolved from all care, they are not required to exercise that high degree of care which tbe law imposes upon travelers when approaching tbe intersection of a highway and a railroad. Tbe traveler upon the highway has no right to assume that tbe railroad is a place of safety, or that trains will not be run over it while be is attempting to pass. On tbe contrary, tbe rule has been repeatedly declared that such a crossing is a place of danger, and that tbe traveler must approach .it with tbe knowledge that tbe company may at any time be moving trains over its road. This is tbe ground of tbe difference between tbe rule as to a pas^ senger while upon station grounds and a traveler upon tbe highway. Tbe one has tbe right to believe that tbe place which be is using is one of safety, while tbe other is bound to know that tbe place which be is approaching is on of imminent danger. Upon tbe basis of this difference tbe rule is now firmly — 329 — established that a passenger, before .crossing a track while taking or leaving a train, is not required, as a matter of law, to look and listen for approaching trains. He is simply required to exercise reasonable care in the light of all the circumstances existing at the time, and whether he exercises that care is a question of fact for the jury.” To the same effect is the case of Chesapeake & O. Ry. Co. v. King, 99 Fed. 251, 40 C. C. A. 432, 49 L. R. A. 102, and Chattanooga, Ry. Co. v. Downs, 106 Fed. 641, 45 C. C. A. 511. The principle of law announced by the above authorities is just and logical, and we have no hesitancy in holding that it is not negligence per se for a passenger to fail to stop, look, and listen while going to the depot ■of a railroad company to take passage on one of its trains scheduled to stop at the station at the very instant that he goes there. In view of the law as stated above, let us see if the jury were properly instructed with reference to it. By the fourth instruction given for plaintiff, the jury are told that deceased had a right to assume that the train on the parallel track would not be running over six miles per hour past the depot at Bogue-chitto, and, further, that deceased had a right to presume that the railroad company would not run its trains over its parallel track in such a way as to subject him to unusual hazard or ■danger at the station - that deceased was not required to stop, look, and listen before crossing the west trade; that, if the .jury believed from the evidence that deceased did not stop, look, and listen, this fact alone did not make him guilty of contributory negligence if the jury believed that under the circumstances deceased did act as an ordinarily prudent man would act in guarding himself against injury. The practical effect of the fifth instruction given for plaintiff is to tell the jury that they must determine whether deceased was guilty of contributory negligence or not from the standpoint of whether, nr not he was in the exercise of ordinary precaution at the — 330 — time of bis death, in view of the circumstance of his situation at the time. The sixth instruction is practically the same.. After a most careful examination of all the instructions for plaintiff, we can find no error in any of them in so- far as they relate to the application of the law to the facts of this case as bearing upon the question of negligence. The instructions-are drawn with much care and skill. The instructions are a literal application of the law to the facts of this case, on the-question of negligence, within the well-stated rule to be found in the case of Terry v. Jewett, which rule we can do no better than to restate here. Thus it is said in the Terry v. Jewett case, supra: “There is a difference between the care and caution demanded in crossing a railroad track on a highway and in crossing at a depot of a railroad company to reach the cars. No absolute rule can be laid down to govern the passenger in the latter case under all circumstances. While a passenger has a right to pass from the depot to the train on which such-passenger intends to travel, and the company should furnish reasonable and adequate protection against accident in the enjoyment of this privilege, the passenger is bound to- exercise proper care, prudence, and caution in avoiding danger. The-degree of care and caution must be governed in all cases by the extent of the peril to be encountered and the circumstances attending the exposure.” In view of what we have said above, we do not deem it necessary to pursue the refused instruction of defendant at any great length. It was not error on the part of the court, under the facts of the case, to refuse instruction No. 6 asked for by defendant. It embodied the stop-, look, and listen doctrine,, which had been pressed to its fullest limit in instruction No.. 14, given for defendant. If instruction No. 6 had simply told the jury that if they believed from the evidence that deceased was warned not to. go upon the parallel track when he331 was killed because of the approaching freight train, and the danger incident thereto', and that he understood, or ought to have understood, and refused to heed that warning, he w'as guilty of contributory negligence, it would have been improper to refuse it; but the instruction makes the contributory negligence depend upon whether or not deceased stopped, looked, and listened before going upon the track without reference to anything else, and such is not the law. Counsel for appellant cite the case of Railroad Company v. Crockett, 78 Miss. 407, 29 South. 162, in support of the contention that deceased was-guilty of contributory negligence, but the facts of that case make a very different case from the one now on trial. In the Crockett case it was -shown that the party injured was a lad fourteen years of age. There was a freight train approaching a switch which train he saw and knew to be approaching; yet, with this knowledge, he walked upon the side track in front of the train and was injured. In a suit subsequently instituted against the railroad for the injury, it was attempted to be shown in justification of the act that it was the custom of the train to stop at this switch before entering the same, but the court held that the boy was guilty of contributory negligence under the facts above stated. It was not shown in the above case that there was a depot at the place where the boy was injured; it was not shown that there was a passenger train then due at that point on which the injured party intended to-take passage; it is not shown that the train by which he was injured was running at an unlawful rate of speed — and all these things do appear in the case now under consideration. The case on trial is not at all similar in its facts to the Crockett case, supra. Again, counsel for appellant .argue that because deceased did not stop, look, and listen he was guilty of contributory negligence under the rule announced in the cases of Murdock v. Railroad Co., 77 Miss. 487, 29 South. 25, and — 332 — Jackson v. Railroad Co., 89 Miss. 32, 42 South. 236, but we have shown that the rule declared by the two above cases has no application to the case now before the court. Thus in the Murdock case, 77 Miss. 487, 29 South. 25, the injured party was engaged in passing through an open railroad yard on some business of his own, and undertook to pass between two cars of a standing freight train already coupled together, and while an engine was approaching for the purpose of moving the train, and while so doing was injured by reason of the fact that nine other cars had been rapidly and violently pushed against the cars that the injured party was attempting to pass over, and the eoui't held that the injured party was guilty of contributory negligence. The Jackson case, 89 Miss. 32, 42 South. 236, falls within the ordinary railroad crossing cases, and, as we have seen, /has no application here. Under the facts as ■shown by the declaration, one Jackson was driving home on a public highway which crossed the railroad track, and, without stopping, looking, or listening, went upon the railroad, and was killed by a passing train. It was shown that the track was perfectly straight for a mile and a half in the direction from which the train was coming, and that Jackson had an unobstructed view for about that distance. Had he stopped, looked, or listened, the accident would not have happened, and the court held, under the facts there under consideration, that it was Jackson’s duty to do one of the three things. Had Jackson stopped, the train would have passed harmlessly by; had he looked, he must have seen; had he listened, he must have heard. If it be conceded that minor error was committed in the giving of the first instruction for .plaintiff, the error is not sufficiently grave to warrant a reversal. The amount of the judgment is amply supported by the evidence, and, indeed, had the jury returned a larger verdict, it would not have been disturbed on the fact of this case. Affirmed.