Caleb v. State

Smith, O. J.: This was an indictment for murder, tried in the circuit court of Lowndes county, upon which the plaintiff in error, a slave, was convicted. A motion was made for a new trial upon the following grounds, to wit: 1. Because the verdict of the jury . was contrary to law and the evidence; 2. Because the court . erred in permitting a certain .witness to give his opinion as to , the instrument with which the wound upon the body of the deceased was inflicted; and 3. Because the jury were exposed to improper influences by the misconduct of the officers placed in charge of them.* Which motion being overruled, the prisoner , excepted, and prosecutes this writ of error. The exceptions to the judgment are based upon the same - grounds relied on in support of the motion for a new trial. We ' shall reverse the order pursued by counsel in assigning the . causes for a new trial. 1. It is insisted that the judgment should be reversed, and a new trial granted, because the jury retired from the court-room ■ to a room at a public hotel in the town of Columbus, through — 1498 — the public streets, at night, to consider of their verdict, without the consent of the court or the counsel for the defendant. Affidavits were read in support of the motion. From the evidence thus furnished,- it is clear that the conduct of the bailiffs in charge of the jury was unauthorized and illegal, and should have been' severely reprehended by the presiding judge. But it is settled that it is not every improper or illegal act of the officer in charge of the jury, or of the jury themselves, which will constitute just cause for setting aside the verdict. 36 Miss. R., 136. The question here to be considered is not whether the bailiffs in charge of the jury, in conducting the jury through the streets of the town to a room at the hotel, were guilty simply of a violation of duty, but whether, by such improper conduct on their part, the jury were exposed to influences which might have affected the purity of their verdict. If they were so exposed, according to the long and well-settled doctrines of this court, unless it were also affirmatively shown that such influences failed of effect, their verdict would be suspected, and should therefore be set aside. Here, without noticing the evidence in detail, it is only necessary to say, that it appears with sufficient certainty that the jury were not subjected to improper influences, or placed by the conduct of the officers in such a situation as it was at all probable that such influences could be brought to bear upon them. , This exception is, therefore, unsupported and untenable. 2. It is next contended that the court erred in permitting Charles Neilson, a witness examined on behalf of the prosecution, to state his opinion to the jury as to the particular instrument with which the wound found in the breast of the deceased was inflicted. ' This witness, in his examination before the jury, having described the locality where the deceased’s body was found, its position upon the ground, the condition of the clothes, and other connected circumstances, stated that he was well acquainted with the difference in appearance between gunshot wounds and wounds made with a lmife or sharp instrument; that his knowledge was derived from experience and observation; that he had — 1499 — frequently seen gunshot wounds and wounds made with a knife, on the body of men ; that in gunshot wounds the edges were depressed ; in wounds made with a knife the edges were usually smooth, and the lips of the wound protruded; that he examined the wound on the body of the deceased. He saw but one wound on.the body of the deceased. That was just below the breast-bone, in the pit of the stomach, directly in front; the wound appeared to be about one and a quarter inches long, and. about three-quarters of an inch wide; that he had seen as much as a dozen gunshot wounds, and about the same number of cuts with a sharp instrument, on the human body; had seen the wounds on two persons in Mexico, who were said to have been shot in five or six places, and had seen the wounds on another person who was said to have been cut with a knife in five or six places, and had seen cuts made by medical men in lancing swellings on the human body; that all the knowledge he had in relation to the character of wounds is derived from having seen these persons, and from experience and observation; that gunshot wounds are rough, and cuts smooth; the -body of deceased was in a state of putrefaction, and he had never seen a wound when the body was in a state of putrefaction before. Having testified as to these facts, the witness, was asked by counsel for the prosecution to state to the jury whether the wound he had described, on the body of the deceased, had the appearance of a gun-shot or'pistol-shot wound, or of having been made with a knife or sharp instrument; W'kich question was objected to, but the objection was overruled, and the witness permitted to answer. The witness stated in reply to said question, “ That the wound below “the breast-bone of the deceased (the wound he had described) was made with a knife.” As a witness is called for the purpose of deposing as to facts only, as a general rule he is not permitted to express his opinion upon a particular question, whether such question arise upon a fact stated, or a combination of facts, admitted or proved. Notwithstanding this is the general rule, there are some classes of witnesses who may deliver their opinions. For example, “ On questions of science, skill, or trade, or others of the like kind, persons of skill, sometimes called experts, may not only testify — 1500 — to facts, but are permitted to give'their opinions in evidence. Thus, the opinions of medical men are constantly admitted as to the cause of disease or death, or the consequences of wounds, &c., and also as to other subjedts of professional skill.” Roscoe’s Or. Ev., 166, 167; 1 Greenleaf’s Ev., § 440; Jones v. Finch, 37 Miss. R. 461. There was not a particle of evidence before the court, except the statements of the witness himself, which tended to prove that he possessed the knowledge or skill requisite to enable any one to form an intelligent opinion on the subject about which he deposed. The witness was not offered as a person skilled in the science of medicine or surgery; and he did not himself pretend to any knowledge in either of those branches of science. He states his entire knowledge and experience in regard to wounds made upon the human body by gun-shot and by sharp-edged instruments. From his own statements, it is most manifest that he was not embraced in any class of witnesses, made exceptions to the general rule above laid down.. The court therefore erred in permitting the question to be propounded to this witness, and his answer to go to the jury as evidence. And the error here committed may have had an important effect upon the verdict; for without proof that the mortal wound was inflicted by means of a knife or some sharp-edged weapon, as no knife or sharp-edged weapon was found near the corpse of the deceased, the jury may have doubted, under all the circumstances proved, whether the deceased fell by his own hand or that of an assassin. For this error the judgment must be reversed. 3. The last exception which we shall notice, points to the error alleged to have been committed by the court in overruling the motion for a new trial. The ground assumed, and which was mainly relied on for a reversal of the judgment, is, that the verdict was not warranted • by the evidence in the ease. When this cause was before us on a former occasion, the only question presented by the record was the same question which we are now considering. We were then well satisfied — 1501 — that the evidence did not justify the verdict, and, consequently, remanded the cause for a new trial. The evidence contained in the record before us does not present the case in a materially altered aspect; and after a careful and patient examination of the facts, and the law applicable to them, we have arrived at the same conclusion. As we reverse and remand the cause, and as there will, probably, be another trial, without proposing to go into a detailed examination and minute comparison of the testimony of the numerous witnesses, we deem it proper to submit some general observations upon the prominent features of a transaction which, after searching and repeated examination, remains shrouded in impenetrable mystery. It appears that William Moore, the subject of the alleged ■homicide, lived on the plantation of William Kidd, in the county qf Lowndes, in the capacity of an overseer. He had no family, and was the only white person who resided on the plantation, and the sole occupant of a house in close proximity to to the quarter. There were nine negro men under his charge, as overseer, one of which was the accused, a slave of excellent character, and foreman on the plantation. He was constantly followed by a fierce dog, much attached to his master. On Friday, the 23d of April, 1857, Moore was seen by a witness sitting in his house after supper. On the following morning, when a servant went to make a fire in Moore’s house, the door was open, Moore was absent; his bed appeared not to have been occupied the preceding night; everything was in place, and nothing indicated that the room had been the scene of violence and murder. Having in his possession tiie keys of the corn-crib and mule-lot, his absence was known by the negroes at daylight, at least very early in the morning ; and as he did not return, information of his absence was conveyed to the neighbors, who commenced a diligent search' for him, which was continued until the afternoon of the 27th, when his dead body was found at a distance of two hundred and fifty or three hundred yards from his house, in a wood beyond a field which lay in front of the house. When the body was discovered, it was lying on the stomach and breast; the face rested on one arm, and both arms were — 1502 — extended and the hands clasped. The boots were off; one was under the face, and the other a few feet distant. An empty pistol of small calibre was found lying near the body, which appeared to have been recently discharged. No knife or other sharp-edged weapon was found. The clothes were smooth and unrumpled. Upon turning the body over, a wound was disr covered in the stomach just below the breast-bone. According to some of the witnesses, the vest and shirt were buttoned so that the wound could not be perceived until they were opened; but according to others, the bosom was open, so that the wound was seen as soon as the body was turned over. Yery little blood had escaped from the wound. A small quantity of blood, just under the wound, as the body lay on the ground, was discovered, and the clothes were neither cut nor stained with blood. The body was much swollen and very • offensive. The wound, when first observed, was about one and a half or two inches in length, and three-quarters of an inch wide. The lips of the wound were smooth, and not depressed, but protruded. Noy?osi mortem examination was made to ascertain the kind of weapon with which the wound was inflicted. This was the only wound upon the body of the deceased. There were, however, marks and discolorations of the skin on different parts of the body, which might have- been the effects of violence; but as decomposition had commenced, it is more probable that they resulted from a different cause. These facts, distinctly proved, appear to be conclusive against the assumption that the deceased fell by his own hand. • And as it is in the highest degree improbable, upon the supposition that the shirt and vest-were open at the moment when he received the fatal wound, so that both vest and shirt escaped injury, that after haying slain his victim, the-, assassin should have taken off the boots, buttoned the shirt and vest, and turned the corpse upon its face, and as there was neither rent nor cut in the shirt or vest, it is impossible that the deceased’s clothes were on, with the shirt and vest buttoned up, when the wound was inflicted, whether by a knife or pistol; and moreover, as it is equally improbable, if not absolutely impossible, upon the supposition that the wound described by the wit — 1503 — nesses was the cause of the death, and that it was inflicted where the body was found, that there should not have been a greater effusion of blood, and that the clothes found upon the deceased, particularly the shirt and vest, should have been unstained by a single drop, the supposition that the actual scene of the murder, was the place where the dead body was found must be utterly rejected. Discarding, then, as well the hypothesis of suicide as the supposition that the homicide was committed where the body was discovered, the question, “ Whore was the actual scene of this mysterious tragedy ?” naturally presents itself. It is manifest that the evidence furnishes no clew to guide us to any satisfactory conclusion. For, first, if it be assumed that the deed was not perpetrated at the place where the body was found, but the body was conveyed there afterwards, the conclusion is inevitable, that more than one person was concerned in the murder. And assuming this to be the fact, as it was proved, that the deceased was in his house after night on Friday j the 23d, and there was no evidence that he afterwards left the- plantation, the inference would be natural and reasonable, that some point adjacent to the deceased’s house or the negro quarter was the actual scene of the homicide. But many circumstances, clearly proved, render this supposition highly improbable. Nevertheless, if it be assumed that the deceased met his death at or near his house, or anywhere else on the plantation, it is certain that the proofs were insufficient to create even a probability of the guilt of the accused. And, secondly, as there was no direct evidence that the deceased left his house and went away from the plantation on the night of the 23d, the facts in conflict with the supposition that he was killed on the plantation are the only circumstances which can authorize the belief that the deceased met his death at some place in the neighborhood. But if it were assumed, as proved, that the deceased did, in fact, leave home on that night, that he met his fate somewhere else, and that after the murder was consummated, the body was conveyed to the place where it was found on the 25th, it is manifest that independent facts, not proved, must be assumed, or inferences from assumed facts must — 1504 — be resorted to, in order to connect the accused with the alleged offense. For example, it must be assumed, that while absent from the plantation the deceased and the accused did encounter each other on that night; or it must be inferred from some assumed fact, or inferred from the inferences drawn from the facts proved, that such encounter did take place, and, therefore, that the accused had an opportunity to commit the alleged offense. It was in proof, that the accused left home on that night to visit liis wife at Yaughan’s, and let it be admitted, that on his way there he was intercepted by the deceased, and that a conflict ensued, it is nevertheless highly improbable, if not impossible, that in such rencounter the latter was slain. The very small effusion of blood which occurred, the fact that there was neither rent nor cut in the shirt or vest, which covered the wound, and the fact that no part of the deceased’s clothing was blood-stained, seem to be conclusive against the supposition not only that the homicide was committed where the body lay; but especially, that the mortal wound was inflicted by the use of any species of firearms, or with a sharp-edged weapon. Then, discarding each of these suppositions, and they are the only ones entitled to consideration, we are left to vague conjecture as to the actual scene of the murder. In respect to the more material inquiry, “ Who was or were the guilty agent or agents in this transaction % ” the evidence is not much more satisfactory. And after a careful examination of the facts proved on the trial, tending to establish the guilt of the accused, and giving to each of them separately, and to all of them combined, their due legal weight, Avhile in view of tAvo concurring verdicts, declaring the guilt of the accused, we are not prepared to say that there are not strong grounds for suspicion, we are well satisfied that the proofs were insufficient to authorize a conviction. Judgment reversed, new trial awarded, and cause remanded for a new trial.