Carson v. Walker

RylaND, Judge, delivered tbe opinion of tbe court. From tbe statement in this case, it appears that Wm. Stokes died on tbe 3d day of September, 1823. That be made bis will, wbicb was admitted to probate on tbe 9th of September, 1823. That Col. John O’Eallon was appointed executor by said Stokes, and that be undertook tbe burden .of said trust. That sometime previous to tbe death of Stokes, Louis A, Benoist commenced an action of assumpsit against him in tbe — 78 — St. Louis Circuit Court; tbe summons was issued on the 16th of May, 1828, and was executed on him by the sheriff of St. Louis county, on the same day. To this action, Stokes appeared by his attorney, and filed his plea, on the 9th of June, 1823. During the pendency of this action, Stokes died, and a scire facias was issued against his executor, O’Fallon, which was executed on him on the 8th day of January, 1824. The action was revived against John O’Fallon, the executor of said Stokes, who filed his plea, and the action was then continued. On the 8th of October, 1824, judgment was rendered against O’Fallon as executor, in favor of Benoist, for the sum of $664 07. That execution issued on this judgment, on the 17th of December, 1824, returnable on the 1st Monday in February, 1825, which said 1st Monday was, as appears from the almanac of that year, the 7th day of the month. That before the 1st Monday in February, 1825, the Legislature changed the time of holding the Circuit Court for St. Louis county, from the 1st Monday in February, to the 4th Monday in March ; and by the act changing the terms of the court, declared £ £ all suits and process made, or to be made returnable to the next terms of the several courts, as heretofore established by law, shall be returnable to the first terms of the respective courts to be holden by virtue of this act. And all sales of property, which would have been made at the first terms, as heretofore established, shall be made during the first terms to be holden by virtue of this act. In all cases where the sale of property may have been advertised to be made, on any day of the term as heretofore established, to satisfy any execution returnable to such term, the said sale shall be made on the same day of the term to be held by virtue of this act.” Digest of 1825, pp. 280-281. By virtue of this statute, the execution was made returnable to the 4th Monday in March, 1825. Under this execution, the sheriff advertised the lot of ground in the city of St. Louis, now in controversy, on the 24th day of February, 1825, and sold the same under the execution, on the 18th day of April, 1825, to Thomas Houghan, for two — 79 — $2050. The sheriff made a deed to Houghan in proper form, and the defendants claim under Houghan. At the death of Stokes, he left a daughter about thirteen years of age, named Anne, who was married before she was twenty-one years old, to one Smith, who died ; and said Anne afterwards married John B. Carson, one of the present appellants and plaintiffs. ■ That Stokes, by his said will, gave to said John O’Fallon, in trust for his said daughter Anne, all his real and personal estate, to be held for her use, until she married or arrived at twenty- one years of age. In 1834, O’Fallon conveyed to said Anne, then the wife of Smith, all the real estate vested in him by the will of Stokes. In 1843, the said Anne, being then a widow, conveyed all the property back to O’Fallon and Joab Barnard, in trust for her separate use. In 1849, O’Fallon released to said Anne, then Mrs. Carson, wife of JohnB. Carson, all his title and interest to the property first conveyed by him to said Anne, and which she had conveyed before to him. The plaintiffs claim the property in question under the will of Stokes, because, as they contend, the sale of it by the sheriff to Houghan was void, and the deed of the sheriff to him conveyed no title, or right, or estate to the lot in question. The main question then, although surrounded with many others of minor importance, is, was this sale of the land to Houghan void — a mere nullity ; or was it only voidable ? If void, then the defendants claiming under the purchaser at that sale, can derive no title to the property sold. We must look at the law as it stood in 1824 and 1825, and prior to these dates. 1. First, I will state, that in the opinion of this court, it was perfectly competent for the Legislature to change the times heretofore established by law, for the holding of the courts in this state, and that they could postpone and continue all suits j all process, all sales, all advertisements of sales, to such subsequent terms of the courts, as should be fixed by law. There — 80 — is nothing, then, in the point denying the power to the Legislature. “All process,” when speaking of the courts and suits, is a term ample and broad enough" to embrace writs of execution and fieri facias. By the territorial act concerning wills, descents and distributions, approved January 25, 1817, sec. 5, it is declared, that “ all lands, tenements, hereditaments shall be liable to be seized and sold upon judgment and execution obtained against the defendant or defendants in full life, or against his or her heirs, executors or administrators, after the decease of the testator or intestate ; provided, no such lands, tenements and hereditaments shall be seized and sold until after the expiration of eighteen months from the death of such ancestor, or the date of the letters testamentary or letters of administration ; and execution may issue against such lands, tenements or hereditaments after the death ot such ancestor, testator or intestate, and after the time aforesaid, in the same manner as if such person were living.” The 28th sec. of the act concerning administration, appro-' ved January 12, 1822, permits an execution to issue on a judgment against an executor or administrator, after one year from the date of the letters of administration. The 57th sec. of the same act repeals all acts and parts of acts coming within the purview of this act. The 35th sec. of the act concerning “Practice at Law,” approved January 11, 1822, declares, “If either party to an action pending in any of the courts, of this State, shall die before final judgment, the executors or administrators of such party, if the action doth by law survive, shall have power to prosecute or defend such suit or action to final judgment, and if any executor or administrator, being duly served with a scire facias, twenty days before the return thereof, shall neglect or refuse to become a party to the suits, the court may render a judgment against the estate of the deceased, in the same manner as if the executor or administrator were a party,” &c.This act was in force in March, 1822. — 81 — 2. By tbe act concerning administrators and executors, approved December 30, 1826, and to be in force from and after tbe 1st of May, 1827, it was declared that u no execution shall issue upon any judgment or decree rendered against tbe testator or intestate in bis life time, or against bis executors and administrators after bis death, which judgment or decree constitutes a demand against tbe estate of any testator or intestate within tbe provisions and meaning of tbe act, “ entitled an act concerning executors and administrators,” approved 21st of February, 1825, but all such demands shall be classed and proceeded on in tbe Probate Court, as required by said act.” Until tbe passage of this last act, tbe sales of land, on execution against executors or administrators, were legal and authorized. This is tbe act that first abolished executions against tbe estates of deceased persons. By tbe force of these various provisions of tbe statute of tbe territory and state of Missouri, it is obvious that tbe courts of tbe territory, and afterwards of tbe state in which actions were pending against executors or administrators, which actions were ripened into judgment, bad tbe power and authority to enforce these judgments by execution against tbe estate of tbe testator or intestate, by selling tbe real estate belonging to said estate. Tbe common law doctrine of selling the usufruct but not tbe real estate itself, has no affinity or relation to this subject; nor can it afford us any light on this subject. Tbe statutes cover and control this whole subject. 3. Let us now look into tbe objections made by tbe plaintiffs5 counsel against this sale. They contend that, as tbe execution issued within eighteen months from tbe death of tbe testator, or within eighteen months from tbe date of tbe letters testamentary, that tbe execution is void ; and this is tbe strong objection on their part. Let us look at tbe words of the statute of 1817. This provides, that all lands may be sold on execution against executors and administrators, “ provided no such lands, tenements or — 82 — hereditaments shall be seized and sold until after the expiration of eighteen months from the death of such ancestor or the date of the letters testamentary or letters of administration ; and execution may issue against such lands, tenements or hereditaments, after the death of such ancestor, 'testator or intestate, and after the time aforesaid, in the same manner as if such person were living.” In this case, the death was on the 3d of September, 1823 ; the judgment on the 8th of October, 1824 ; the execution, on the 17th of December, 1824 ; the advertisement or notice of the sale, on the 25th of February, 1825 ; the sale on the 18th of April, 1825. Can any one say that this “ seizure and sale” were within eighteen months from the day of the ancestor’s death? On the 4th of March, 1825, eighteen months had elapsed from the day of the death of Stokes. The lot was sold on the 18th day of April, 1825. There were more than nineteen months between the date of the letters of administration and the sale. Then this seizure and sale were not within eighteen months from the death, and consequently were not obnoxious to the provisions in the statute of 1817. But the plaintiffs’ counsel resort to construction of the phrase, by turning the copulative into the disjunctive — the “ and” into the “ or.” No such lands shall be seized or sold until, &c. ’Why resort to this ? For what practical benefits ? To be enabled to overturn a fair, bona fide sale, at full price, made in the presence of the executor, who bid himself until the property was at its worth : the proceeds of which sale were appropriated to the discharge of so much of the debts of the testator. Change the formation of the sentence in order to overthrow a sale under a formal execution, issued on a regular judgment, obtained after full notice to the parties, in a court of competent authority and general jurisdiction ! Courts of justice generally endeavor to support the sales made by ministerial officers in execution of their judgments. It is for the good and welfare of the community that such sales should be supported. Under this rule, men generally are will — 83 — ing to pay reasonable prices for property at such sales ; but overturn this rule, and wild speculations and ruinous sacrifices must ensue. ■ Rut let us look a little farther into this subject of issuing execution upon a judgment against an estate. The statute of the Legislature of the state, passed in Jan., 1822, concerning “ Administration,” _ sec. 28, isas follows: u No executor or administrator shall be compelled to pay any debts of the deceased until one year after taking letters testamentary or of administration ; and if any person shall bring an action against an executor or administrator, within one year, as aforesaid, such person, although he may obtain judgment for the amount of his debt or demand, shall not recover any costs of suit; and no person shall take out an execution on such judgment, within one year as aforesaid, nor shall any execution issue on any judgment obtained against the testator or intestate in his life time, in less than one year after granting administration as aforesaid; and in all cases, where judgments are rendered against executors or administrators, to be levied on the goods and chattels, lands and tenements of the deceased, the judgment shall, not be entered against the executor or administrator for costs of his own proper goods.” The obvious meaning of this section is, that executions may issue on judgments against executors and administrators, against the goods and chattels, lands and tenements of the deceased, after the expiration of one year from the date of the letters. The letters in this case were dated 9th of September, 1828 ; execution issued on 17th of December, 1824; the notice of sale on the 25th of February, 1825, and the sale on the 18th of April, 1825. As to the seizure of land under execution, that is a mere phrase, applied generally to personal property. The sheriff finds out the description of the tract by its number of section or quarter section, range and township, and its general locality, and advertises it for sale, without ever putting — 84 — bis foot upon it. He describes it as truly and as correctly as be can : its number, if a lot; its block, street or alley, &c. Tbe seizure is never felt or known, until tbe advertisement is put up, to give tbe legal notice. Under either of these statutes, that of 1817 or 1822, tbe sale of this lot in controversy was substantially in conformity to tbe provisions of tbe law. In viewing tbe facts, as they appear from tbe record, we see no sufficient cause for sustaining a motion, bad one been made to set tbe sale aside in tbe court below, from which tbe execution issued, and under which tbe sale was bad. In our opinion tbe act of tbe Legislature postponing tbe term of tbe St. Louis Circuit Court, from tbe 1st Monday in February, to tbe 4th Monday of March, in 1825, was one fully within tbe power of the Legislature. For more than twenty-five years, such acts have been passed and been acquiesced in: no one ever doubted tbe authority of tbe Legislature, as far as my knowledge of this matter extends, and I have bad more or less to do in tbe courts of tbe country, from a period shortly before a change of tbe government from a territory to tbe state — a period of more than twenty-two years. Tbe terms of that act were comprehensive enough to embrace executions on judgments. The case of Scott v. Whitehill & Finch, 1 Mo. Rep. 691, settles tbe question about tbe force and effect of an execution and sale under it, under circumstances much like those of tbe present case. On tbe 7th of October, 1824, Hill & Reese obtained judgment in tbe Circuit Court of St. Louis, against the-administrators de bonis non of Thomas Brady, on which they sued out an execution on tbe 17th of December, 1824. Under this execution, tbe premises in question were sold on tbe 31st of March, 1825, and David Hill became tbe purchaser, under whom tbe defendant in that suit claimed. This execution is of tbe same date of that of Benoist v. O’Fallon, under which Walker claims title ; 7th of October, 1824, tbe judgment was dated (one day before Benoist’s judgment;) on 17th of December, 1824, execution was issued; sale made 31st of March, — 85 — ,1825. This was held by the court legal and authorized. The power of the Legislature to postpone the term ; the continuance of the execution, and the sale at the subsequent term ; the authority of the clerk to issue the execution — all could have arisen in that case, yet the power of the clerk alone was disputed. The legislative power was not mooted. The court decided that, after eighteen months from the granting letters of administration, &c., an execution might, on a judgment obtained against either the administrator or intestate, issue. This decision settles the main question in the present case. The time of the issuing the execution only remains here undecided. The court said it might issue after eighteen months from the date of the letters of administration, &c., but did not say it could not lawfully issue before. 4. Now for the sake of argument, let us take the act of 1817, as the only one in force. What would be the effect of an execution issued within a period forbidden by law, on a judgment lawfully rendered in a court of general jurisdiction ? Is it void or voidable ? It has been decided by this court, that a sale of the lands of .deceased persons was authorized under executions against their personal representatives. The right to an execution against a decedent’s real estate was never doubted. The power to issue an execution, previously to the statute of 30th of De-cember, 1826, by a clerk of the Circuit Court, on a judgment against the estate of a deceased person, was not to be disputed. The time of doing the deed only is relied on as rendering it ■ void. I am satisfied from reason and authority both, that the ■time is not so much of the substance of the power and act as to render the act void : see 4 Cranch 333. Executions were issued in this case within ten days from the rendition of the judgment, contrary to an act of Congress which provides, that “ until the expiration of ten days, executions shall not issue.” The Supreme Court of the United States held, that the Marshal ■could have justified, under these executions ; that they were — 86 — not void; and if voidable, tbe proper means of destroying their efficacy had not been pursued. In the case of Wilson v. Waston, 4 Bibb, 332, the court of appeals of Kentucky held, that the circumstances of there being more than ninety days between the teste of the writ and the return of the writ of execution, did not make the execution void; although the statute required, that there should be at least twenty, and not more than ninety days, between the teste and the return of such writs. The court stated, that as the time required between the teste and return of the writ, is not of the essence of the writ, but rather directory to the clerk in issuing it, an error in that respect should not have a greater operation than the making of an execution at common law, bear teste out of term time, would have ; and consequently, at most, is but matter of error, by which the party might avoid the process, but of which the sheriff, in a proceeding against him, could not avail himself. That the execution was not absolutely void, we apprehend, there can be but little doubt. The case cited by the plaintiffs’ counsel from 8 Metcalf 500, Penniman v. Cole, is contrary to this doctrine. There the judgment was rendered on Saturday forenoon, at the end of the term ; execution issued after midnight on Monday morning following. The statute prohibits the issuing of fieri facias, until the lapse of twenty-four hours. The main question appeared to be, whether Monday was to be excluded or included in these twenty-four hours. The court excluded Sunday, and declared the writs thus issued, void. The whole object of the opinion appeared to be, to take care of the Sunday — to preserve the Sabbath day; a very laudable one; but, I think it so absorbed the question about the writ being void or voidable, only, that the latter received no attention. I cannot give my approbation to this opinion ; it does not call forth so clearly the assent to its correctness, as the opinion of the Supreme Court of the United States, above cited, in 4 Cranch, or the opinion of the court of appeals of Kentucky, above cited. I have noticed the decisions of the cases cited by the coun — 87 — sel for the plaintiffs ; that in 1st Hill, among tbe others, I can derive no authority from these cases, satisfying me of the propriety of overturning the sale made in this case, if there had been no law in force except the act of 1817. Rut when I consider the act of January 12th, 1822, authorizing the execution to issue after the expiration of twelve months from the date of the letters, there becomes no necessity to review these authorities on the one side or the other. And that such was the law at the date of the execution, as well as at the time of the sale, the statute itself leaves not the shadow of a doubt. Therefore, I shall abstain from further comment on this point of the case. I consider the execution properly continued alive in full force by the Legislature, from the 7th day of February, 1825, the return day originally, to the next term of the court, commencing on the 4th Monday in March, -1825 ; that notice and sale thereunder were efficacious to pass the real estate sold to the purchaser, Thomas Houghan. I find no error in the testimony of the witness, O’Fallon ; and I am satisfied as to the impracticability of dividing the lot in question, by the sheriff, without injuring the estate. Satisfied, from the evidence, that a fair price was paid for the lot, and that there was no fraud in the sale. 5. The remaining question now will demand my attention : that is, the power of the sheriff, under the statutes in force at that time, to sell the lands devised in trust by the testator, for the benefit of his infant daughter. The statues permitting the real estate of the testator or intestate to be sold, would become useless, if it was in the power of the testator to place his lands, by will, beyond the reach of his creditors. Such a power has never yet been sanctioned in our court, and is no where to be found in our statutes. The devisee is postponed to the creditor ; a man must, by our law, be just, before he can be generous. Various are the provisions from 1816, up to the 30th of December, 1826, respecting the sales of real estate belonging to the estates of deceased persons. — 88 — The executor has the power over the estate, real and personal, in order to pay debts, and an execution is not barred by reason of a devise of the real estate. Such has ever been the practice, up to the time that sales or executions were stopped by statute. From the whole record in this case, then, we are of opinion, that the court below committed no error in refusing, or in giving the instructions, as they appear in this case. We are satisfied that the court committed no error in overruling the motion for a new trial. Judge Scott concurring herein, the judgment below is affirmed, Judge G-amble not sitting in the cause, having been of counsel in the court below.