Goode v. Comfort

Wagner, Judge, delivered the opinion of the court. This was a suit brought to set aside a sale made under a deed of trust, and praying that the appellant might be allowed to redeem the premises so sold. The petition states, the plaintiff, by deed dated June 9, 1855, together with her husband George W. Goode, conveyed unto Comfort and Darby, as trustees, certain premises in the city of St. Louis, consisting of certain lands facing 188 feet on south line of Morgan street, and 144 feet 7 inches on Sixteenth street; also, of another certain piece of land running 188 feet along the north line of Christy avenue, and 144 feet 7 inches along the west line of Sixteenth street; the said deed of trust having been made, as therein stated, for the purpose of securing the payment of a certain promissory note executed by said George W. Goode, bearing even date with said deed of trust, for the sum of ten thousand dollars, payable one year after date to the order of Geo. P. Dorris; and the said deed of trust providing for the sale of said premises, if said note was not paid, at public vendne, allowing the trustees “ to sell the whole or any part thereof for cash,” giving twenty days’ notice of time, terms and place of sale in some newspaper published in St. Louis. That said Dorris duly assigned, by endorsement, said note to Peter Richard Ken-rick. That, at the date of the execution and delivery of said deed of trust, the fee simple title in said real estate was vested in the plaintiff; and that the said Geo. W. Goode had — 320 — only an estate by tlie curtesy in said premises. That on February 1, 1862, the said trustees offered the said real estate for sale at public vendue, and at the sale the said Kenrick became the purchaser at the price of $4,000, being $2,000 for each of said pieces of land; and by deed bearing date February 1, 1862, the trustees conveyed to said Kenrick said premises. The plaintiff further states in her petition, that about January 14, 1863, the said Geo. W. Goode died; that about August 1, 1861, he became insane, and remained in that condition until his death as aforesaid ; that at the time of said sale by said trustees the said Geo. W. Goode was insane and civilly dead; the said Kenrick, the holder of the note, directed the said trustees to advertise and sell the said real estate; that at the said sale, as aforesaid, the said defendants, before and at the time the said estate was offered and exposed to sale, notified the bidders and the crowd there present that the purchaser would be required to pay for the same in gold coin immediately upon the same being struck off to him, and before the deed was executed, thereby preventing bidding and competition, and enabling the said Kenrick to purchase the said real estate for a very low price. That at said sale the defendants offered for sale in a lump the whole lot fronting 188 feet on Morgan street by 144 feet 7 inches deep, and also the whole lot fronting 188 feet on Christy avenue by 144 feet 7 inches deep, thereby preventing competition at said sale; that said real estate would have brought more if it had been sold or offered For sale by lots of 25 or 30 feet each; that said real estate was sacrificed at said sale ; that said real estate is worth at least $40,000; . that said trustees did not give twenty secular or working days’ notice by advertisement, as required by said deed of trust; that the said Kenrick has not conveyed the said real estate, but claims to own the same as aforesaid; that said plaintiff is ready and willing to redeem the said deed of trust, and pay to said Kenrick, the holder of the said note, the amount due on the same. — 321 — The plaintiff, in conclusion, asks the conrt to set aside the said sale made by the said trustees; that the'said sale and the deed made in pursuance thereof be declared null and void and of no effect; and that the plaintiff be allowed to redeem the said premises, and for general relief. Defendants, in their answer, made a general traverse of plaintiff’s allegations, and also say that they gave 20 days’ public notice of said sale in the “Missouri Republican”; that such advertisement was published daily in said paper from the 9th of January to 1st of February, 1862, both days inclusive; that in pursuance of the time, terms and place designated, said two pieces of land were separately exposed for sale and separately sold; that at the tüne'of the sale no act of Congress making United States notes a legal tender in payment of debts had been passed; the notes issued by the several banks of this State, except the Exchange Bank, were at a discount, and it was customary and not unusual to demand gold coin at public sales in payment of debts. And defendants admit that at this sale notice was given that the purchase money would be required to be paid in gold coin directly upon the termination of the sale. Defendants further say, that at the time of the sale aforesaid there was a prior deed of trust then outstanding, given by said Goode and wife to F. A. Dick, trustee of John Has-seltine, dated February 21, 1849, conveying the same property, to secure, among other notes, one for $5,000, which at the time of said sale was due and unpaid ; but that after-wards, on the 21st of August, 1862, the said Kcnrick, as the owner and holder of said note, and without any consideration further than that he did not wish his own property encumbered, released said deed of trust from Hasseltine’s trustee. The defendants further say, that, on account of said notes and expenses of sale, there was due to said Kenrick on February 11,1862, the sum of $16,669.39; and further say that there is still due to him, in accordance with the items of an account filed with his said answer, the sum of: $24,051.86; — 322 — and an averment is then made that the estate of George W. Goode is insolvent. On the trial, the plaintiff offered in evidence the deed of trust from Goode and wife to Comfort and Darby as trustees, the terms and conditions of which have already been substantially set forth. Plaintiff then offered in evidence a deed of the said premises from the said trustees to Peter R. Kenrick, dated February 5, 1862, and purporting to be in accordance with the terms and provisions of the said original deed of trust, and wherein they allege that at the said ven-due they did sell the said real estate “ to the highest and best bidder for cash,” and that said Kenrick became the purchaser thereof for the sum of $2,000 for each of the said two pieces of land. The deed also recited that the auctioneer “ read aloud with a clear and distinct voice the advertisement of said sale, and notified all persons that the holder of said promissory note required and demanded that the amount of said purchase money should be paid in gold directly upon the termination of said sale, that the terms and conditions of said sale might be fully known by everybody.” The notice by advertisement is annexed to said last described deed, which in the usual form substantially sets forth the terms,' descriptions of property, &c., in the original deed of trust; and asserting that on Saturday, the first day of February, 1862, the said trustees will between the hours, &c., at the, &c., in the city of St. Louis, “proceed to sell the property above described, and in said deed conveyed, at public auction, to the highest bidder, for cash, to satisfy said note,” &q. The affidavit of the publisher is also annexed, showing the notice to have been inserted in the “Republican” from January 9th to January 31st, inclusive. John T. Moore being introduced as a witness, testified that he knew Geo. W. Goode ; was his attending physician for fourteen years before his death. On the 1st of February, 1862, and for several' months previous to that time, said Goode was insane ; he showed symptoms of insanity for sev — 323 — eral years previous to his death. ■ On cross-examination, he stated that he did not know when he had a guardian appointed ; that in February, 1862, he was still out and about professing to exercise superintendence over his own affairs, though he had a good many agents. John Y. Page testified that he knew the said George W. Goode from 1851 to his death ; that he died January 13, 1863; “he was manifestly insane from the latter part of September, 1861, until he died” ; that he put him in the insane asylum in St. Louis on the 3d of February, 1862 ; he wag taken east to Philadelphia, and there put in the insane asylum in April, 1862. Mr. Goode was not capable of attending to business for several years previous to his death. Witness married a half-sister of plaintiff. On his cross-examination, witness stated that Mr. Goode attended to his business as far it was attended to. “ Mr. Dame, Mr. Goode’s agent, went away on the 1st of January, 1862; Mr. Goode was not capable in February, 1862, to do business, and for three months previous to that timehe could “ safely say that no one could have thought him to be a sane man; he died insolvent, but left some personal property. After Mr. Dame left, Mr. Goode had no one he called his agent.” Mr. Darby, one of the trustees, testified that he was present at the sale, and that his impression was that Mr. Leffing-well announced at the sale, by the direction of Mr. Timón, the agent of Bishop Kenrick, that gold would be required, and that the money was to be paid down immediately after the sale ; that it was to be paid that day. Mr. Comfort, the other trustee, testified that he was present at the sale, and that his impression was that Mr. Leffing-well announced at the sale that if the property was not paid for by 2 or 3 o’clock on that day it would be resold; that the sale took place at 12 o’clock. Mr. Leffingwell, the auctioneer, testified that he was present and auctioneer at the sale under the deed of trust; the announcement was that gold would be required, and if not paid by 2 or 3 o’clock the property would be resold. — 324 — •There was also evidence -introduced by defendants that the notes of all the banks of Missouri except the Exchange Bank were at a discount at the time of the said sale, and that gold and silver were at that time often demanded as the only legal tender. It was next shown that each of said two pieces of land were sold in a lump ; that upon the said premises there were valuable improvements erected by various tenants, who had leases of different portions of the said premises, with’ the privilege of renewing these when their leases expired ; that some of the improvements were of brick, some frame; there were two buildings on Morgan street; there were buildings on both sides of Orange street; there were several buildings on Christy avenue, and that the tenants would have bid and bought if the property had been sold in lots. And there were witnesses who testified that they were well acquainted with the property in question, and said that it would have brought very much more if it had been sold in lots of from 25 to 30 feet front. It was also shown that the price paid by Kenrick for the property was $4,000. Mr. Comfort testified that the property was worth $36,-000. The property had four fronts — one on Morgan street, two on Orange street, and one on Christy avenue. It was worth on Morgan street $120 a foot; on Christy avenue, $80 a foot. George Matlack testified that in February, 1862, the property in question was worth $130 per foot on the Morgan street front, and on Christy avenue $110 per front foot. James T. Swearingen testified that in February, 1862, it was worth $125 to $130 per front foot on Morgan street and Christy avenue front. H. W. Leffingwell testified that the property on Morgan street, between Fifteenth and Sixteenth streets, was in February, 1862, worth $125 a front foot, and on Christy avenue was then worth $80 a front foot; the corner on Fifteenth and Morgan streets, say 50 feet, was then worth $150 per — 325 — foot, and on Fifteenth and Christy avenue was then worth 1100 per foot. Other witnesses, skilled and acquainted with the value of real estate at that time, value the property at similar rates. James T. Swearingen was appointed guardian of Mr. Goode in March, 1862, and in May, after the sale, called to see the bishop (that is, Peter R. Kenrick) to ascertain whether the plaintiff could redeem it, as it was her own. The bishop said she could redeem by paying in gold the amount of the two deeds of trust and the expenses, amounting to about $17,300. Arrangements were made to borrow the money by giving a deed of trust on the property, but the bishop af-terwards would only consent to the arrangement on condition that the property should be deeded to plaintiff and her children; and as the children were minors and incapable of joining in the deed of trust, the matter wa,s abandoned. The court rendered judgment for the defendants. Trustees are considered as the agents of both parties— debtor and creditor — and their action in performing the duties of their trust should be conducted with the strictest impartiality and integrity. They are entrusted with the important function of transferring one man’s property to another, and therefore both reason and justice will exact of them the most scrupulous fidelity. Courts of equity have always watched their proceedings with a jealous and scrutinizing eye; and where it is clearly shown that they have abused their trust, or combined with one party to the detriment of the other, relief will be granted. Not that a sale made by them will be set aside on slight and frivolous grounds; but where it appears that substantial injury has resulted from their action, where, in pursuance of their powers, they have failed or neglected to exorcise a wise and sound discretion, equity will interfere. It is impossible in the very nature of things to lay down any precise rule applicable alike to all cases which may arise, but every case must be decided on the especial facts and circumstances which surround it and upon which it is founded. — 326 — The objection taken that the notice was not published in time seems to have been virtually abandoned in the argument, and we are of the opinion that it was sufficient. It is strongly insisted that the demanding paymént in gold coin, and that it should be paid immediately on the termination, had a tendency to deter bidders, and prevent competition. , The sale took place before the passage of the law by Congress making treasury notos a legal tender, and the creditor had a right to demand specie if he saw proper. It was not obligatory on him to take anything else, and this of itself will not furnish a reasonable ground for interference. The deed of trust empowered the trustees to sell for cash, but they had no authority to superadd any terms which a proper construction of the instrument did not reasonably imply. Sales by trustees have been likened to sales by a Master of Chancery, and the rule was always to allow the purchaser a reasonable time — a fair opportunity to examine his deed, or submit it to the inspection of his counsel before he was forced to part with his money. The evidence is somewhat conflicting, some of the witnesses understanding that the purchase money would be required immediately on the termination of the sale — and this is the expression used in the deed — whilst others understood it would be demanded by two or three o’clock. Without it can be shown that this announcement had the actual effect of keeping persons present from bidding, we are inclined to the opinion that it would not furnish sufficient warrant for setting aside the sale and holding it invalid on that account. Had persons been present who desired to bid, and been prevented or deterred in consequence of this course, it would present a different case. Where such a course was pursued by a mortgagee selling under a mortgage which contained a power of sale against the remonstrances of persons who were present for the purpose of bidding, the sale was set aside. The Vice-Chancellor remarking “ he required payment of the purchase money and performances within an hour’s time after the sale, and also that such payment should be made — 327 — in specie, tlie remonstrances of persons who went to purchase were not attended to by him. All this was evidently done in order to deter persons from buying the property, and the better to enable the defendant to get it at his own price. This is a practice out of the usual course of statute sales; it is oppressive and unjust towards a mortgagor. The court will not countenance such proceedings. It is a course of conduct sufficient to authorize a court of equity to set aside a sale; and it is also enough to allow me to consider the defendant as a mere mortgagee in possession, and the complainant entitled to all the rights and privileges of a mortgagor” — Goldsmith v. Osborne, 1 Edw. Ch. 562. But the principal question in this case is the conduct of the trustees in setting up the property for sale, each piece as a whole, when it is alleged and shown by the evidence that if it had been divided into smaller lots it would have brought more. The deed required the trustees to sell the property, or so much thereof as would be sufficient to pay the debt. In the case of Gray v. Shaw, 14 Mo. 341, the trustees, under a deed precisely similar to the one under which the present sale occurred, divided the property and sold it in separate and distinct parcels, and this court approved their action, and commended it as highly judicious and proper. And it is doubted in the opinion whether they could have legally pursued any other policy. Singleton v. Scott, 11 Iowa, 589, was a case where a power was given to a trustee to sell land upon a default being made in the payment of a debt secured, and.the grantor did not provide for its sale in parcels. The court declared that in a sale of the entire tract the sale would not be set aside if it was more judicious than a sale in parcels, or if the interest of the debtor was thereby promoted. Nor would the sale of an entire tract in a body, under such circumstances, vitiate the title of a purchaser who was ignorant of what the interests of the beneficiary required. In that case the deed did not contain the usual condition — 328 — to sell the land, or any part thereof, for the payment of the debt, yet the court say it was the duty of the trustee to divide it, notwithstanding, if it was for the interest of the debtor; and if the land was in possession of an innocent vendee so that it could not be reached, the trustee would be personally responsible. Whether it is for the interest of the debtor that property should be divided before sale, is a question often depending on various considerations and extrinsic facts. One piece of property may sell for more, ás a whole, than it would if divided into separate and distinct parcels. Its unity may give it additional value. A quarter section will frequently sell for more entire than if divided and sold by forty-acre, tracts. In all such cases where the power contained in the deed does not imperatively demand a particular mode, the trustee in his discretion must sell in such manner as will be most beneficial to the debtor, and he will be held to a strict accountability in the way and choice of expressing this discretion. In Brown v. Renssler, 15 Ills. 507, Justice Oaton said sales made by trustees being a harsh mode of disposing of the equity of redemption, “ should be watched by the courts with a jealous eye, and should not be sustained unless conducted in all fairness and integrity.” In speaking of a mortgagee with-a power to sell, (and the same law applies to a trustee,) the late C. J. Shaw, in Howard v. Ames, 3 Metc. 311, said: “ In exercising the power he becomes the trustee of the debtor, and is bound to act bona fide and adopt all reasonable modes of proceeding in order to render the sale the most beneficial to the debtor.” Vice-Chancellor Sir Knight Bruce, in the recent case of Mathie v. Edwards, 2 Coll. 465, uses this language: “A mortgagee having a power of sale cannot, as between him and the mortgagor, exercise it in a manner merely arbitrary, but as between them is bound to exercise some discretion; not to throw away the property, but to act in a prudent and — 329 — business-like manner with a view to obtain as large a price as may fairly and reasonably, with due diligence and attention, be under the circumstances obtainable.” Was that done in the present case ? Did the trustees act in a prudent and business-like manner ? Here was property worth $36,000 set up and sold as a whole for $4,000, subject, it is true, to a prior encumbrance of $5,000. Much of the property was under lease; the lessees were anxious to buy and acquire the fee simple, but were precluded because the property was not divided, and they either did not want or were unable to purchase the entire quantity. The witnesses all testify that it would have brought more had it been divided in lots of 25 or 30 feet front on the street. This is the usual size of lots purchased in the city for ordinary building purposes, and the action of the trustees excluded all persons from bidding except the cestui que trust and large capitalists. The debtor was insane, incapable of attending to his affairs ; he had no one to look to beside the trustees, and they seem to have been strangely oblivious of his interests. We cannot say that .this sale was conducted with fairness and to the best interests of the debtor, and the judgment will be reversed and the cause remanded. The court below will adjust the equities between the parties. The other judges concur.