Karle v. Kansas City, St. Joseph & Council Bluffs R. R.

Napton, Judge, delivered the opinion of the court. This suit was to recover the penalty of $5,000 against defendant for killing the plaintiff’s husband at a street crossing in St. Joseph, by the careless and negligent conduct of an engineer in charge of a locomotive of defendant. There was a verdict for plaintiff under instructions from the court; and a bill of exceptions was taken, which did not give any details of the evidence on either side, but merely stated that evidence was given to sustain the issues made by the pleadings on either side. The instructions given and refused are preserved in the bill of exceptions, and the propriety of these instructions presents the only point for our consideration. The instructions given, are as follows: 1. The defendant admits that it is a corporation, &c., and the owner of a certain railroad from Kansas City to and through the City of St. Joseph, &c., and that it was authorized to run locomotive engines; cars, &e., over and across the roads and streets of said City of St. Joseph, &c.; also admits, that the City of St. Joseph was incorporated, &c., and that by an act of the General Assembly of the State of Missouri entitled, “An.act to amend the charter of the City of St. Joseph, approved Jan’y 26, 1864,” power and authority were granted to said City of St. Joseph to prescribe the kind of power to be used — 478 — on said road, and to regulate the speed of locomotives and cars passing over said railroad within the corporate limits of said city; and that in pursuance of said power and authority thereby granted the said city, it duly passed, on the 12th of June, 1869, an ordinance and law to regulate the same, and defendant admits that a portion of said ordinance and law pertaining to railroads is in words and figures as follows, to-wit: Ch. 47, §1. “No locomotive engine, railroad passenger ear or freight car shall be di’iven, propelled or run upon or along any rail track within said city at a greater speed than at the rate of five miles per hour. Sec. 4. Every locomotive engine, railroad car, or train of cars running in the night time on any railroad track in said city, shall have and keep while so running, a brilliant and conspicuous light on the forward end of such locomotive engine, ear, or train of cars. Sec 6. The bell of such locomotive shall be rung continually while running within said city.” Defendant also admits, that said ordinance and law and the parts thereof above set forth, were in full force and effect in said City of St. Joseph at the time of the alleged committing of the injuries and violations in plaintiff’s petition complained of. h. The court instructs the jury, that if they believe from the evidence that Gr. Karl, husband of the plaintiff, was by the defendant’s locomotive and tender run over and killed while crossing the said defendant’s railroad at the crossing of 8th St., in the City of St. Joseph ; and said running over and killing were the result of, and occasioned by, the negligence or unskillfulness of the servants, engineer or employes of the defendant conducting or managing said locomotive and tender, they will find for the plaintiff $5,000 in damages. 8. If the jury believe from the evidence, that the defendant at the time alleged in the petition, by its servants and employes ran their locomotive engine along its railroad track within the City of St. Joseph, at a greater speed than the rate of five miles per hour, it constituted negligence on the part of the defendant. — 479 — 4. If they believe from the evidence, that the defendant at the time alleged in the petition, by its servants or employes, ran their locomotive engine, car or train of cars in the night time on its railroad track in the City of St. Joseph, without keeping while so running a brilliant and conspicuous light on the forward end of such locomotive engine, car or train of cars, it constituted negligence on the part of defendant. 5. If the jury believe from the evidence, that the defendant at the time alleged in the petition, by its employes ran its locomotive engine over its road within the City of St. Joseph, without ringing its bell continually while running in said city, it constituted negligence on the part of the defendant. 6. The court instructs the jury, that they are authorized to infer negligence upon the part of defendant, if they believe from the evidence, that the defendant at the time alleged in the petition, by its servants and employes ran its locomotive or train within the City of St. Joseph, out of the usual time for running its trains over its railroad, and failed to use more than ordinary care when crossing the streets or public highways in said city to avoid doing injury to persons passing over its track. The above instructions were all given against the objection of defendant. The defendant asked the following instructions : First. In this case, the burden of proof is on the plaintiff, and to entitle her to recover she must prove to the satisfaction of the jury by the preponderance of the evidence, 1st, that thehusbandof plaintiff was killed by the negligence, unskillfulness or criminal intent of some officer, agent, servant or employee of the defendant; 2nd, that such officer, agent, servant or employee was at,the time running, conducting or managing some locomotive of defendant; 3rd, that such servant, agent, officer or employee was at tile time subject to and under the control of defendant; 4th, that such person so killed had a right to be on defendant’s road at the time and place where he was killed. And if the plaintiff fail to satisfy the jury of all or any one of these facts, they will find for defendant. — 480 — Second. If the jury find from the evidence, that the death of Karle, was occasioned in any manner by his own negligence, or that at the time of his death he failed to use ordinary care to protect himself from danger, by reason of the passing of defendant’s train, they should find for defendant. These instructions were refused, and the court instructed as follows: The court instructs the jury, that the burden of proof is on the plaintiff; and to enable her to recover, she must prove to the satisfaction of the jury by the preponderance of the evidence, 1st, that the husband of plaintiff was killed by the negligence, unskillfulness or criminal intent of some officer, agent, servant or employee of defendant; 2nd, that such officer, servant, agent or employee was at the time running, conducting or managing some locomotive of defendant; 3rd, that said person so killed was in a public street crossing in the Oity of St. Joseph at the time of such killing. And if the plaintiff fails to satisfy the jury of all or any one of these facts, they will find for defendant. Third. The court instructs the jury, that if they find from the evidence that the deceased Karle, was guilty of any negligence that contributed directly to cause his death, they will find for the defendant. The first instruction is simply a repetition of the allegations of the petition which were not answered, and which therefore, under our rules of pleading, must b.e taken as admitted. It is urged now, that the allegations in the petition thus reeited in the first instruction, averred matters of law as well as fact, and therefore the failure to answer them only admitted the matters of fact alleged, and not the matters of law asserted ; that the ordinance of the city was, so far as it required a head-light not authorized by its charter, and that the charter of the city could not, if its provisions so purported, affect or invalidate the privileges and rights of the railroad company under its charter, and the general law of the State regulating this and other roads. It was the province of the court to instruct the jury on mat — 481 — ters of law, and if the first instruction be assumed as a declaration on the part of the court, not only that the charter of the City of St. Joseph was as stated, but that it was a legal and valid charter, and that the ordinance recited was not only1 in point of faet passed, but was valid and operative at the‘ time of the alleged injury, we are unable to see how the validity of the charter or of the ordinance was disputed in the court1 that tried the case. No instructions on this point were asked by the defendant; no motion was made to strike out, nor any demurrer offered to these allegations of the petition as con-'1 taining matters of law, and no answer was made to them. 1 It is said here, that the charter only authorized the city am thorities to regulate the speed of the transit of trains through1 the city, and control the motive power used; and gave the city no power to require head-lights and a continued ringing of bells when running at night.-. This point is not presented to the Circuit Court, nor is it probable that the court designed to pass oti it by simply reeiting in an instruction to the jury the allega! tions in the petition not denied in the answer. There are* very few allegations of fact contained in any petition which do not in some sense impliedly assert what may be called matteré of law, and it is difficult for a court in its instructions td juries to avoid such assumptions, practically not calculated to mislead any one. It is easy to call the attention of a court to serious departures from the rule which requires question^ of fact only to be submitted to a jury. ' It may be that the general statutes concerning railroads required head-lights on a locomotive engine when runnin'g through any city or, town and the ringing of bells, or tliat other provisions in the charter of the City of St. Joseph ám thorized such regulations in relation to the police of the city as would warrant the restrictions complained of here.' But it is obvious that the important points decided by the court in its instructions at the trial, and properly before this court for review, relate altogether to the question of negligence on the part of the defendant, and negligence on the part of the plaintiffs husband. — 482 — Tlie objection to the first, instruction given by the court at the instance of the plaintiff in regard to negligence is, that it ignored the subject of negligence by the plaintiff’s husband altogether and therefore authorized the jury to find a verdict for plaintiff on proof of the negligence or carelessness of defendant’s agents, without regard to the proof of any degree of negligence by the person killed. The instructions given by the court whether for plaintiff, or defendant, or upon the court’s own motion, must be regarded to gether; and if as a whole series of instructions they are correct and not calculated to mislead, a mere conclusion based on the ground that they are not all embraced in a single instruction cannot avail the plaintiff in error as a ground for reversal. Where there are several issues and evidence is offered on each, a general instruction applicable to the whole case might be so. complex as to be more likely to mislead or perplex a j ur > than a series of instructions on each issue presented by th e pleadings and evidence. In this case we know nothing of the evidence given on the trial, as it is not preserved by the bill of exceptions. It is merely stated, that evidence was “ introduced by the plaintiff to sustain the issues' on her part, and the defendant introduced' evidence to sustain the issues on its part, and this was all • the evidence in the case.” As the plaintiff averred that the killing was done by the negligence of defendant, without any negligence or fault of plaintiff’s husband, and the defendant denied these allegations, the question of negligence on the part of the deceased husband of plaintiff was in issue, and we may assume that there was evidence on this issue, and therefore the court ^ was properly required to instruct on this point. The instruction given by the court on this subject, was, that if the jury found that the deceased was guily of any negligence that contributed directly to cause his death, they would find for the defendant. This instruction is unquestionably in conformity to the well settled doctrines of this State, however it may be regarded else where. This subject has been carefully examined, and the leading au — 483 — thorities both in England and this country thorougly reviewed and considered in a number of cases decided by this court. (Brown vs. Han. & St. Jo. R. R., 50 Mo., 461; Walsh vs. Mississippi Trans. Co., 52 Mo., 434; Morrissey vs. Wiggins Ferry Co., 43 Mo., 380; Kennayde vs. Pac. R. R. Co., 45 Mo., 255.) It is unnecessary to discuss the question again. The question of negligence is treated here as a mixed question of law and fact, the facts being left to a jury, and the legal effect of them declared by the court. U ndoubtedly, negligence as a question of fact, must of necessity vary with the circumstances of each particular case. Hence, the instructions of the court will necessarily be adapted to the particular facts in testimony. The three instructions which declared a failure of the defendant to observe the regulations of the city ordinance in relation to the speed of trains, keeping head-lights and ringing the bell, to be negligence joe»* se, were undoubtedly correct. These were violations of an express law and of course amounted to negligence. It does not follow, however, nor was the jury so instructed, that these violations of law, or any one of them made defendant liable; for in this as in the other instructions, the qualification announced in the first and principal instruction on negligence, that this negligence caused the injury, was necessarily implied; and so the first instruction, if regarded as stating the whole law of this case, manifestly implies that the cause of the injury was the negligence of the defendant and not the negligence of the deceased. The sixth instruction given for the plaintiff was unnecessary and perhaps improper, if we assume that there was no evidence showing that the defendant’s locomotive was running at an unusual or irregular time when the accident occurred, and there is no allegation in the petition to this effect. The instruction is undoubtedly the law. There can be no question that if the defendant was, on the night of the accident running a train through a populous city at an unusual hour, it was incumbent on its employees to use unusual precautions to avoid accidents, and the failure to use such precautions would certainly authorize a jury to infer negligence. This is amere — 484 — inference of fact, however, and it is not the duty of the court to tell the jury what particular inferences or conclusions they may be justified in drawing from a hypothetical state of facts. As we do not know that there was any evidence on this point and the bill of exceptions does not- state that there was, (there being no such issue made in the pleadings) we presume this instruction was harmless, since as an abstract proposition ■ it was right enough. In regard to the defendant’s instructions which were refused. it will be apparent from an examination of them and tlios> substituted by the court, that such of them as were prope were substantially given. The principal instruction givei by the court in regard to the negligence of the person killed is substantially the one asked by the defendant on this point The only variance is, that the instruction given uses the wore “ negligence,” and the instruction asked used the term“want o*‘ ordinary care ” which we take to be equivalent expressions. I' is true the instruction given adds that this negligence or want of ordinary care must contribute to the result directly, and in this respect it was more favorable to the defendant than some of our decisions above referred to, and others referred to ir the eases cited, would warrant.' For it is held, that merf carelessness on the part of the injured person will not excusf the defendant, if by the exercise of proper care and prudenc* and the rules and regulations prescribed by law, such injur] could’have been avoided. The doctrine of contributory neg ligence is thus stated in the work of Shearman and Redfield Oh. 3, § 25. “One who is injured by the mere negligence of another, cannot recover at law or in equity any compensation for his injury, if he by his own or his agent’s ordinary negli genee or willful wrong, proximately contributed to produce the injury of which he complains, so that but for his concurring and co-operating fault, the injury would not have happened to him, except where the more proximate cause of the injury is the omission of the other party, after becoming aware of the danger to which the former party is exposed, to use a proper degree of care to avoid injuring him.” And — 485 — this is substantially the doctrine of this court in Morrissey vs. Wiggins Ferry Co., 43 Mo., 380. Upon the whole we think the instructions were correct and therefore the judgment will be affirmed. The other judges concur.