Central National Bank v. Haseltine

MARSHALL J. This cause was transferred to this court by the St. Louis Court of Appeals on the ground that an authority exercised under the United States is drawn in question, and hence this court has jurisdiction under section, 12, article 6, of the Constitution. The controversy is this: the plaintiff, a national bank, organized under the laws of the United States, sues the defendants on a promissory note for $2,240. The defendants admit the execution of the note, but claim certain credits and setoffs, arising out of the fact that the note sued on is the consolidation of various smaller notes which had matured before the execution of this note, and that the defendants had paid to the plaintiff, within two years before the execution of this note, upon such other notes and upon this note, usurious interest aggregating $580, which sum they asked to have deducted from the principal sum of $2,240, represented by this note, thereby reducing the plaintiff’s claim to $1,660. The trial court, referred the case to a referee to ascertain. how much cash the plaintiff paid the defendants on the note sued on; how much interest had been reserved or taken out of all the notes, and how much interest was paid in cash by defendants not reserved. The referee found that defendants had received on this note of $2,240, — 61 — the sum of $2,199.35; that the interest reserved by the plaintiff out of this note was $40.65; “that there had been paid by defendants as cash discounts on said loans up to October 24, 1895, the sum of $566.70; that the whole amount of interest paid and deducted by the bank on all of said loans from the beginning to the end was $947.50; that these payments were made in excess of the legal rate for said loan.” Thereupon the court entered judgment for the plaintiff for $2,199.35, that being the face of the note sued on after deducting the discount, of $40.65 reserved when the note was executed. Defendants appealed. I. Formerly it was the rule in Missouri that “one who voluntarily pays unlawful interest upon a usurious contract can not recover it by suit.” [Ransom v. Hays, 39 Mo. 445; Rutherford v. Williams, 42 Mo. 18; Ferguson v. Soden, 111 Mo. 208.] Nor could usurious interest once paid be applied as credits upon the note when it was sued on. [Perrine v. Poulson, 53 Mo. 389; Kirkpatrick v. Smith, 55 Mo. 389.] And the principal, with legal interest, could be recovered notwithstanding the usurious payment. Of course, if the usurious interest had not been actually paid, but only promised, the courts would not enforce the unlawful promise and would render judgment only for the principal with lawful interest. This was the law until the Act of November 20, 1855 (R. S. 1855, ch. 85, see. 5, p. 890) when it was enacted that in a suit upon a note, bond or agreement the defendant might show by answer that a greater rate of interest than ten per cent “was therein or thereby agreed for, or received, or taken,” and if the proof sustained the allegation, the court should render judgment for the principal, with ten per cent interest, but that the interest should go to the school fund, — 62 — and the defendant should recover his costs. This same provision was carried into the revision of 1865 (Gr. S. 1865, ch. 89, sec. 5, p. 101), and into the revision of 1879 (R. S. 1879, ch. 11, sec. 2727, p. 159) and into the revision of 1889 (R. S. 1889, ch. 90, sec. 5976, p. 1129). The act of April 23, 1891 (Laws 1891, p. 169) amended section 5976, Revised Statutes 1889, only so far as to reduce the legal rate of interest f'or which a party might contract, from ten per cent to eight per cent. But by the act of April 21, 1891 (Laws 1891, p. 170) it was provided by section 1 thereof as follows: “Usury may be pleaded as a defense in civil actions in the courts of this State, and upon proof that usurious interest has been paid, the same, in excess of the legal rate of interest, shall be deemed payment, shall be credited upon the principal debt, and all costs of the action shall be taxed against the party guilty of exacting usurious interest, who shall in no case recover judgment for more than the amount found due upon the principal debt, with legal interest, after deducting therefrom all payments of usurious interest made by the debtor, whether paid as commissions or brokerage, or as payment upon the principal, or as interest on said indebtedness.” Under this statute, therefore, the usurious interest paid can be set off or credited on the principal when the lender sues. That is, the statute permits this to be done only as a defense to or part payment of the debt. It does not give the borrower a right to sue for and recover usurious interest already paid. In this respect the law is the same that it was before this statute was enacted. If this state statute .governed in this case, the defendants would be entitled to the credits they claim. But the plaintiff is a national bank, and therefore the statute of the United States controls the rights of the parties, and the state statute must yield. This was expressly so decided by the Supreme Court of the United States in — 63 — Farmers, etc., Nat. Bank v. Dearing, 91 U. S. 1. c. 33, where Mr. Justice Swayne, delivering the opinion of the court said: “The national banks organized under the act” (Act June 3, 1864, now chapter 3, title LXII, R. S. U. S. 1878, p. 1003), “are instruments designed to be used to aid the government in the administration of an important branch of the public service. They are means appropriate to that end. Of the degree .of necessity which existed for creating them Congress is the sole judge. Being such means, brought into existence for this -purpose, and intended to be so employed, the States can exercise no control over them, nor in any wise affect- their operation, except in so far as Congress may see proper to permit. Anything beyond this is ‘an abuse because it is the usurpation of power which a single State can not give.’ Against the national will ‘the States have no power, by taxation or otherwise, to retard, impede, burthen, or in any manner control, the operation of the constitutional laws enacted by Congress to carry into execution the powers vested in the general government.’.......Whenever the will of the nation intervenes exclusively in this class of cases, the authority of the State retires and lies in abeyance until a proper occasion for its exercise shall recur.” The impelling reason that called for this conclusion was pointed out to be that the usury statutes of the several States differed widely, some forfeiting only the excess of interest, some the whole interest and some the debt or demand as well as the interest, and it was held that Congress did not intend to penn't such, different consequences to flow from a violation of the Federal statute. The section of the Act of 1864, under consideration in that case, has since been divided, and is now sections 5197 and 5198, R. S. U. S. 1878. By section 5197, national banks are permitted to charge the same rate of interest- as is lawful in the States in which they are located, and if no rate is so prescribed, then they can charge seven per cent. Section — 64 — 5198 provides that knowingly taking’, receiving, reserving or charging a greater rate of interest than section 5197 permits, shall be deemed a forfeiture of the entire interest, and in case such usurious interest is paid, the person paying it may “recover back, in an action in the nature of an action cf debt, twice the amount of the interest thus paid from the asrc ciation'taking or receiving the same; provided such action is commenced within two years from the time the usurious transaction occurred.” At first it was held that the usurious interest, if paid, could be set off or allowed as a credit upon the principal when suit was brought to collect the principal, or it could be recovered in an independent action. [Nat. Bank of Madison v. Davis (U. S. Circuit Court — Indiana), 6 Central L. J. 106; Sydner v. Mt. Sterling Nat. Bank (Court Appeals — Ky.), 21 S. W. Rep. 1050; First Nat. Bank of Newton v. Turner (Court Appeals — Kansas), 42 Pac. Rep. 936; Nat. Bank of Auburn v. Lewis, 75 N. Y. 516; Overholt v. Nat. Bank, 82 Pa. St. 490; Moniteau Nat. Bank v. Miller, 73 Mo. 187.] But the Supreme Court of the United States has since held that usurious interest once paid can not, under the Federal statute, be set off or allowed as a credit on the principal of the debt, but that the remedy given by that statute to the person paying usury to recover double the interest so paid, by an independent action, is exclusive. [Barnet v. Nat. Bank, 98 U. S. l. c. 558, 559; Driesbach v. Nat. Bank, 104 U. S. 52; Stephens v. Monongahela Bank, 111 U. S. 197; Carter v. Carusi, 112 U. S. 478.] The case of Brown v. Marion Nat. Bank, 169 U. S. 416, decides nothing to the contrary, for in that case the usurious interest was not paid, but wás included in the face of the note, and it was simply held, as has always been the law, that the court would not lend its aid to the lender to recover usurious interest. In Driesbach v. Nat. Bank, 104 U. S. 52, Mr. Chief — 65 — Justice Waite calls attention to the fact that the Supreme Court of Pennsylvania in Nat. Bank v. Gruber, 91 Pa. St. 377, followed Barnet v. Nat. Bank, 98 U. S. 555, and overruled its former decisions (that usurious interest might be set off against The principal debt) in the cases of Lucas v. Nat. Bank, 78 Pa. St. 228, and Overholt v. Nat. Bank, 82 Pa. St. 490. The rule declared by the Supreme Court of the United States, was followed in Nat. Bank v. Childs, 133 Mass. 248: Nat. Bank v. Moore, 83 Iowa l. c. 743; Highley v. Nat. Bank, 26 Ohio St. 75. In other words, the Federal statute has created'a new right of action but has not given a right of setoff as to such matters, while the statute of Missouri gives a right of-setoff but not a right of action. It follows that this court must, as in duty bound, follow the decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States, in construing this Federal statute, and that under those decisions these defendants can not set off or be allowed credit for the usurious interest paid, but that they are reverted to the exclusive remedy afforded by that statute, of instituting an independent action to recover such usurious interest, and that the judgment of the circuit, court, which proceeded on these principles, is correct. It also follows that the case of Moniteau Nat. Bank v. Miller, 73 Mo. 187, was erroneously decided, and it is therefore overruled. The judgment of the circuit court is affirmed. All concur.