Erickson v. Kansas City, Osceola & Southern Railway Co.

In Bano. PER CURIAM. The following opinion by Valliant, J., in Division One, is adopted as the opinion of the court in Banc. Brace, Gantt, Burgess, Fox and Vallia/nt, JJ., concurring; Robinson, G. J., and Marshall, J., dissenting. In Division One. VALLIANT, J. — Plaintiff recovered judgment for $6,000 as damages for personal injury suffered through the alleged negligence of the servants of defendant in operating a locomotive engine, from which judgment defendant appeals. The petition is to the following effect. The defendant is a railroad corporation running its engines and cars in Kansas City.on tracks of the Kansas City Suburban Belt Railway Company, called the Belt road, from a point in the intersection of "Wyandotte and Second streets along Second street eastwardly, crossing Main and Walnut streets and Grand avenue. Other railroad companies besides the defendant operate their trains over this Belt road. The Metropolitan Street Railway Company owns and operates a single-track cable road crossing the tracks of the Belt road on Grand avenue at right angles. On November 17, 1896, plaintiff was in the employ of the Belt company as flagman, stationed at this crossing; his duties were to flag all trains passing there. At that time there was in force an ordinance of the city which provided that no railroad engine should be run within the city limits at a greater rate of speed than six miles an hour, and that — 655 — no one in charge of such locomotive should allow it to he run between sunset and sunrise without having a large lamp or headlight or lantern conspicuously placed in front in the direction in which it is running, whether forward or backward. About ten o ’clock at night on the date above mentioned plaintiff was in his place of duty-at the crossing engaged in flagging two trains going west on the north track of the Belt road, when he was struck by an engine of the defendant going east on the south track, knocked down, run over, permanently injured and disabled for life. The injuries were the result of the negligence of the defendant’s servants in charge of the engine, in this: running the engine at a greater rate of speed than six miles an hour, without having any large lamp, headlight or lantern conspicuously displayed in front in the direction in which the engine was going and without ringing a bell. The averment in the original petition as to this last point was that the engine was being run “without ringing any bell or sounding any whistle on approaching said street crossing, as was its duty to do. ’ ’ But on motion of the defendant all of that averment after the word “bell” was stricken out. The answer was a general denial and a plea that the plaintiff was himself-guilty of the negligence which wholly occasioned his injuries, by attempting, without any necessity for doing so, to cross the railroad tracks-in front of a moving train with full knowledge of the danger of the situation. The reply was a general denial. The evidence of the plaintiff tended to prove as follows: The plaintiff was the employee of the Belt company; his duty was to flag all trains at that crossing. On the night in question, about ten o ’clock, he was standing in the street car track south of and near the south track of the Belt road. He had just flagged a street car to stop, and had flagged a passenger train of the Chicago & Great Western (called the Maple Leaf) road to come on. This Maple Leaf train was coming east. It had to cross on the north track to the east of Grand — 656 — avenue and then switch back west to reach its station at Second and Wyandotte streets. Under the rules governing the operation of the trains, this train at that time had the right-of-way and no freight train or switch engine could come in on the south track without interfering with its movement. The Maple Leaf train passed east over the crossing, then the plaintiff stepped out of the street car track and flagged the street car to cross to the north, which it did; there was another street car behind that one, which the flagman held for the time, and as soon as the first street ear passed over the crossing he stepped back on the street car track very close to the south track, turned to the east and gave the signal to the Maple Leaf train to come back, which it did. There was another train' belonging to what they called the Air Line behind the Maple Leaf train, going in the same direction, to which the plaintiff also signaled to come on, and while he was in the act of giving that signal a switch engine of the defendant coming from the west on the south track struck him, knocked him down, and inflicted serious injuries. The plaintiff’s position when he stopped the first street car and flagged the Maple Leaf train to come east over the crossing, was in the street car track near the south rail of the south track of the Belt road facing west. Prom that position he looked and would have seen the defendant’s engine coming on the south track if there had been a headlight on it, but there was none. Prom the time he turned his face east to signal the Maple Leaf train to come back until he was struck, was, according to his testimony, not more than half a minute, though one of the plaintiff’s witnesses on cross-examination said: “Well, as near as I can tell it was between one and two minutes.” The engine that struck the plaintiff was running backward with tender in front and the headlight was at the front end of the engine. It was down grade, the engine was running fast, the witnesses varied in their estimate from ten to thirty miles an hour. It came down the grade without making any noise and no bell was rung. The night was dark and there was no street light at the crossing. — 657 — On the part of the defendant the evidence as to rate of speed, absence of headlight, and failure to ring the bell was contradictory to that of the plaintiff. After the city ordinances referred'to in the petition had been read in evidence by the plaintiff, the defendant moved to strike them out “for the reason that they are not made by their terms applicable to anybody but the employees of the road. ’ ’ The motion was overruled. At the close of the plaintiff’s evidence and again at the close of all the evidence the defendant asked an. instruction to the effect that the verdict should be for the; defendant, which instruction the court refused and defendant excepted. Appellant in its assignment of errors and brief insists that the judgment should be reversed on the following grounds: First, the court erred in refusing the instruction in the nature of a demurrer to the evidence. Second, plaintiff can not recover because he and the engineer in charge of the defendant’s locomotive were fellow-servants. Third, the court erred in refusing instructions one and two asked by defendant which were to the effect that ‘ ‘ although the bell was not rung, yet if the whistle was sounded that was sufficient.” Fourth, instructions six and seven asked by defendant should have been given. These instructions will be set out hereinafter. Fifth, the motion for a new trial should have been sustained because the verdict was against the law as declared by the court. I. In support of the first assignment of error the learned counsel in their brief say: “Defendant’s first contention being that even admitting excessive speed, absence of headlights, and failure to ring bell, under the evidence plaintiff can not recover. Had he stood six inches from where the accident occurred he would not have been struck.” We do not understand the counsel in their brief to claim that the evidence did not tend to show negligence on the part of defendant’s servants in charge of the engine, but for their demurrer to the evidence they rely on the fact that the plaintiff’s position — 658 — was one of danger into which he had unnecessarily put himself and was therefore guilty of contributory negligence. It may be doubted if the answer on this point amounts to a plea of contributory negligence. The averment is that if the plaintiff sustained injuries, “it was occasioned wholly on account of his negligence,” etc. If that is so it disproves the statements in the petition that the defendant was guilty of negligence, and if the rule of code pleading, that any fact which goes to disprove an essential statement in the plaintiff’s petition may be proven under the general denial (Pattison, Mo. Code Pl., 551-566; Pomeroy, Code Bern., sec. 657, et seq.), applies in a case like this, then this plea, following as it does a general denial, presents no new issue. The case does not require a decision on that point, however. The statement in the plea as constituting the plaintiff’s negligence is that the plaintiff attempted to cross the railroad in front of a moving train with full knowledge of the danger. If that is to be taken as a plea of contributory negligence, the burden was on the defendant to prove it, and there was no such evidence. But if the defendant’s view of this part of the case is correct, the demurrer to the evidence should have been sustained even if there had been no plea of contributory negligence, because that which the defendant really relies on as constituting contributory negligence arises out of the plaintiff’s own evidence, that is, that the plaintiff stood near enough to the track to be struck, with his back 'to the west, from which direction trains were liable to come. The fact that the plaintiff was in a position of danger is manifest from the result, and the fact that he would not have been struck by the engine if he had been a few feet farther south of the track is also self-evident. But the question is, was it negligence in him to be where he was under the circumstances! He testified that when a train was coming from the east he usually stood on the north side of the track because the engineer was on that side and could better see the signals, but when — 659 — a train was coming from the west his proper position was on the sonth of the tracks for the same reason, and also, as the street cars passed in only one direction there (north), he conld then better govern their movements by standing in the cable track sonth of the crossing. He also testified that when he was struck he was standing where he could best signal the trains and from which point his signals could best be seen. He also said that looking west, as he did, from where he stood before he turned, he would have seen the train if it had had a headlight, as far off as Delaware street. As to his duties he said, “My duties were to protect everything passing by that crossing — trains and street cars, and the public — pedestrians going back and forth; I was to watch out for them all.” He certainly was at the moment of the accident doing his full duty in regard to the three trains in sight seeking to cross, the Maple Leaf, the Air Line, and the cable train; whether in so doing he was as mindful as the law required him to be of his own safety, is the question the defendant raises. His was necessarily a position of danger as well as of great responsibility. If the risk he took of his own safety was ■only such as faithful discharge of his duties required, then he was not, in the eyes of the law, negligent, and •on the other hand if the accident was the result of that risk only, he can not recover because it was a risk incident to his. employment which he assumed when he ■entered the service. But if, under those circumstances, the negligence of the defendant became the proximate cause of the accident, the fact that the plaintiff was in a position of danger can not be ascribed to him as negligence contributing to the injury. His conduct in order to come under the condemnation of the law of negligence, must have been something more than taking a risk which a faithful discharge of his duties required. The question of whether a plaintiff’s conduct amounts to contributory negligence is sometimes a question for the court and sometimes a question for the jury. If in the presentation of the plaintiff’s case his conduct is .shown to have been negligent to such a degree as that — 660 — there can he no two opinions about it among reasonable men, it is a question for the court. But if it is such as that reasonable men may differ about it, it is a question for the jury. The defendant says plaintiff was standing unnecessarily near the south track, with his back to the west, from which point a train was liable to come. The plaintiff’s testimony tends to contradict that statement in two particulars, that his position was where he could best see and his signals be best seen, that under the rules governing the movements of trains then and there, no switch engine had a right to come on the south track until the Maple Leaf train had reached the Wyandotte station. But taking the defendant’s statement of the situation, it still leaves it an open question of fact whether the plaintiff was failing to observe ordinary care. If the engine which did the mischief had come down the track at the rate of only six miles an hour with headlight conspicuously displayed, the stream of light would doubtless have flashed down the track past where the-plaintiff was standing and he might have seen it in time to have stepped aside, though his face was to the east. Was it unreasonable for the plaintiff after he had looked to the west, and had seen no headlight, to take the position he did, trusting that the switch engine would not come, when, under the rules, it had no right to come, or that if it should come it would not come swiftly* silently and in darkness ? The plaintiff said that from the time he turned his face east it was not over a half minute untff he was struck; one of his witnesses on cross-examination said it was one or two minutes. When it comes down to the point of estimating duration of time by one or two minutes or the fraction of a minute, under exciting circumstances, the testimony of the average-witness as to accuracy is of little value. Under the circumstances of this case we are of the opinion that the most that can be said on this point in-favor of the'defendant is that it was a question of fact for the jury, and since the court submitted it to the jury under unobjectionable instructions and the jury — 661 — have rendered their verdict, that is the end of it. II. The point is presented that the plaintiff and the engineer were fellow-servants. There is, however, one essential to the relation of fellow-servants that is missing — -there was no common master. 'The plaintiff was the servant of the Belt company, from whom he received his orders and to whom he was answerable. The engineer on the other hand was,the servant of the Kansas City, Osceola and Southern Company from whom he received his orders and to whom he was answerable. Under such circumstances they were not fellow-servants. [Beach on Contrib. Neg. (3 Ed.), secs. 338 and 341; Shearman & Redf. on Neg. (5 Ed.), secs. 224 and 225.] III. The third point of appellant is thus stated in its brief: “The court erred in refusing to give instructions numbered one and two as prayed by defendant. These instructions were to the effect that although the bell was not rung, yet if the whistle was sounded it was sufficient.” The instructions as asked were as follows: ‘‘ 1. The court instructs the jury that it devolves on the plaintiff to make out his case by a preponderance of the evidence, and before he can recover herein you must believe from the evidence that at the time of being injured he was in the exercise of ordinary care1, that is, such care as a person of órdinary and reasonable prudence would exercise under like circumstances , and that while in the exercise of such care he was run upon and struck by an engine of the defendant, and at the time thereof the same was being run at a rate of speed in excess of six miles per hour, or that said engine had no headlight nor large lantern conspicuously placed in front of same facing the direction in which the same was moving, or that defendant’s servants in charge of said train did not ring the bell on said locomotive, or sound the whistle thereof to notify the plaintiff of its approach, and unless you so believe you will find for the defendant. “2. If you shall believe from the evidence that at — 662 — the time of the injury to the plaintiff there was a headlight facing plaintiff on said engine conspicuously placed in front of the same facing the direction in which the same was moving, and that the bell was rung or whistle sounded, and that the train was not running at a rate of speed to exceed six miles an hour, your finding must be for the defendant.’ ’ These instructions were given as asked except that the words “or sound the whistle” in the first and “or whistle sounded ’ ’ in the second were stricken out. The plaintiff had alleged in his petition in the beginning, four acts of the defendant as negligence: speed in excess of six miles an hour, no headlight, failure to ring the bell, or sound the whistle. On motion of the defendant the allegation as to failure to sound the whistle was struck out. The instructions as given required the plaintiff to prove one or the other of the three acts alleged as negligence and that it was the proximate cause of the accident, else the verdict should be for the defendant. But as the averment in the petition that the whistle was not sounded was struck out on the defendant’s motion it had no right to an instruction indicating that the duty devolved on the plaintiff to prove that avermént. The second instruction was to the effect that if the whistle was sounded the plaintiff could not recover. In their brief the learned counsel argue that if the plaintiff knew of the approach of the train, whether by the ringing of the bell or the sounding of the whistle, it was all the same in effect, and that is so. But that is not the effect of the instruction; it was if the whistle was sounded the plaintiff could not recover. Of course if the plaintiff knew the train was coming it is immaterial from what source he derived the knowledge. To say that the whistle was sounded is not the same as to say the plaintiff knew the train was coming. It would be difficult to believe that this plaintiff knew that that train was coming. The court did not err in modifying the instructions as asked. IY. The sixth instruction refused is as follows: “6. It was the duty of the plaintiff to look both — 663 — ways for the approach of trains, and to exercise all reasonable and ordinary care to avoid being struck by the same, and if at any time before being struck he could either by looking or listening have known of the approach of the defendant’s train in time to have avoided the accident complained of, or occupied a place of safety in the discharge of his duties, then he is not entitled to recover in this cause, and your verdict should be for the defendant. ’ ’ The jury had already been instructed that it was the duty of the plaintiff to have exercised the. degree of care that an ordinarily prudent man engaged in that business and under like circumstances would have exercised and that he could not recover if he failed to do so and if such failure contributed to the accident. Now when this instruction says that “it was the duty of- the plaintiff to look both ways for the approach of trains and to exercise all reasonable and ordinary care to avoid being struck by the same,” if it means more than the jury had already been instructed on that point, or if it means that he must use all reasonable care to protect himself regardless of his duty to protect the lives of other persons whose safety was in his hands, it means more than the law approves. The instruction in that connection goes on to say, “And if at any time before being struck he could either by looking or listening have known of the approach of defendant’s train in time to have avoided the accident,” he cannot recover. That is to say, if by turning his back on the three trains that were watching to move on his signal and looking to the west he might have seen this engine of the defendant in time to have jumped out of the way before it struck him he cannot recover. The instruction is susceptible of that interpretation and was therefore properly refused. This man’s office was one of peril and the lives of many persons depended daily on the faithful performance of his duty under dangerous conditions, and whilst he was bound to observe the care that an ordinarily prudent man under the same conditions would observe for his own — 664 — protection, yet Ms own protection was not the only or the chief obligation that rested upon him, and if in the faithful discharge of his duties he put the welfare of others before that of his own the law will not condemn him. V. The seventh instruction refused was as follows: “7. Although you may believe that the plaintiff did not signal the defendant’s train, and that defendant crossed Grand ,avenue and struck plaintiff without having received any signal to cross the same; this fact alone will not authorize you to find a verdict for the plaintiff. Before he can recover he must have been in the exercise of ordinary care, and defendant’s train must have been run at a rate of speed exceeding six miles an hour, without a headlight facing the plaintiff, and without warning given by defendant of the coming of the train, either by blowing the whistle or ringing the bell; if either warning was given of the coming of the train the plaintiff can not recover, and in no event can he recover if his position at the time contributed in anywise to his injury.” Under that instruction the plaintiff could not recover unless he proved all the acts of negligence charged and also that if the whistle was sounded he could not recover. What is said above in discussing the first and second instructions refused is applicable to this instruction. VI. The contention that the motion for a new trial should have been sustained on the ground that the verdict is against the law as declared by the court, is founded on the following: Among the instructions asked by the defendant were these two: £ ‘ 3. The plaintiff under the law was -charged with the exercise of ordinary care, and if you shall believe from the evidence that he stood on, or so near to, the south track of the railroad that a passing trMn struck him, and that a careful and prudent flagman would not, under like circumstances, have stood at said place, then — 665 — your finding must be for tbe defendant. “4. Although the plaintiff may have been instructed to signal trains from the south side of the track, such instructions would not justify him in assuming, if he did assume, a dangerous position to flag the trains at the time of his injury, and if you believe that at the time he was struck by the train he was occupying a dangerous position, and that such position contributed in any manner to his injury, and that a careful and prudent flagman would not under like circumstances have occupied such á position, you will find for the defendant. ’ ’ The court struck out of instruction 3 the words, “and that a careful and prudent flagman would not under like circumstances have stood at said place, ’ ’ and struck out of instruction 4 the words, “and that a careful and prudent flagman would not under like circumstances have occupied such a position,” and gave the two instructions. The striking out of those words rendered the instructions equivalent to a peremptory direction to find for the defendant. They amounted to a declaration that if the plaintiff was standing near enough to the track to be struck by the passing train he was not entitled to recover. Counsel for appellant may well say the verdict of the jury is against the law as there declared by the court. In view of the other instructions given and those refused, and of the ruling of the court all through the trial, we are inclined to think there must have been some accident or oversight that left these two instructions in that form. But, however that may be, the instructions as given were erroneous and in conflict with the other instructions given. It is the duty of a jury to obey the instructions of the court, even though they may be erroneous. If instructions happen to be in conflict with each other, the jury.is not to blame if it follows the direction of either. In such case if a new trial should be granted it would be not on the ground of misconduct of the jury but of error in the instructions. The defendant was not entitled to a peremptory instruction for a verdict in its favor, and — 666 — we are satisfied from the whole record in this case that the jury did not understand that they were so directed. There were other instructions defining the issues and directing the jury as to the law and the case appears to have been tried in conformity to those instructions. The point presented that the verdict is against those two instructions is very technical and does not reach the merits of the case. This court is forbidden by law to reverse the judgment of any court “unless it shall believe that error was committed by such court against the appellant or plaintiff in error, and materially affecting the merits of the action.” [Sec. 865, R. S. 1899.] YIII. Lastly, it is said in the brief for appellant,, though it is not assigned for error, that the motion for new trial should have been sustained because there was no evidence that the defendant ever accepted or agreed to be bound by any of the ordinances in evidence. This point was not made in the circuit court. The ordinances were read in evidence without objection and after they were in the defendant moved to strike them out ‘ ‘ on the ground that they are not made by their terms applicable to anybody but to the employees of the road.” The motion was overruled and no exception was taken to the ruling. We find no error in the record affecting the merits of the case and therefore the judgment is affirmed. Brace, P. J., concurs; Marshall and Robinson, JJ., dissent. The cause is therefore transferred to Court in Banc.