State ex rel. Hadley v. Burkhead

GANTT, J. — This is an original proceeding in this court by the Attorney-General against Judge Asbury Burkhead, to require said Burkhead to show by what authority be assumes to exercise the duties of the office of judge of the circuit court within and for the Thirty-first Judicial Circuit of this State. The return of the respondent pleads as bis warrant for so doing, that the General Assembly of Missouri by an act approved March 13, 1901, created and established the Thirty-first Judicial Circuit of this State, composed of the counties of Christian, Douglas, Ozark, Stone and Taney, and provided therein for the election of a judge of said circuit at the general election to be held on the fourth day of November, 1902; that at said election the respondent Burkhead was duly elected to said office by the qualified voters of said circuit, and a certificate of his said election was issued to him; that be bad all the qualifications prescribed by the laws of this State for the incumbent of said office, setting them out specifically and in detail; that on the eighth day of — 24 — December, 1902, the Governor of the State of Missouri, by virtue of respondent’s election to said office by the qualified voters of said circuit and in accordance therewith, did, in the name and authority of the State of Missouri, issue to him a commission as judge of the said Thirty-first Judicial Circuit; that he duly qualified on the sixteenth day of December, 1902, by taking and subscribing an oath to support the Constitution of the United States and the Constitution of the State of Missouri, and to faithfully demean himself in said office, and a certificate thereof was indorsed on said commission; and respondent claims that, notwithstanding the Legislature by the act creating said circuit attempted to limit the term of the judge elected at the general election in November, 1902, to two years, yet the Constitution fixes said term at .six years, and respondent by virtue of his election, qualification and commission is entitled, under the express terms of the Constitution, to hold said office for six years from the first day of January, 1903. To this return the Attorney-General filed the following denial: “Now comes Herbert S. Hadley, who in this behalf represents the State of Missouri, and for reply to the answer- of respondent herein admits that at the general election^ in November, 1902, the respondent, Asbury Burkhead, was elected to the office of judge of the Thirty-first Judicial Circuit of the State of Missouri by the qualified voters of said circuit, and that he received a certificate of election therefor and a commission from the Governor of Missouri. “But, your informant denies that respondent was elected to said office for a term of six years or that he is now rightfully holding said office and that he is now rightfully exercising the rights, privileges and duties devolving upon the judge of the Thirty-first Judicial Circuit of the State of Missouri, but alleges that each and every allegation in the respondent’s an — 25 — swer to this purport and effect is untrue; that in truth and in fact the respondent was elected to said office of judge of the Thirty-first Judicial Circuit under the provisions of an act of the General Assembly of the State of Missouri, approved March 13, 1901, creating said Thirty-first Judicial Circuit of the State of Missouri, and by the provisions of said act it was provided that the term of office for which the respondent was elected and commissioned should begin at the general election held in 1902, and that said term of office should end on the first Monday in January, 1905, and that the said term of office, by the express provisions of said act, did terminate upon the first Monday in January, 1905. “Your informant further admits that upon the date alleged in the answer of respondent, the Hon. George W. Thornsberry was regularly appointed by the Governor of this State as judge of the Thirty-first Judicial Circuit of the State of Missouri to hold said office until the general election in November, 1902, but your informant further alleges that said Hon. George W. Thornsberry was appointed under the provisions of the same act of the General Assembly of the State of Missouri, approved March 13, 1901, under and by virtue of the provisions of which act said Asbury Burkhead was elected at the general election in November, 1902, to serve for a term which, it was provided in said act, should end on the first Monday in January, 1905. “Your informant further alleges that at the general election in the year 1904, under the provisions of said act of the General Assembly, approved on the thirteenth of March, 1901, creating said Thirty-first Judicial Circuit, and particularly under the provisions of sections 1717 and 1749, the Hon. John T. Moore was duly elected, and was duly commissioned and qualified as judge of the Thirty-first Judicial Circuit of Missouri, as the successor of the respondent, to said office; and that since the first Monday in January, 1905,'the — 26 — said Hon. John T. Moore has been and now is the duly elected, commissioned and legally qualified judge of the Thirty-first Judicial Circuit of the State of Missouri and is now legally and rightfully entitled to exercise the rights and duties of said office; that at the time of the election of said Hon. John T. Moore to said office, he was and is now fully and legally qualified for said position and that he was over the age of thirty years, had been a citizen of the United States for over five years, was a qualified voter of this State for three years next 'before his election, that he had been regularly admitted to the practice of the law and was learned in the law, and that he resided in and still resides in said Thirty-first Judicial Circuit. “Further replying to the answer of the respondent herein, your informant states that by the terms of said act creating said Thirty-first Judicial Circuit of the State of Missouri, the official term of the respondent was limited as above set forth; that respondent was elected to said office solely by virtue of the provisions of said act of the General Assembly providing for said election; that proceeding under the provisions of said act, he assumed the duties of said office of judge of the Thirty-first Judicial Circuit and acting thereunder for a period of two years, he exercised the duties of said office and enjoyed the rights, privileges and emoluments thereof, knowing full well at all times that his term of' office, by the provisions of said act of the General Assembly of Missouri, was so limited in time; that acting upon the knowledge of the said limitation imposed upon the terms of his said office by the express provisions of the act creating said Thirty-first Judicial Circuit and in recognition of the validity of said limitation, the said respondent became a candidate for nomination for the office of judge of the Thirty-first Judicial Circuit of Missouri before the Bepublican Judicial Convention of said circuit, which was held at Forsyth, Missouri, on April 11, 1904, which said con — 27 — vention was legally called, under the provisions of the statutes of the State of Missouri, for the purpose of nominating a candidate for the office of judge of the Thirty-first Judicial Circuit of the State- of Missouri, to he elected at the general election held in 1904, for a period of six years, beginning upon the first Monday in January, 1905; that in said convention, before which said respondent was a candidate and from which he was soliciting said nomination, he was defeated for nomination for said office by the said John T. Moore, who was duly nominated for said office by said judicial convention, and who was, at the general election in 1904, duly elected to said office as aforesaid, and who has regularly qualified to discharge the duties of said office as aforesaid, and who is now legally and rightfully entitled to exercise and discharge the duties of said office. “That by reason of the above facts the respondent is now estopped from questioning the validity of the said act of the General Assembly of the State of Missouri under which said Thirty-first Judicial Circuit was created and his term of office so held by him was brought into existence, regulated and limited, and that he should be held so estopped by this court. “Wherefore, your informant prays that the respondent be adjudged a usurper to the office of Judge of the Thirty-first Judicial Circuit of the State of Missouri, and judgment of ouster rendered against him; that said office may be restored to the rightful incumbent thereof, the Hon. John T. Moore, the successor of said respondent in said office; and that the costs of this proceeding shall be adjudged against the respondent, to all of'"which your informant will ever pray.” And thereupon the respondent filed his motion for judgment on the pleadings. The issues thus framed present the question for adjudication, whether so much of the act of 1901 creating the Thirty-first Judicial Circuit of this State as limited the term of respondent — 28 — to two years and to end on the first Monday of January, 1905, was unconstitutional. If constitutional, the term of respondent was at an end on the first Monday of January, 1905, and the ouster must he awarded. By the act of March 31, 1901, the State was redistricted into judicial circuits, and by section 1716a the Thirty-first Circuit was created and composed of the counties of Christian, Douglas, Ozark, Stone and Taney. By section 1717 it is provided: “As soon as convenient after the approval of this act, the Governor shall appoint a judge of the Thirty-first Judicial Circuit, who shall hold his office until the next general election, when his successor shall be elected, which successor shall hold such office until the first Monday in J anuary in the year 1905, and at the general election in the year 1904 a judge shall be elected for the Thirty-first Judicial Circuit in like manner as other circuit judges are elected. ” By section 1749 of said act it is further provided: “At the general election in the year one thousand nine hundred and four, and at the general election every sixth year thereafter, all the circuit judges shall be elected, and shall enter upon the duties of their offices on the first Monday in January next ensuing: Provided, that the general election in the year 1904, and at the general election every sixth year thereafter, the judges of the circuit court of Jackson county, whose terms of office expire in said year 1902, shall be elected and shall enter upon the discharge of the duties of their offices as above provided: Provided, further, that nothing contained in this section shall be construed as changing the law now in force concerning the election of circuit judges in the city of St. Louis and the county of Buchanan. ’ ’ The act of March 13, 1901, went into effect June 10, 1901, and thereupon the Governor appointed Hon. George ~W. Thornsberry judge of said circuit until the next general election to be held on the fourth day of No — 29 — vember, 1902. On the last-mentioned day, the respondent Burkhead was elected judge of said circuit and duly commissioned for a term ending the first Monday in January, 1905. At the general election in 1904, Hon. John T. Moore, possessing all the qualifications of a circuit judge, was elected judge of said circuit, and was duly commissioned for a term of six years ending the first Monday in January, 1911. The Constitution of Missouri (sec. 25, art. 6) provides : * ‘ The judges of the circuit court shall he elected bv the qualified voters of each circuit; shall hold their offices for the term of six years, and shall reside in and be conservators of the peace within their respective circuits.” Section 32 of article 6 of the Constitution provides that “in case the office of judge of any court of record become vacant by death, resignation, removal, failure to qualify, or otherwise, such vacancy shall be filled in the manner provided by law.” Section 11 of article 5 of the Constitution provides: “When any office shall become vacant, the Governor, unless otherwise provided by law, shall appoint a person to fill such vacancy, who shall continue in office until a successor shall have been duly elected, or appointed and qualified according to law.” By an act of the General Assembly known as section 1631, Eevised Statutes 1899, it is provided: “If the office of the judge of any court of record of this State shall become vacant from death, resignation or from any other cause, such vacancy shall be filled by the appointment of the Governor until the next general election held after such vacancy occurs, when the same shall be filled by election for the residue of the unexpired term.” In view of the foregoing constitutional and statutory provisions, the respondent Burkhead insists that the term of a circuit judge elected by the qualified voters of a judicial circuit is definitely fixed by the — 30 — Constitution of the State, and therefore, when he was elected at the general election in 1902, he was elected for six years, notwithstanding the statute providing for his election at that time expressly limited his term to end on the first Monday in January, 1905; that it was not in the power of the Legislature to make the term for which such election was held, to less than» six years; that section 25 of article 6 of the Constitution applies to the first judge elected in such newly-created circuit as well as to those subsequently elected therein and in other circuits. Section 25 of article 6 of the Constitution of 1875 has never been construed by this court, and in view of the Legislative construction placed upon it in connection with section 11 of article 5 and section 32 of article 6 of the Constitution as evinced by section 1631, Revised Statutes 1899, and executive action in various similar cases to this, the question presented by this proceeding is one of more than ordinary importance. "We have deemed it instructive to trace the history of section 25 of article 6 of the Constitution of 1875. Under the Constitution of 1820 the judges of the circuit court we^e appointed by the Governor with the advice and consent' of the Senate and held their offices during good behavior. [Sec. 13, art. 5, Constitution of Missouri, 1820.] By a constitutional amendment adopted by the General Assembly of 1850 and 1851, the appointive system was abolished and thereafter, “each judge of the circuit court shall be elected by the qualified voters of their respective circuits, and shall be elected for the term of six years, but may continue in office until his successor shall be elected and qualified, and if any vacancy shall happen in the office of any circuit judge, by death, resignation, removal out of his circuit, or by any other disqualification, the Governor shall, upon being satisfied that a vacancy exists, issue a writ of election to fill such vacancy: Provided, that said vacancy shall hap — 31 — pen at least six months before the next general election of said judge; but if such vacancy shall happen within six months of the general election aforesaid, the Governor shall appoint a judge for such circuit; .but every such election or appointment to fill a vacancy shall be for the residue of the term only. And the General Assembly shall provide, by law, for the election of said judges in their respective circuits; and, in case of a tie, or contested election, between the candidates, the same shall be determined in the manner to be prescribed by law. And the General Assembly shall provide, by law, for the election of said judges in their respective circuits, to fill any vacancy which may occur at any time at least six months before a general election for said judges. The first general election for circuit judges shall be on the first Monday in .August, 1851, and on the first Monday in August every six years thereafter. . . . The offices of the several circuit judges shall be vacated on the first Monday in August, A. D. 1851.” In the Constitution of 1865, the provisions of the amendment of 1851 were largely reproduced. It was provided a judge should be elected for each circuit and except as therein provided should be elected for a term of six years and until his successor should be elected and qualified. It was provided that “if any vacancy shall happen in the office of any circuit judge by death, resignation, removal out of his circuit, or by any other disqualification,” the Governor should issue a writ of election to fill such vacancy. The provisions as to filling vacancies were exactly as in the amendment of 1850-51. It was then provided that “at the general election in 1868, and at the general election every sixth year, all the circuit judges should be elected and enter upon their duties the first Monday of January next ensuing. ’ ’ In both the amendment of 1850-51 and in the Constitution of 1865 it was provided that the circuit judge should be “elected for the term of six years.” The — 32 — Constitution of 1875 provides they shall “hold their offices for the term of six years.” It is apparent that there was a settled policy adopted in 1850-51 and continued in 1865 to produce a uniformity throughout the State in the election of circuit judges. It was only changed in 1865 to the extent of changing the general election from the first Monday in August to the first Tuesday in November, in 1868. Thus the Constitution remained until 1875, and the circuit judges were elected in 1868 and in 1874. By the express provision in the Schedule of the Constitution of 1875, “all persons now [then] filling any office or appointment in this State shall continue in the exercise of the duties thereof, according to their respective commissions or appointments, unless otherwise provided by law.” As a matter of fact all the judges elected in 1874 did hold their offices until the general election in 1880, and elections were required to be held and were held in 1886, 1892 and 1898, and by the last general districting act of 1901 it was provided that at the general election in 1904 and at the general election every sixth year thereafter all the circuit judges shall be elected except in the city of St. Louis and the county of Buchanan. That it has been the uniform policy of the State that the regular terms of the circuit judges of the State should begin on the same day and should continue for six years is not to be denied. We have recalled the provisions of the prior constitutions of this State and the unbroken line of legislative enactments indicating a settled policy of uniformity in the election of and the terms of office of circuit judges of this State, for the reason that it is a recognized rule of construction that the Constitution should be construed with due regard to the law as it existed at 'the time of its adoption. At that time the organic law and the statute law since 1851 had provided for a uniform time of electing circuit judges and for the length of their terms. — 33 — The constitutional provision for the election of circuit judges and providing that they should be elected for the term of six years was before this court for construction in State ex rel. Jackson v. Emerson, 39 Mo. 80. By an act of the General Assembly approved March 3, 1855, the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit was established. By the third section of that act it was provided an election should be held in the various counties of said circuit on the third Monday in March, 1855, for a judge of said circuit “who should hold his office until the regular election for circuit judges.” The regular election was fixed by the Constitution for the first Monday in August, 1857. At the election in March, 1855, Jackson was elected judge of said circuit, and at the regular election in August, 1857, he was re-elected for a term of six years. At the next regular election-in 1863, John W. Emerson was elected judge of said circuit for six years. Thereupon Jackson claimed that he was entitled to hold said office until 1867; that by his election in 1855 he was entitled to hold until 1861 and by his election in 1857 he was entitled to six years, beginning in March 1861, and ending in March, 1867; that so much of the act of -1855 as limited his first term until the next regular election in 1857 was unconstitutional. While this court recognized that the regular term of a circuit judge was six years under the Constitution, it held that in construing the constitutional provision in question, “the true intention of the framers must be arrived at if possible, and, when necessary, the strict letter of the act, instrument or law; must yield to the manifest intent. The intention was to produce uniformity in the tenure of the judges throughout the State. The power to create and establish new circuits was conceded to the Legislature, but we are unable' to see anything which expressed or implied a prohibition against the Legislature forming a new circuit and making the judge elective till the — 34 — next general election, though, it should he for a less period than six years.” In that case Judge Ewing, counsel for Jackson, urged, just as respondent Burkhead in' this case does, that when a circuit judge was elected under that Constitution, it was for six years, and that the Legislature could not limit his first term to less than six years or to the next regular election. In that case it was insisted by Messrs. Clover and Shepley that the provisions of the Constitution for filling a vacancy would support the act of the Legislature, but it was pointed out by Judge Wagner that the only vacancy authorizing an election for the residue of the term was a vacancy which should happen in the office of circuit judge by “death, resignation, removal out of his circuit or by any other disqualification.” Obviously Judge Wagner and this court were right in holding that the vacancy for which the Constitution provided was not a vacancy which occurred simply by the creation of the office before any incumbent had occupied it. But the opinion stands upon the broader ground that as the Legislature had the unquestioned right to create and establish new circuits, it was no infringement of the Constitution to provide by an election for filling the term until the regular election for all circuit judges. When, therefore, the Convention of 1875 came to deal with the judicial department of our State government, they were aware of the construction placed upon the former Constitutions. They were apprised also that the vacancy provided for in the Constitutions of 1850-51 and 1865 was limited to the vacancy caused by ‘ ‘ death, resignation, removal out of his circuit or by disqualification” of the incumbent. And it is obvious when the Convention came to consider the vacancies that would almost inevitably occur in the offices of the various judges of the courts of record, instead of limiting it by special legislation as had been done in the amendment of 1850-51 and 1865, they in — 35 — serted a provision more in harmony with the scope of an organic law, and by section 32 of article 6 of the Constitution provided that “in case the office of judge of any court of record become vacant by death, resignation, removal, failure to qualify or otherwise, such vacancy shall be filled in the manner provided by law.” Now prior to the meeting of the Convention in 1875 it had become the decided law of this State that whenever a new office is created and no one is designated by the act establishing it to fill it, there exists a vacancy in the office (State ex rel. v. County Court, 50 Mo. 317), and the opinion therein expressed has been followed and approved since. [State ex rel. v. McMillan, 108 Mo. 153.] And such is the accepted doctrine in other jurisdictions in the United States. [Walsh v. Commonwealth, 89 Pa. St. 426.] In State ex rel. v. Askew, 48 Ark. 89, the Supreme Court of that State said: “Vacancy is the state of being empty or unfilled. Vacant lands are unoccupied lands. A vacant house is an untenanted house. A vacant office is an office without an incumbent; and it can make no difference whether the office be a new or an old one. An old office is vacated by death, resignation, or removal. An office newly created becomes ipso facto vacant in its creation.” [Rhodes v. Hampton, 101 N. C. 629; Stocking v. State, 7 Ind. 326.] Now it is a familiar and wise rule for the interpretation of all instruments in writing, statutes and constitions as well, that no construction should be adopted which substantially discards any clause therein, but “the rule applicable here is, that effect is to be given, if possible, to the whole instrument, and to every section and clause. If different portions seem to conflict, the court must harmonize them, if practicable, and must lean in favor of a construction which will render every word operative, rather than one which may make some words idle and nugatory.” [Cooley’s Const. Lim. (6 Ed.), p. 72.] — 36 — It is clear at a glance that the framers of the Constitution were dealing with one and the same subject when they formulated sections 25 and 32 of article 6 of the Constitution of 1875. Both refer to the filling of the office of judge of the circuit court. Section 25 provided for the regular or official term of the circuit judge and fixed that at six years, a limitation which all concede can neither be abridged nor extended by the Legislature, and in section 32 they were providing for those irregular terms which the prescience of the framers saw would necessarily result from the death, resignation or removal of an incumbent and from the creation of new circuits from time to time as the growth of the State would necessitate, and by the word “vacancy” and “filling such vacancy” they intended to and did provide for those irregular or fractional terms. Each of these sections is a part of the organic law and each equally binding upon the Legislature and the courts. They also expressly provided for that which this court had already construed to be a necessary intendment and power, to-wit, that the “circuits may be changed, enlarged, diminished or abolished from time to time as public convenience may require.” • Anticipating then the creation of new circuits wherein the judgeship would be vacant, they wisely determined to leave the filling of such vacancies to the wisdom of the Legislature, and • accordingly ordained that such vacancies shall be filled in the manner provided by law." Reading the two sections together, they provided in section 25 for the length of the regular term and made it six years, to conform to and continue the then established constitutional and statutory policy of the State, but at the same time, recognizing that the vacancies which would 'occur would necessarily produce irregular terms of the incumbent elected or appointed to fill the same, they conferred that power upon the Legislature. In so doing they ratified the construction placed — 37 — by this court upon the constitutional amendment of 1850-51 by which it was held competent for the Legislature to provide for the election of a judge for a vacancy occurring by the establishment of a new circuit, notwithstanding the regular term was fixed at six years, but aware of the difficulty which confronted the' court in construing the language as to vacancies, they went further and gave the Legislature full power to provide by law for all vacancies in the offices of judges of courts of record, and this the Legislature did in the enactment of section 1631, Revised Statutes 1899, wherein it is provided: “If the office of the judge of any court of record of this'State shall become vacant from death, resignation, or from any other cause, such vacancy shall be filled by the appointment of the Governor until the next general election held after such vacancy occurs, when the same shall be filled by election for the residue of the unexpired term.” In the same revision by section 1673 the uniform election of all circuit judges with the exceptions of the city of St. Louis and county of Buchanan was provided for every sixth year, and that uniformity is preserved in the act of March 13, 1901. It seems to be conceded that it was entirely competent for the Legislature to have provided for the appointment of a judge by the Governor, for such power is expressly conferred by section 11 of article 5 of the Constitution which provides: “When any office shall become vacant, the Governor, unless otherwise provided by law, shall appoint a person to fill such vacancy, who shall continue in office until a successor shall have been duly elected or appointed and qualified according to law.” Had the Legislature not been empowered by section 32 to provide for vacancies in the offices of judges of courts of record, if the' Legislature created a new circuit and did not provide for an election, unquestionably the Governor could have filled the vacancy. — 38 — The question then is narrowed down to the authority of the Legislature to provide for filling a portion of the vacancy resulting from the creation of a new circuit by an election to fill such portion. In our opinion the grant contained in section 32 is ample to allow the Legislature to provide for it, either by appointment by the Governor for the whole vacancy, or by an election for the whole vacancy, or, as it has been done, by appointment by the Governor until the first general election after the vacancy occurs and an election for the residue of such vacancy; and reading the Constitution in the light of the previous and then existing and constitutional provisions and all of its own provisions together, we are satisfied that by the term “vacancy” the framers meant that period of time from the happening of the vacany up to the time when the other circuit judges were to be elected throughout the State, and that the purpose of uniformity was apparent — otherwise the term vacancy is indefinite and too uncertain for the practical enforcement of the Constitution. We are reinforced in the views above expressed by the decisions of our sister States. Thus, in State ex rel. v. Gorin, 6 Nevada 276, the Constitution of Nevada provided that, “the district judges shall be elected by the qualified electors of their respective districts and shall hold office for the term of four years (excepting those elected at the first election) from and including the first Monday of January next succeeding their election and qualification.” By an act of the Legislature of 1867 it was provided “that the county of Lincoln (which was created by the same act), should constitute the Ninth Judicial District, and a judge thereof shall be appointed by the Governor who shall hold his office until his successor is ■ elected and qualified; provided, his successor shall hold his office two years from the first day of January, 1869. ’ ’ Under this law, Charles A. Leake was elected to this judgeship in November, 1868, and entered upon the duties — 39 — of Ms office. In 1870, in August, he died, and the Governor appointed Gorin to succeed him. At the regular election in November, 1870, Fuller was elected to succeed Gorin for the full term of four years. Gorin refused to surrender the office and quo warranto was brought against him by the Attorney-General. Gorin placed his right to retain the office upon the assumption that the election of Leake was for the full term of four years instead of two; that the law so far as it limited it to two years was in conflict with section 5 of article 6 of the Constitution. In denying such a contention, the court held the act constitutional, and said, among other things.- “Section five, which declares that district judges elected, etc., ‘shall hold office for the term of four years,’ simply means that four years shall be the regular full term of the district judgeship of this State. By the literal language of the Constitution, it is made incumbent upon every person elected to the judgeship to continue in the office for the period of four years. It will certainly not be claimed that any such construction is to be placed upon the clause in question, and the oMy other which can be placed upon it, is that it fixes the term of the office, and not of the officer. Nor does the election of a person to the office of judge necessarily fix the beginning of a four years’ term; for that may be, by the section quoted concerning the filling of vacancies, an election for a fractional part of a term. And it is from the reason which gave rise to this latter section, that we find a solution of this case. "What, then, was the object sought to be accomplished by the provision limiting the election of a judge, when a vacancy has occurred, to the residue of the unexpired term? A vacancy having happened, why not at the first opportunity allow the people to fill the office for the full term of four years? Manifestly, we think, because it was deemed desirable to have the election of these judges occur at. the same time throughout the — 40 — State, to prevent the expiration of one term at one time and another at another time.” A similar construction was given a similar constitutional provision by the Supreme Court of Kansas in Hagerty v. Arnold, 13 Kan. 367, the court holding that the term of office fixed by the Constitution applied only to the regular term of the office and not to vacancies or exceptional cases. In State ex rel. v. Hicks, 36 La. Ann. 836, the same contention was made that is made by respondent, that a judge elected to fill a newly-created judgeship, although limited by the act to “the next general election for district judges, or until his successor shall be qualified according to law,” was elected for four years as provided by the Constitution of Louisiana, article 109, but the Supreme Court rejected the argument and held that the provision in regard to filling vacancies at special elections authorized a shorter term, to-wit, until the next regular election for such judges. To the same effect is Wellborn v. Estes, 70 Ga. 390, in which the Supreme Court called to its aid the same rules of construction which we have invoked in this case, and it was held that the filling of a vacancy by limiting the term of the first incumbent did hot collide with the constitutional provision fixing the term of their offices at four years. In State ex rel. v. Askew, 48 Ark. 82, the position of respondent is completely answered. The Constitution of Arkansas, section 17 of article 7, fixed the terms of circuit judges at four years, but also contained a further provision, section 50 of article 7, that, “All vacancies occurring in any office provided for in this article [the article relating to the judicial department] shall be filled by special election. ’ ’ The court held that, when a new office was created, a vacancy existed at once as to its incumbency, citing Stocking v. State, 7 Ind. 326, and State ex rel. v. Boone County Court, 50 Mo. 317, and other authorities, and said that the theory — 41 — that there was no vacancy prior to an election in such ease was supported by one ease only, State ex rel. v. Messmore, 14 Wis. 163. Held, further, that when the Constitution was adopted it had been settled under the provisions of a former constitution that upon the happening of a vacancy the election was for the unexpired portion of the term and not for a full term of four years. The court in a clear and lucid opinion construed the act providing for an election of a judge, the term of whose office should expire at the time of the other circuit judges, to be constitutional. In answer to the proposition urged in this case, that the term was fixed for six years in order to secure the independence of the judiciary, the Supreme Court of Arkansas pertinently remarks that, “it must not be supposed that the convention fixed the tenure of judges out of any particular regard for the sanctity of the judicial office, above that of any other constitutional office. With us, offices exist for the public convenience, and not for the special benefit of the incumbents. The purpose was to secure not merely a fixed term of office to the judges, but also to afford the people an opportunity at stated intervals to change them. ’ ’ And we may remark, that certainly the tenure adopted in this State was not to secure the independence of the judiciary only, inasmuch as a life tenure by appointment was abolished in 1850-51, and instead thereof the elective system for six years adopted. Learned counsel for respondent urged that the various decisions which were founded largely on the evident purpose of producing uniformity in the election of the judges were based on constitutional provisions which, like the amendment of 1850-51 and 1865, fixed a definite beginning and ending of the term, but in Hagerty v. Arnold, 13 Kan. 380, the court bases its argument and conclusion that when the Constitution (as our Constitution of 1875 does) fixes the length of the term without designating the day of the beginning — 42 — of the term, the Legislature has the right to fix the commencement, and the principle of uniformity is a paramount consideration in the interpretation of statutes like the one now before us for construction. [In re Election of Judges, 11 Colo. 373; People ex rel. v. Le Fevre, 21 Colo. 218.] In support of the opposing view we are cited to. numerous cases in other States. Among these is People ex rel. v. Waterman, 86 Cal. 27. That was a proceeding to compel, the Governor by mandamus to call an election. Under the law of this State this court would have no power to compel the Governor to issue his writ of election, but aside from that, the facts are readily distinguishable from any of the cases we have cited. By section 9 of article 6 of the Constitution of California the Legislature was authorized to increase or diminish the number of judges of the superior court of any county. By an act of March 5, 1887, it did increase the judges of the superior court of San Bernardino county from one to two, and empowered the Governor to appoint an additional judge to hold office until the first Monday in January, 1889, and provided further that at the “next general election a judge of such superior court should be elected to hold office for the term prescribed by the Constitution and the law.” The next general election was held in November, 1888, at which Waterman was elected in accordance with such act. In September, 1890, the mandamus was sued out. The term of the other judge expired under the law the first Monday in January, 1891. The question was, did Waterman’s term under “the Constitution and law” expire at the time the other judge’s term expired, or was he elected for six years from and after the first Monday in January 1889? It was held, second, that Waterman was not elected to fill a vacancy under the laws of that State, a ruling contrary to our decisions and the great weight of authority in this — 43 — country. But, third, when the mandamus was applied for, Waterman had served less than two years of the time for which he had been elected, whereas in this case respondent Burkhead had fully served the term for which he had been elected according to the statute which authorized his election. Perhaps the best-reasoned ease opposed to the view we have taken is that of Meredith ex parte, 33 Gratt. 119. Under the Constitution of Virginia at that time and now, the judges of the Court of Appeals and other courts of record are required to be elected by the Legislature and in the Constitution there was no such comprehensive provision as to the filling of vacancies as is found in the Constitution of Missouri, but the term of the judge was fixed by the Constitution. Judge Staples in the course of -his opinion recognized fully the reason given by the Supreme Court of Mississippi and other courts in States where the judges are elected by. the people, as they are with us, and nowhere is it better stated than by himself. He draws the distinction in Virginia between the officers whose tenure was fixed by the Constitution, but were elected by the people, and the judges who were chosen by the Legislature. He says: “These references are sufficient to show that in filling the offices elected by the people the primary object is uniformity, to avoid as far as possible the necessity of special elections, and to establish a system of general elections throughout the State. And although it is not expressly so provided, it follows by necessary implication that whenever a vacancy occurs the election is for the unexpired term only. For if the incumbent is permitted to hold for the full constitutional term, in the course of time the deaths, resignations and removals occurring in the different counties would have the effect practically to abrogate the system of regular elections. When, therefore, the Constitution provides that certain officers shall be elected at a regular election, and that this — 44 — election shall take place on a certain • day named, at regular stated periods, it follows by inevitable implication that the terms of all such offices are to be controlled by the regular election held throughout the State.” Without reviewing all the cases relied upon by relator it must suffice to say that the peculiar language of the different constitutions has induced the construction for which respondent contends. To us the reason of Chief Justice Sharkey, in 6 Howard (7 Miss. 582), 582, in Smith v. Halfacre, announces the true rule when a Constitution like ours provides for the election of judges by the people and also provides for a system of general elections. The Constitution of Mississippi, 1832, section 11, article 4, provided that the circuit judges shall be elected by the qualified electors of each judicial district and,hold their offices for the term of four years and reside in their respective districts. The facts of that case were practically identical with those before us in this case. There was, however, no such comprehensive provision for filling vacancies as is found in section 32 of our Constitution, and yet Judge Sharkey pointed out that the provision for a four years’ term must be read in connection with the whole Constitution and the provision for general elections for the election of all officers. The proposition by counsel in that case was the same as that so ably argued by counsel for respondent in this case, that the Constitution had not fixed the time when the tenure of the judgeship should begin. To this the court addressed itself and pointed out that the contention of counsel would lead to inextricable confusion; that it was at war with the design and scope of the Constitution and the system of electing all officers at a general election. He says: “Counsel rely entirely on the force of the provision contained in the 11th section of the 4th article, which declares that the circuit judges shall be elected by the qualified electors of .each judicial district, and hold their offices for the term of four — 45 — years. This section, considered alone, might justify their construction; hut the whole instrument is to he taken together, with reference to all its parts. Other parts of the instrument provide that a general election shall he held biennially, in November, for the purpose of electing all officers under the Constitution. The term of four years, then, is to be taken in connection with this other provision.” The space alloted to this opinion will not admit of a reproduction of the full argument of the great jurist, but to our minds, based as it is upon a Constitution containing the same or kindred provisions of our own, it is a most satisfactory solution of the question before us. It is in harmony with the decision of this court in State ex rel. v. Emerson, 39 Mo. 80, and with the legislative and executive construction placed upon the Constitution of 1875 in the establishment of various new circuits; a construction acquiesced in by the bar of the State, and one which respondent himself placed upon the Constitution when he offered himself as a candidate for the nomination for this office in 1904. The conclusion we have reached is that section 25 of article 6 of the Constitution provides for the full regular term of a circuit judge elected at the general election for circuit judges; that section 32 was inserted to provide for the filling of vacancies and irregular terms until the regular general elections for judges, and that it was and is the true meaning and scope of the Constitution on this subject to provide a system of general elections for judges every six years, and that these vacancies end with such general elections; that the act of 1901 was a constitutional act, and that respondent Burkhead’s term ended the first Monday in January, 1905, and that since that date he has been a usurper and the writ of ouster is therefore awarded to remove him from said office. All concur.