Vanderberg v. Kansas City, Missouri, Gas Co.

LAMM, J. On March 18, 1903, plaintiff sued defendant as a public service corporation engaged in manufacturing and vending gas for light and fuel in Kansas City, Missouri, and enjoying a monopoly in such business under a franchise granted it by said city. In a nut-shell, her complaint is that at a certain time she was tenant and lessee (from month to month) of No. 1314 West 10th Street — a rooming house. That said house was fitted with gas plumbing and connected with defendant’s mains. That on her application on February 10, 1903, gas was turned on by defendant, and thereafter, on February 16, 1903, without excuse and maliciously, her gas was cut off. That on February 18th she again applied to defendant for gas, offering to make any deposit required by defendant and comply with all its reasonable rules and regulations, and was refused gas. Plaintiff sets forth the elements of her damages thus: ‘ ‘ She has been put to great inconvenience, ’ ’ she [458] says, “and damage in the use of her said house as á dwelling; that she can not rent the rooms in her said house for as much per week as she could if she could supply gas therein; and that she has been greatly injured and damaged; that she will continue to be inconvenienced and damaged by reason of defendant’s refusal to supply gas to said house for her use; and that of her roomers therein.” She lays her damages at $5,000 actual and $5,000 punitive damages. The answer tendered the general issue. At the close of plaintiff’s evidence, the trial court took the case from the jury by sustaining a demurrer, and plaintiff comes here. At the threshold we are confronted with a question of jurisdiction. By the constitutional amendment of 1884, sec. 3 (see R. S. 1899; p. 93) the General Assembly was given power to- “increase or diminish the pecuniary limit of the jurisdiction of the courts of appeals.” In 1901 (Laws 1901, p-. 107) the General Assembly acted under that power and provided that the courts of appeals should have jurisdiction of appeals and writs of error in all cases where the “amount in dispute,” exclusive of costs, should not exceed the sum of $4,500'. Prior to that time the pecuniary limit had been regulated by the Constitution (see sec. 12, art. 6, Constitution of Missouri), and “the amount in dispute” was placed at $2,500; exclusive of costs. The phrase, ‘ ‘ amount in dispute, ’ ’ has been before this court and- the courts of appeals more than once for interpretation and its intent and application may be said to have been guardedly arrived at- (or approached) by a gradual process of judicial exclusion and inclusion, as the cases presented for decision seemed to require. For example, if a plaintiff is cast on demurrer to his petition, it would seem that the amount stated in the petition controls the jurisdiction on appeal; but where, as in this case, the whole case , of plaintiff is459 presented below and becomes a part of the record through a bill of exceptions, this court has hesitated to give to a plaintiff the whimsical and unregulated power to control its jurisdiction by a mere stroke of his pen in his petition, and we have reserved to ourselves the right in emergency to control the question of jurisdiction by looking into the whole record far enough to do so — by seeing to it that jurisdiction is not foisted upon us by a mere paper or colorable amount in dispute, but is regulated by the real amount in dispute oh appeal as disclosed by the entire record. In Anchor Milling Co. v. Walsh, infra, plaintiff’s cause of action was based on fraud and mistake and this court, speaking through 'Barclay, J., said: “We think it was intended that the real, rather than the formal, demand of plaintiff should be considered in determining our jurisdiction, when the record discloses both.” Manifestly the nicest discrimination should be exercised in determining jurisdiction, by looking into the whole record, in actions ex delicto, and the record should control the petition, on the amount in dispute, only in such a pronounced case as might arise where the damage sued for is susceptible of being readily arrived at with reasonable certainty from accounts, documents or unquestionable oral evidence (as satisfactory as either) and where the damagesmay be ascertained by well-known rules regulating the measure of damages. And this should not be done where a realandnot amere colorable question of punitive damages is lodged in the case, nor where other elements of damages exist that are not readily susceptible of reasonably certain calculation by well-known and easily-applied rules. Take an illustration — a rather inflamed one, possibly, but which will serve our purpose. Suppose A. sued B. for damages based on B’s wrongful act in depriving him of the services of a coach horse or a milch cow for a few days or weeks, and laid his damages at, say, $10,- [460] 000. Suppose the uncontradicted evidence showed the services of the cow or horse were of the value of $10. The cause comes to this court by appeal. Must we entertain jurisdiction of that cause merely because of the allegation in plaintiff’s petition? We think not. Such construction would mischievously circumvent the very purpose of the statute. Frequently the amount in dispute is materially affected by eliminating items and elements at the trial, and the record shows this. Would it not be an act sounding to folly for us to say that, for the purposes of jurisdiction on appeal, we must continue to consider such eliminated matters ? The reasoning of the following cases, we think, sustains the foregoing view of the law: State ex rel. v. Rombauer, 130 Mo. 288; Clothing Co. v. Watson, 168 Mo. 133; Kirchgraber v. Lloyd, 59 Mo. App. 59; State ex rel. King v. Gill, 107 Mo. 44; Wolff v. Matthews, 98 Mo. 246; State ex rel. v. Lewis, 96 Mo. 146; May v. Trust Co., 138 Mo. 447; Kerr v. Simmons, 82 Mo. l. c. 273, et seq.; Wilson v. Russler, 162 Mo. 565 (decided in Banc); Anchor Milling Co. v. Walsh, 97 Mo. 287; State to use v. Gilmore, 106 Mo. 436. See the reasoning in Harris v. Rosenberger, 145 Fed. 449', on the kindred matter of a constitutional question, wherein it is held that the claim must be real and substantial, not merely colorable or without reasonable foundation. So, in Phoenix Powder Mfg. Co. v. Railroad, 196' Mo. 663, it was held that we would look into the whole record far enough to see if a real and not a mere colorable Federal question was involved. Hennessy v. Bavarian Brewing Co., 145 Mo. 104, was a suit for damages for the negligent death of plaintiff’s minor son. That was a case in which defendant’s demurrer was sustained at the close of plaintiff’s case and it was held that the elements constituting the damage were uncertain in that “we cannot judicially determine how much any given minor would earn between the ages, of 14 and 21.” The reasoning of the case is [461] not out of line with the decisions heretofore quoted. But language is held therein which seems not to ques-. tion .our inherent right to look into the whole record on a question of jurisdiction — a right steadily insisted upon in a line of decisions — hut douhts the wisdom of our so doing. It would seem that the learned writer, in apparently laying down the rule in actions ex delicto that the amount in dispute is the amount named in the petition until the claim has been merged into a judgment, leaned on Vineyard v. Lynch, 86 Mo. 684. That case, however, was merely an exposition of our statute, a very ancient one, on costs (sec. 995, R. S. 1879, now sec. 1552, R. S. 1899), and reads as follows: “In actions ex delicto, costs, how awarded. In all actions not founded on contract, the damages claimed in the petition shall determine the jurisdiction of the court, and if the plaintiff recover any damages he shall recover Ms costs.” That statute was evidently enacted to furnish a plain statutory rule regulating questions of costs where plaintiff sued in a circuit court in a case sounding in tort and recovered an amount, less than that within the exclusive or concurrent jurisdiction of the circuit court, and wMch was within the exclusive jurisdiction of a justice of the peace. It was held in that case' that the circuit court had jurisdiction because of the statutory mandate, and the case would not seem to he determinative of the judicial question here, which was originally, as said, a constitutional matter and to he determined hy the interpretation of the phrase, “amount in dispute,” and is now a statutory matter to he determined hy the same interpretation. Looking into this record, what is the real “amount in dispute?” We find not a particle of evidence showing ill-will, spite or intentional wrong in any one of the protean shapes which malice takes on. In fact, appellant’s learned counsel merely contend that their client “was entitled to recover for her loss of profits, as well as for her inconvemence and added labor.” Hence, [462] there is no punitive damages in the “amount in dispute.” That matter was set at rest helow and is not in this record on appeal. If there was any evidence below directed to the question of inconvenience, we have not been able to put our finger on it; so that, if mere “inconvenience” could be an element of damages,, a point of course- not decided by us, it is not included in the real “amount in dispute. ’ ’ The same disposition may be made of the contention relating to “added labor.” No such evidence and no- such issue are preserved in the record. ‘ ‘ The amount in dispute, ’ ’ then, narrows itself to a question ,of loss of profits in the rooming house arising from the alleged act of defendant. The amount involved, as shown by the evidence;, is small — at most, but a hundred or, say, two hundred dollars and, if any such profits exist, they should be readily ascertainable with reasonable certainty. The- defendant contends there was no- competent proof of any loss of profits. It contends that plaintiff’s husband applied for gas and it is answerable alone- to him, if to- any one. It contends that under its franchise (on the facts disclosed by plaintiff’s case) it had the right to deny plaintiff gas and makes other contentions under this record, ail o-f which should be passed on by the court having jurisdiction. In our opinion, we have no jurisdiction of this appeal. Hence, the cause is certified to- the Kansas City Court of Appeals for its determination. All concur.