Stoner v. Royar

VALLIANT, J. This is an. action of ejectment to recover the possession of certain land in Saline county. The land was formed by accretions in the Missouri river. Plaintiff claims title, through patents from the United States to his remote grantors and a succession of deeds from them and their grantees to him, to certain land in an island in the river, and he claims that the land suéd for is an accretion to his land covered by those patents and deeds. Defendant claims title to land on the river bank derived through a patent from the United States and deeds following, and he claims that the land sued for is an accretion to his land. The main question in the case is one of fact, but one of not very simple solution. The patents from the United States which are the foundation of the plaintiff’s paper title were issued in 1855. They call for the land patented by numbers of lots in sections, township and range, showing that they followed, or purported to follow, the descriptions in the Government survey. When these patents were offered in evidence the defendant objected on the ground that prior to 1855 the General Government had granted to the State of Missouri the title to all islands in the Missouri river; the court sustained the objection. The succeeding deeds by which the title came down from the patentees to the plaintiff were also on the same ground excluded. But later in the trial the court allowed the plaintiff to introduce his patents and deeds, not as giving title, but as giving color of title, under — 450 — which the plaintiff was allowed to introduce evidence tending to prove that he had been in possession of the land described in the patents and deeds for a period long enough to give him title as by adverse possession. The defendant’offered in evidence the patent from the Government and the deeds following, bringing the title down in regular course to himself to the land he claimed on the river bank, the main shore. To these documents the plaintiff offered the general objection “incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial,” which the court overruled and they were admitted. The bulk of the evidence related to the changes made by the river in its course and the formation of the land in suit, the ultimate question being, was this land formed against the plaintiff’s land on the island or was it formed against'defendant’s land on the main shore? The jury found the issues for the defendant,, whereupon the plaintiff filed a motion for a new trial which the court sustained, and the defendant appealed. I. The clerk in entering the order on the record of the court omitted to state the ground or grounds on which the new trial was awarded. Section 801, Revised Statutes 1899, expressly requires that: “Every order allowing a new trial shall specify of record the ground or grounds on which said new trial is granted. ’ ’ In the same section the trial court is forbidden to grant more than one new trial to the same party — except for causes therein stated. "Whether the General Assembly has authority under the Constitution to limit the judicial power to such an extent as to forbid a trial court granting a new trial when or whenever in its judgment it would be a miscarriage of justice to give effect to the verdict, is a question on which there might be differences of opinion, but the power of the Legislature to prescribe a code of procedure is unquestioned and courts are bound to obey the law so prescribed. There — 451 — fore, when an order sustaining a motion for a new trial is recorded and in the record the ground or grounds on which the new trial is granted are not specified, if it was an accidental omission it was a neglect of duty, if it was an intentional omission it was a willful violation of law, and in either case it was an injustice to the appellant. Whilst we have said that an order granting a new trial would not he reversed even if the ground stated by the court did not justify the order, provided the respondent, upon whom in that particular the burden rested, could point to some other ground that did justify it (Candee v. Railroad, 130 Mo. 142; Millar v. Car Co., Id. 517); yet we have never sanctioned the practice of disregarding the statute that requires the grounds to be stated. When the statute is disregarded an appellant who is forced to bring the record here without specification of the ground on which his verdict was set aside has not only the burden he would have if the ground had been so specified-, but the burden of showing that in the whole record there was no ground justifying the order. We have never reversed an order granting a new trial for failure of the record to show the ground on which the order was founded, because no case has yet come before us in which justice seemed to demand that course. II. The court erred in sustaining the objection of defendant to the patents and deeds under which the plaintiff claimed title. The patents were issued in 1855; the ground of the objection was that prior to that date the United States had by act of Congress granted to the State of Missouri all the islands in the river. There is no such act of Congress. It has been said' that title to islands formed in the river since Missouri became a State vested in the State (Cooley v. Golden, 117 Mo. 33; McBaine v. Johnson, 155 Mo. 191); but however that may be, this suit does not involve ti452 tie to an island so formed. Here we have an island that existed, so far as we know, before Missouri became a State, that was surveyed as Government land and patented by the United States. In such case no title has ever vested in the State. [Widdicombe v. Rosemiller, 118 Fed. 295; Bradshaw v. Edelen, 194 Mo. 640.] After the plaintiff’s patents and deeds were rejected as evidence of his title he was allowed to introduce them as showing a color of title in support of his claim of title by adverse possession, to which he was reduced by the rejection of his paper title. But allowing the documents to be read as color of title did not cure the error. Even if the plaintiff’s evidence made out a clear case of title by adverse possession still he was at the mercy of the jury to believe his witnesses and understand the character of his possession, and was at the disadvantage of having his paper title discredited and placing him in the unfavorable attitude of one who had taken possession of land to which at the time of his entry he had no title. For the error in rejecting’ those patents and deeds as evidence of title the court was justified in granting a new trial. III. Defendant contends that upon the whole evidence in the case the verdict was so clearly for the right party that it should not be disturbed even if there should be error found in the record. There was substantial evidence tending to sustain the plaintiff’s claim that the land sued for was an accretion to the land covered by his deeds and on the other hand the defendant had substantial evidence tending to show that it was an accretion to his land, it was therefore a fair question of fact to be settled according to the preponderance of the evidence. IV. The first instruction given for the defendant starts out with saying: ‘ ‘ The court instructs the, jury that originally the — 453 — defendant had the title to the south portion of the lands sued for in this case, and that his title extended to the water’s edge of the Missouri river at its south hank; and that unless he has lost said lands by the action of the Missouri river or the sloughs mentioned in evidence, he now owns all of said land mentioned in the deeds produced in evidence, together with all other lands immediately north thereof to the water’s edge of said river which, beginning at the edge of his north boundary line, have gradually and imperceptibly added themselves to his lands, as accretions by the action of the river; or by the recession of the river; and that before the plaintiff can recover in this case he must show to the satisfaction of the jury by a preponderance of the evidence (that is, by the greater1 weight of the credible testimony), first, that the slough mentioned in the evidence began at the extreme north boundary of defendant’s land and gradually and imperceptibly cut away said lands until said slough is now to the south of defendant’s said lands; and, second, that said slough is a water-course; and unless you so find from the evidence your verdict ánd finding must be for the defendant.” After which in the same instruction are given definitions'of the terms “water-course” and “slough.” That instruction assumes a fact which does not appear on the record before us, that is, that the south part of the land in suit is covered by the deeds which form the defendant’s paper title. The record shows that there were maps and plats in evidence which have not been brought up for our inspection and they may tend to show the fact which this instruction assumes, but even if they do, it is still a question of fact for the jury and not for the court. The patent and deeds constituting the defendant’s title to his original land on the main shore having been admitted in evidence without objection and there be — 454 — ing nothing to the contrary, the court may assume that the defendant or those under whom he holds originally (that is, before the alleged changes wrought by the river) owned the land described in those documents, but that would still leave the question of fact whether the land sued for or any part of it was embraced in those descriptions, or has since been formed where that land was before the river cut it away, and that question the court had no right to answer. We have said that the patent and deeds of defendant were introduced in evidence without objection, by which we do not mean that we have overlooked the objection in the general words “incompetent, irrelevant and immaterial.” An objection to evidence that it is irrelevant is sufficiently specific; it means that it does not bear on any issue in the case, and immaterial means nearly the same. It cannot be said of these documents that they were irrelevant, because they were the defendant’s title to the land'to which he claimed that the land in suit was an accretion, just as plaintiff’s documentary evidence which did not call for this land, but did call for land to which the plaintiff claimed this land was an accretion. But an objection on the ground that the evidence ‘offered is incompetent without a specification in what respect it is believed to be so is really no objection at all. The plaintiff’s objection to the instruction that it assumes that defendant originally owned the south part of the land sued for is well taken. Y. The second instruction given for the defendant is a little obscure in its wording, and plaintiff criticises it as assuming facts in dispute and as confusing and misleading. As we have not the maps that were in evidence at the trial we cannot understand all that some of the witnesses said in describing and locating — 455 — the land. Bnt we gather from the record that the river at one time ran with a current on both sides of this island, that later the channel forsook the south side and left only a slough there, that there is a slough there now, but defendant’s evidence tended to show that the slough that is now to be seen there is not the original slough, but is a new water-course cut suddenly by the flood of the river at high water only three or fouf years before this suit was begun, that it cut through defendant’s land and is not, therefore, as the old slough was, the north boundary of his land, but divides it, his- land now lying on both sides of the slough. We take this instruction 2 to mean that although the land on the north side of the slough could not have formed as an accretion to defendant’s land on the south side if the slough was where it is now when the land was forming, yet, if that was not the fact, if the old original slough has disappeared and if while it existed it was the north boundary of defendant’s land and if in the course of its filling and disappearing the land in suit was added to defendant’s land by the gradual deposits or relictions of the slough, it then became the defendant’s property, and if thereafter the slough now to be seen suddenly cut its way in a season of high water through the accretion which had been thus added to defendant’s land, dividing it into two parts, then it rémained defendant’s land, although divided by the slough. We think that is a correct view of the law. On the retrial the learned counsel can re-draft the instruction and put it in terms clearer in meaning and less liable to the criticism of his learned adversary. There are no other points' called to our attention in the briefs. For the reasons above given the judgment is affirmed. All concur.