State v. Paulsgrove

GANTT, J. From a conviction and sentence for murder in the first degree by the circuit court of DeKalb county, the defendant has appealed to this court. This prosecution was commenced on the 20th of January, 1905, by the filing of an information by the prosecuting attorney of Andrew county in the office — 197 — of the clerk of the circuit court of said county in vacation, charging the defendant with murder in the first degree of Mary Newman. At the May term, 1905, the’ cause was set down specially for trial on the 29th of August, 1905. On the last-mentioned date, the defendant was duly arraigned and a plea of not guilty entered. On a proper application, a change of venue was granted to DeKalh county. At the October term, 1905, of the DeKalb court, the defendant was tried and convicted of murder in the first degree. Motions for new trial and in arrest of judgment were filed and overruled and the defendant duly sentenced by the court. The defendant is not represented in this court by counsel and this has necessitated an examination of the whole record by this court. The testimony discloses that at the time of the homicide, the 18th of January, 1905, the defendant was an unmarried man about twenty-four years of age, and resided in Andrew county. He had served- as a soldier in the Army of the United States in the Philippine Islands for probably two years, and after the return of his regiment to the United States, he was discharged and returned to Andrew county in the early part of 1904. The father of the defendant resided on a farm in Andrew county seven miles east of Savannah. The defendant worked as a farm hand in the neighborhood, and stayed at the home of his father part óf the time. The deceased, Miss Mary Newman, lived with her parents some three or four miles distant from the Paulsgrove home. At the time of the homicide she was teaching- school in the Paulsgrove neighborhood and boarding with that family. The defendant had been a suitor of Miss Newman for nearly a year after his return from the army to Andrew county, and had frequently called upon her at her own home and at his father’s. He visited her at the latter place the night- before the homicide. On Wednesday evening — 198 — about three o’clock, January 18, 1905, the defendant came to his father’s house and remained there conversing with the members of the family until about 4:30 p. m., when Miss Newman and three of the smaller Paulsgrove children returned from school. In a few minutes after her arrival, the defendant told Miss Newman that he wanted to see her, and they went into the parlor, which seems to have been the east room on the ground floor of the building, and closed the door. After they had been in the parlor a short time, the family heard Miss Newman scream “0, Martin, don’t!” Mrs. Paulsgrove ran to the parlor door, opened it, and saw the defendant have hold of Miss Newman; Mrs. Paulsgrove seized him and he then turned upon her, she jumped behind the stove, and he shot at her twice with a pistol; he then forcibly took Miss Newman from the parlor into the adjoining sitting room, the latter struggling and resisting until she fainted. He then pulled her upon the bed in the sitting room, and shot her twice through the head,, each of which wounds was mortal. The defendant, prior to the homicide, had tried to buy a revolver at different places, saying he wanted to shoot rabbits. About two hours before the homicide, he bought a revolver at a little village called Kodiac about two miles from the Paulsgrove residence. For some time before the homicide the defendant had told a number of people in the neighborhood of his affection for Miss Newman, and to several had stated that he intended to be married to her. On one occasion, when he was told not to be too sure of it, that she might go back on him, he replied with an oath that if she did, he would shoot her. Just after the shooting of the deceased by the defendant, he went out of the house on the north side and said, “I loved her and she threw me away, I could not stand it, and I killed her.” He remained — 199 — at Ms father’s house about half an hour after the shooting. During that time he cut the telephone wire and said to his half brother, “Do not speak a word, you have done me enough dirt, but I will let you go this time.” He then left his home and went to Savannah, where he was arrested about ten o’clock that night. The defense was insanity. The depositions of five soldiers, a lieutenant of the company in which he served in the Philippine Islands, and four other members of the company, were read in evidence and tended strongly to prove that the defendant was insane during the time of his service in the Philippines. There were other witnesses also, who had known the defendant in the neighborhood in which he lived and had been reared, whose testimony tended to'prove that the defendant was not of sound mind. On the other hand, the State introduced a large number of witnesses, including the neighbors and farmers for whom the defendant had worked, and other testimony covering the defendant’s life from his boyhood until the date of the homicide, which tended to prove that he was not insane ; that while he was not of a very bright mind, he was reasonably intelligent and of sound mind, and that he was an exceedingly trustworthy and industrious boy and man in the performance of his work as a farm laborer and an employee of the dairy company. The information is in all respects sufficient and according to the often approved precedents, and it is therefore unnecessary to set it forth at length. It was duly verified by the prosecuting attorney. ' The court submitted the case to the jury upon an issue of murder in the first degree, and upon a plea of not guilty and a plea of insanity. The court defined the words “wilfully,” “feloniously,” “deliberately,” “premeditatedly,” “malice” and “malice aforethought” as those words have often been defined in instructions which have met the approval of this — 200 — court. And also gave the usual instructions on the presumption of innocence, reasonable doubt, the credibility of the witnesses and good character, and then the court instructed the jury as follows : “Insanity is a physical disease located'in the brain, which disease so perverts and deranges one or inore of the mental and moral faculties as to render the person suffering from this affliction incapable of distinguishing right from wrong, in reference to the particular act charged against him, and incapable of understanding that the particular act in question was a violation' of the laws of God and society. Wherefore, the court instructs the jury that if they believe and find from the evidence that the defendant, at the time he did the killing alleged in the information, was so perverted and deranged in one or more of his mental and moral faculties as to be incapable of understanding at the time he killed Mary Newman that such killing was wrong, and that he, the defendant, at the time was incapable of understanding that this act of killing was a violation of the laws of God and society, they should find him not guilty. Insanity is either partial or general. Total insanity always excuses. Partial insanity does not excuse. One may he partially insane and yet be responsible for his criminal acts. The law does not excuse unless the derangement is so great that it actually renders the person incapable at the time of its commission of distinguishing between right and wrong in reference to the particular act charged and proven against him. The law presumes every person who has reached the years of discretion to he of sound mind, and this presumption continues until the contrary is shown. So that when, as in this case, insanity is pleaded as a defense to a criminal charge, the fact of the existence of such insanity at the time of the commission of the act complained of must, before you can acquit on that ground, be established by the evidence to your — 201 — reasonable satisfaction, and the burden of proving this fact is upon the defendant.” No. 6. “The law presumes every man is sane until the contrary is established by the evidence-to the satisfaction of the jury, and when insanity in any form is set up as a defense, it is a fact which may not be proven like any other fact. The burden of proving such insanity is on the defendant, and he is not entitled to the benefit of a mere doubt whether he was or was not insane.” No. 7. “The jury are further instructed that excitement, passion and angered feelings or revenge produced by motives of anger, hatred or revenge is not insanity, and that the law holds the wrong doer of an act under such conditions responsible for his acts, and the jury have no right to excuse or in anywise justify or mitigate defendant’s act in the taking of Mary Newman’s life, except they can do so under and according to law as declared in these instructions. ’ ’ No. 8. “The court instructs the jury that mere weakness of intellect will not shield one who commits a crime, and in this case, although you may believe from the evidence that the defendant is mentally deficient in some degree, yet, unless you are reasonably satisfied by the evidence that at the time the alleged crime is charged to have been committed by the defendant, his mental faculties were so- weak and his mind so deficient that he was unconscious at the time of committing the act that it was wrong, and that ,he ought not to do it, and that he had not the ability or mental capacity to choose between right and wrong, you will find the defendant guilty as charged in the information. ’ ’ Among other instructions the court gave the following at the request of the defendant: No. 1. “The information in this case is a mere formal charge against the defendant, and of itself is no — 202 — evidence whatever of his guilt, and no juror should permit himself to be in any degree or to any extent influenced by it. ’ ’ No. 2. “The court instructs the jury that, on the question of sanity or insanity of the defendant, you will consider all of the evidence offered in the case, the life, habits, conduct and mental condition of the defendant from his early manhood to the present time, so far as the same are shown in evidence, the homicide itself and all of the circumstances attending it; the absence or presence of any motive for the conduct of defendant, as shown by the evidence, and all the testimony bearing on his sanity or insanity. And if you find that the defendant was at the time of the homicide insane and irresponsible from any disorder or disease of the brain, resulting in such a derangement of the mental faculties that he had not the capacity to distinguish right from wrong as to the act with which he is charged, then the defendant is not responsible in law, and you ought to find him not guilty.” No'. 3. “The court instructs the jury that if they believe from the evidence that the defendant was insane or of unsound mind at any time or times prior to the shooting charged in the information, with lucid intervals, or partially lucid intervals or periods in which the defendant knew right from wrong, then and in that case it devolves upon the State to prove by a preponderance of the evidence given in the case that at the time the fatal shot was fired that took the life of the deceased, the defendant was at the time in one of his lucid or partially lucid intervals or periods.” No. 5. “You are further instructed that the law presumes the defendant innocent of the offense'charged against him; and the burden of the proof rests on the State to show to the jury from' the evidence in the case his guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. If you have a reasonable doubt of defendant’s guilt, you should ac — 203 — quit him; hut a doubt to authorize an acquittal on that ground ought to be a substantial doubt touching defendant’s guilt, and not a mere possibility of his innocence.” No. 6. “The jury are instructed that when the evidence fails to show any motive on the part of the defendant to commit a crime charged, this is a circumstance in favor of his innocence, and in this case, if the jury find, upon a careful examination of all the evidence, that it fails to show any motive on the part of the defendant, Paulsgrove, to commit the crime charged against him, then this is a circumstance which the jury ought to consider, in connection with all the evidence in the case, in making up their verdict. In order to ascertain whether or not a motive existed on the part of said defendant to commit the crime charged against him, they will take into consideration all the evidence in the case. ’ ’ No. 8. “If, after fully and deliberately weighing and considering all the evidence before them in this case, the jury entertain any reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt, they must give him the benefit of such doubt and acquit him. A juror is understood to entertain a reasonable doubt when he has an abiding conviction of mind founded on the evidence to a moral certainty that the defendant is not guilty as charged.” No. 9. “By the terms ‘preponderance of the testimony,’ and ‘burden of proof,’ as used in the instructions in this case, is meant the greater weight of the testimony in the case. ’ ’ No. 10. “The jury are instructed that the plea of insanity or imbecility of mind is a lawful one in this case, and to establish the insanity or imbecility of the defendant, positive and direct proof of it is not required by law, and to entitle him to an acquittal by reason of his mental insanity or imbecility of any — 204 — character, circumstantial evidence, -which reasonably satisfies your minds of its existence, is sufficient. ’ ’ The defendant prayed other instructions which were refused and they will be noted in the course of the opinion. I. It is insisted by the Attorney-General that the court should only examine the record proper on this appeal on, account of the manner in which the transcript has been certified to us. There is much force in the contention. It is greatly to be regretted that counsel in these criminal causes, especially where a charge is so grave as in this case, do not superintend the making up .of the transcript. After a consideration, however, of all the matter certified by the clerk, and inartistically as the record is made up, in view of the gravity of the charge, we have felt it our duty to consider the whole record, matters of exception as well as the record proper. II. The issue was simple and single and the controlling question submitted to the jury was whether the defendant was sane or insane when he shot and killed Miss Newman. The evidence left not a shadow of a doubt that the defendant shot and killed Miss Newman, and upon the conclusion of the evidence and the instructions of the court, there was no middle ground left for the jury to occupy under the evidence and the law. They were bound either to find the defendant guilty of murder in the first degree, or acquit him on the ground that by reason of his insanity he was not responsible for his act in killing the deceased. And this was the view taken by the learned circuit court as indicated by his instructions to the jury. The reading of the instructions on the subject of insanity will show that they are in harmony with the law of this State on that subject since the case of Baldwin v. State, 12 Mo. 223. There is, it is true, the omission of one — 205 — word in the fifth instruction given for the State, wherein the court says, “Partial insanity does not excuse.” The word “always” by an oversight is left out, but when the whole instruction on that subject is read together, it seems to us impossible that the jury should have been mislead by this inadvertent omission of the word “always.” The court properly declared the law to be that one may be partially insane arid yet responsible for his criminal acts. The law does not excuse unless the derangement is so great that it actually renders the person incapable at the time of its commission of distinguishing between the right and the wrong in reference to the particular act charged and proven against him. And this was the view announced in the instructions asked by the defendant and given by the court. In the sixth instruction given for the State the word “not” was incorrectly and inadvertently (evidently) incorporated in the instruction, but the use of the word “not” in this instruction is so plainly an inadvertence that when we consider all the instructions together, we cannot believe that it had any prejudicial effect upon the rights of the defendant. Taking the instructions given on both sides of the question together, we think the issue as to the sanity or insanity of the defendant and his criminal responsibility for the killing of Miss Newman, was fairly and fully submitted to the jury. And the evidence called for the instructions as given. It was a question of fact which the jury alone were authorized to pass upon under the instructions of the court, and while there was evidence tending to support the claim of the defendant that he was not responsible for his. act, it was too obvious for discussion that there was ample evidence from which the jury could find that the defendant was sane at the time he shot and killed the deceased and knew the right from the wrong of his act in so doing. There is nothing in the finding of the jury on this point that smacks of bias or — 206 — prejudice, or that would justify this court in assuming the prerogative of the jury in weighing the evidence and reaching a different conclusion. We have too often decided that we will not invade the province of the jury and- attempt to pass upon the weight of the evidence. III. We have carefully considered the various objections made during the progress of the trial to the admission and exclusion of evidence. The defense was insanity and the court was exceedingly liberal, in allowing the defendant great latitude in his efforts to establish his insanity. Without recapitulating each item of evidence to which objection was made, it must suffice to say that we have been unable to find any ruling on the admission or exclusion of evidence that could be said to be prejudicial to the defendant. IV. This brings us to a consideration of the instructions asked by the defendant and refused by the court. The first of these instructions sought to have the court direct the jury that if the defendant in an excited and passionate frame of mind without adequate cause or provocation, killed the deceased, then they would find him guilty of murder in the second degree. There was no error in refusing this instruction, because there was not a particle of evidence which would have justified the jury in finding the defendant guilty of murder in the second degree. There was no just provocation which would have reduced the homicide to murder in the second degree. And all the evidence tended to show that if the defendant was sane, he was guilty of murder in the first degree, or nothing. [State v. Speyer, 182 Mo. 77; State v. Holloway, 156 Mo. 222; Baldwin v. State, 12 Mo. 223.] No error occurred in the refusal of the second of these refused instructions, because the court had already fully instructed on that question in the instrue — 207 — tion numbered three given at the instance of the defendant. Likewise the court- properly refused the third of these refused instructions, because it had fully covered the proposition involved by its instruction numbered three given in behalf of the State and instruction numbered five given for the defendant. The fourth of these, instructions which the court refused sought to have the court instruct on manslaughter in the fourth degree, if the defendant killed the deceased because she refused to marry him. There was no evidence in the case which would have authorized the court to instruct on manslaughter in any degree. There was not a scintilla of evidence tending to show the slightest lawful provocation for the homicide. The fifth and sixth of these refused instructions had already been fully covered by the instructions for the State and the defendant, and it was not error to refuse to repeat them. The last of these refused instructions sought to submit to the jury the law as to a conviction upon circumstantial evidence. As was said in State v. Soper, 148 Mo. l. c. 239, “This instruction would have been misleading. There was no circumstantial evidence about who did the homicide, that was indisputable, while all the evidence as to defendant’s mental condition was open, direct and oral. The instruction was properly refused.”. V. As already said, the evidence on behalf of the State tended to prove a deliberate, premeditated case of murder in the first degree. To avoid the consequence of this proof, the defendant interposed the defense of insanity, and while there was evidence tending to establish that defense, there was a great mass of evidence on the part of the State given by the neighbors and employers of the defendant, which tended to prove that the defendant was not insane when he shot — 208 — and killed the deceased. And this question was one which was resolved by the jury against the defendant, and -the jury were amply justified in reaching that conclusion. After a careful consideration of the whole record, we have been unable to find any reversible error and it results that the judgment of the circuit court must be and is affirmed and the sentence which the law pronounces is directed to be carried into execution. Fox, P. J,, and Burgess, J., concur.