State v. Solon

FARIS, J. Prosecution under section 4750, Revised Statutes 1909, which comes up upon an appeal by defendant from the circuit court of Monroe county. The information is in two counts, the first of which information. charges defendant with setting’ up and keep- - , . . , I T t T T mg a certain gaming table, and gambling device, to-wit, “one crap table, commonly so called, upon which table dice were used.” But since defendant was acquitted upon this count.it need not be further referred to herein. The second count, omitting formal parts and caption, is as follows: “And Ezra T. Fuller, prosecuting attorney of and within and for -the county and State aforesaid, upon his oficial oath aforesaid further informs the court that at and in the county of Monroe and State of Missouri, on or about the 9th day of December (A. D. 1911, and on divers other days prior thereto), George P. Solon did then and there unlawfully and feloniously set up and keep a certain gaming table and gambling devices, to-wit: A round table covered with cloth, upon which dice and cards were used, which gaming table and gambling devices were adapted, devised and .designed for the purpose of playing games of chance for money and property, and did then and there unlawfully and feloniously induce, entice and permit Edgar W. Guilford, Edward Crawford and other persons whose names are to this prosecuting attorney unknown, to be and play at and upon and by means of said gambling table and gambling devices, contrary to the form of the statute in such cases made and provided and against the peace and dignity of the State.” Upon a trial had at the March term, 1912, of the said Monroe Circuit Court defendant was found guilty by a jury on the second .count and his punishment as — 676 — sessed at imprisonment in the county jail for a term * of six months. From this conviction, defendant, after filing motions for a new trial and in arrest, prosecutes this appeal. The facts as. developed by the testimony seem fairly to be about as follows: The defendant, a young man, of about the age of twenty years, is a son of a Mrs. Solon, who at the times complained of, was the keeper of a certain hotel in Monroe City, known as the Monroe Hotel. The build-Faots wkich said'hotel was operated seems to have had three stories; the second and third of which, only, were used for hotel purposes. The defendant seems to have been acting for his mother as hotel clerk. As such clerk, during all the times mentioned in the testimony, defendant, when on duty, had charge of all of the guest rooms in this'hotel. It will be noted that the information charges the offense to have been committed on about the 9th of December, 1911. It is in evidence that on the 9th day of December, 1911, one Dr. Guilford having occasion to see a Mr. Crawford, also a witness in the case, went to the Monroe‘Hotel, and ascertained that Crawford was in a certain room of the hotel. Guilford describes his meanderings in seeking Crawford as follows: “We went up a flight of steps to the hotel office; up another flight of stairs to the third floor; back through a hallway — the back portion of which was dark — through a dark room into another room, and in the northeast corner of the third story in the rear of the building. ’ ’ There the witness saw the defendant with two other young men engaged in playing with dice for money. Two dice appear to have been used. Dice were being “shot” upon a table described by the witness as a ‘£ round dining-room table covered with cloth and about five feet in diameter.” The witness Guilford, after observing the game for a time, was asked by defendant to join therein, and ultimately did so. Being asked — 677 — what the defendant was doing there at the time, witness Guilford replied: “He did just the same as the rest of the others, shot dice and pnt np his money on the game.” Some considerable money seems to have been bet by defendant and the other three persons in this game, which continued until some sort of a difficulty arose between the defendant and the witness Guilford which resulted in the game for the time being broken up. Another witness Crawford, who seems to have been present at all the times complained of by the State in both counts of the information, testifying for the State touching the charges contained in each count, says: “Dr. Guilford came up and sat on the bed; sat there probably two or three minutes, something like that; I think I had the dice in my hand at the time; I lost out, as we call it, and doctor took the dice and shot four or five rolls, and what we call craps; he threw craps each time I think. The defendant won in those games; I don’t have any recollection of the defendant making any charges or taking anything for the ‘shots’ from those who participated in the game. I have no recollection of him making any charges on shots. I have been in that room other than on December 9, 1911; we played back in that room on that table with the defendant; he was, what we term, banking the game; taking a ‘take-off.’ ” After offering the testimony of other witnesses, which testimony had reference largely to the location of the hotel, the rooms thereof and other matters not pertinent to this inquiry, the State announced that it rested. Thereupon the defendant filed a demurrer to the evidence in the form of an instruction to be given by the court to the jury that under the law and the evidence their finding on the second count of the information should be for the defendant. Before any action was taken by the court on this demurrer the State announced that it desired to withdraw its an — 678 — nouncement of rest and recall witness Crawford. This the court permitted the prosecuting attorney to do, adding, as the record shows, that this action was taken “before any point was made or presentation of the matter,” except, as appears by inference, the mere filing of the demurrer. Upon being recalled the witness Crawford again testified in substance as follows: “Q. Ask you whether you were ever invited to this room in question? A. I would not consider it a particular invitation, just in a way; defendant said he had ‘a little game up there once in a while, if I ever done the like come around,’ something to that effect. By ‘up there’ he had reference to up in the hotel. I believe I have played poker twice in that room in that hotel. Defendant was there each time; he was playing poker; he made change and took the take-off; this was sometime in December, 1911. I don’t remember the first time I went to this room; it has been so long I could not,recall who was there.” The above is the substance of the testimony for the State so far as the facts are pertinent to this prosecution, and so far as they refer to the acts done by the defendant. Defendant did not testify in his own behalf and called but one witness, his mother, whose testimony,, in the view we take of this case, is not pertinent, except the fact of .defendant’s age, which it seems to be conceded, was twenty years. At the close of all the testimony defendant requested an instruction in the nature of a demurrer to the second count of the information. This request was refused, and the defendant properly saved his exceptions. As stated heretofore, the jury acquitted the defendant on the first count and found him guilty on the second count of the information. — 679 — Many objections and complaints are made by learned counsel for defendant in Ms brief and in Ms assignment of errors therein. I. Among other things, it is complained that the court erred in permitting the State, after having announced that it rested, to re-open the case and re-call Reopening Case. for further examination the witness Crawford. We cannot agree with tMs contention. This was a matter resting in the sound discretion of the trial judge. He does not seem to have abused that discretion. Since the record shows that immediately after the announcement that the State had rested, although a demurrer to the count of the information under consideration was offered, yet no action had been taken by the court thereon; that the matter had not been presented by argument and that no orders touching the same were made. Taking the whole case it cannot be seen wherein defendant was prejudiced, and this point is ruled against the defendant. II. The contention is made that the instructions given by the court were bad, but we are not furnished with any specifications showing wherein the same are defective, and a careful reading of them does not dis-instructions. close any defect for which tMs case should reverseq_ Jt win noted that the objections to these are leveled at the substance of - the instructions and not the failure of the court to give other instructions, to which his attention was not called by counsel. It is true that sometMng is said to the effect that the instructions given by the court authorized a conviction of defendant upon both counts of the information, and it is complained that this is error. 'The court might well have required the prosecuting attorney to elect, or failing in this should have given an instruction in substance that they might find him — 680 — guilty of might acquit Mm on either count, according as they might find the facts, but that if they found him guilty upon the first count they should acquit upon the second and vice versa. If defendant had been convicted upon both counts the failure of the court tO' require an election (if one had been asked, as it was not), or the failure of the court to instruct the jury that they should convict upon one count only, as they might see the facts, and acquit upon the other, would have been reversible error (State v. Carrigan, 210 Mo. 351); but since the defendant was not convicted on the first count, but acquitted thereon and convicted only upon the second count, it cannot be seen how he was hurt by the doing of the jury without instructions of the very thing that he desired them to do with the aid of instructions. This point then must be ruled against defendant. [State v. Cannon, 232 Mo. l. c. 212.] III. Complaint is made by counsel for defendant in effect that there was not sufficient testimony to go to the jury on the second count of the information. Testimony °f It will be borne in mind that defendant was acquitted on the first count and convicted on the second count. A timely demurrer to the evidence was offered as to the second count at the close of the State’s case and again renewed at the close of the whole ease by an instruction requested, in the nature of a demurrer. Both of these requests were refused by the court and proper excep-' tions taken by the defendant. TMs point presents a serious question for consideration. The prosecution is under what is now section 4750, Revised Statutes 1909, a section which, first passed in 1825, has undergone many vicissitudes both by amendment and by construction. In considering this point of complaint it must be kept in mind that defendant stands convicted here of setting up and — 681 — keeping ‘ ‘ a certain gaming table and gambling device, to-wit, a round table covered with clotb, npon which dice and cards were used.” Upon the charge in the first count of keeping “one crap table, commonly so-called, npon which table dice were used,” he was acquitted. So this first count and the questions involved therein are not before ns. The jury, by its verdict, plainly ' took the view that he had not set up or kept a craps table within the meaning of the statute. Then the question is, had he set up a gaming table %opon which cards were used so as to render him amenable to the denunciation of the statute? We have looked in vain in the record for some testimony that the game of poker alleged to have been played npon the table in question, was played with cards. The proof simply shows that “a round dining table, covered with cloth, five feet in diameter and similar in all respects to many other tables used in this hotel,” constituted the plane surface upon which the game of poker was played. No chips or other paraphernalia, no cards even (though the information alleges the use of cards as an adjunct to the table) were offered in evidence physically, or orally shown by the evidence, to have been used in playing the game of ' poker. Beyond the fact that an ordinary table was used and that on one occasion defendant took a “rake-off” and “made change and acted as ‘banker,’ ” no facts are shown to bring defendant within the denunciation of the statute. The information charges the use of cards on the table mentioned therein. Having so charged, some proof ought to have been adduced, either orally or by offering the cards themselves in evidence, that cards were used on the table in playing the game of poker from which the defendant took the “rake-off” in the game of which he was banker. But there is not one word of proof as to the use of common playing cards or any other cards on this ta — 682 — ble. In the absence of a showing that the game of' poker was played with cards, we will not take judicial knowledge that poker is a game of chance. [In re Murphy, 128 Cal. 29; State v. Russell, 17 Mo. App. 16.] It follows then, that the demurrer to the evidence on the second count ought to have been sustained, since to be clear upon the point, we hold that it is not sufficient in a prosecution under this section to show that a. game of poker was played upon an ordinary dining table, and that the defendant (though a clerk in the hotel in which the room was situate wherein the game was played) acted as banker in said game and actually took a “rake-off” therefrom. There should have been a showing as to the use of other paraphernalia; certainly to the extent charged in the information in order to bring defendant within the purview of the section under consideration. We are not inclined, the history and patent original intent of this section being kept in mind, to any further invade the “twilight zone” separating the facts in the case at bar from an ordinary case of gambling. All of the cases wherein convictions for setting up and keeping poker tables have been sustained, were cases in which the proof showed that playing cards' and poker, chips were used, and usually that some specially prepared table (e. g., one having a canvas top, or having a slot leading into a box, called in the slang of the witnesses, a “kitty”) was a part of the paraphernalia, and that the acts involved continuity over some period of time beyond one single isolated act. [State v. Cannon, 232 Mo. 205; State v. Hall, 228 Mo. 456; State v. Mathis, 206 Mo. 604.] We are not holding that a prosecution under this section as it now reads cannot be maintained for setting up and keeping the appliances and paraphernalia with which games of chance with cards can be — 683 — Mu'stSBeTshown. played. But in order to sustain a conviction in such case the proof ought to show substantially (a) that a table or other such appliance was set up, kept or furnished; (b) that cards, commonly called playing cards, were kept or furnished and used in playing games of chance; (c) that money or property was bet on card games played on and with the above appliances, either by players against each other or by players against the keeper or setterup, or by players on the side of the keeper or setterup; (d) persons must have been shown to have been enticed, induced or permitted to play such games on and with the devices aforesaid; and (e) defendant must be shown to have had at the time under inquiry the care or management, or to have been acting as master in charge of such paraphernalia. Present the other requisites of evidence, it can be seen that selling chips or tokens to be used in the game played on and with such appliances, or taking a ‘‘rake-off” or per cent, on the games played, might be cogent evidence of care or mastery. So far the adjudicated eases, wherein poker tables constituted the devices complained of, seem to go, and no further. In the substantial absence of any of these elements, a conviction under this section should not be permitted to stand. Clearly this section has been by construction strained almost to the breaking point. Passed originally in 1825, it denounced the use of gambling wheels and gaming tables and devices mechanically constructed — devices more intricate and perhaps even more unfair than a mere table or plane surface equipped with a pack of playing cards or a pair of dice. It has been twice amended by adding other appliances to those prohibited. In 1865 the word “keno” was added to it, and again in 1901 the words “slot machine, stand or device of whatever pattern, hind or make, however worked, operated or manipulated,” — 684 — were added to this section. [Laws 1901, p. 130.] Prior to the last amendment, and in 1881, it was made a felony. [Laws 1881, p. 112.] Certainly it cannot he said that the addition in. 1901 of these other mechanical devices and appliances nsed for gambling had any (the least) effect to turn the intent of the statute toward the homely dining table and pack of cards. Bather from the nature of the added gambling devices it would seem that the legislative mind has been steadfast. ' It follows then that this demurrer to the evidence on the second count of the information should have been sustained. IY. Instruction numbered 3 given by the court of its own motion is complained of. This instruction is as follows: “The court further instructs the jury that before you can find the defendant guilty under either count in the information, you must find and believe from the evidence in the case beyond a reasonable doubt that the defendant set up and kept a gaming table of the kind and character as defined and explained in instructions one and two herein, but you are further instructed that under the law every person appearing or acting as master or mistress or having the care, use or management, for the time, of a gaming table or gambling device is deemed a keeper thereof.” Learned counsel for defendant contend that this instruction is erroneous in that it does hot use the word “prohibited,” for the reason, as they urge, that section 4761, Bevised Statutes 1909 (which section sufficient." deals with the matter of proof), refers to the gambling devices denounced by section 4750 as the gaming table, bank or device prohibited by that section, and because section 4761 uses the word “prohibited” counsel insist that the word ought to have been used by the court in this instruction. Even a casual reading of this instruction — 685 — will show that it refers to other instructions 'given in the case, which other instructions define the kind of gambling device alleged to have been used; for the instruction requires the jury to find “that the defendant set up and kept a gaming table of the kind and character as defined and explained in instructions one and two herein.’'5 It follows from what has been said that this case must be reversed for the reason that under the law there was not sufficient testimony to go to the jury on the second count. It may be said in passing that unless the testimony can be made stronger in another trial than in the case at bar no necessity is seen for coiitinuing the prosecution. Aside from the error noted, for which we reverse the case, and the failure of the court to instruct that a conviction could not be had on both counts, the case was well and ably tried. Objection is made to the rulings of the court on the introduction of testimony. The case is singularly free from facts warranting this criticism. . Reversed and remanded. Brown, P. J., and Walker, J., concur.