Peters v. Bryan

ORDER AND JUDGMENT * TERRENCE L. O’BRIEN, Circuit Judge. The bankruptcy court included property belonging to the Bryan Family Trust (“Trust”) in Gary Lee Bryan’s (“Bryan”) bankruptcy estate. The district court affirmed. Bryan, Janel K. Bryan, and Brad Hunt (“Appellants”) 1 now appeal from the *885 district court’s decision. 2 We affirm. 3 The parties are familiar with the facts and the procedural posture of the case; we will not repeat them unnecessarily. The issue here is whether the bankruptcy court erred in concluding the Trust was an invalid spendthrift trust. Appellants contend the validity of the Trust’s spendthrift clause was not properly before the bankruptcy court. Instead, they argue, the trustee of the bankruptcy estate, appellee M. Stephen Peters (“Trustee”), advanced two different grounds for invalidating the Trust: (1) the Trust was created with the intent to defraud creditors (e.g., it was a sham trust); and (2) the Trust was void under Colorado law because Bryan was both a settlor and a beneficiary with substantial control over the disposition of Trust assets. “In an appeal in a bankruptcy case, we independently review the bankruptcy court’s decision, applying the same standard as the ... district court.” Miller v. Bill and Carolyn Ltd. P’ship (In re Baldwin), 593 F.3d 1155, 1159 (10th Cir.2010). “We thus review the bankruptcy court’s legal determinations de novo and its factual findings for clear error.” Id. “Section 541 of the Bankruptcy Code, 11 U.S.C. § 541, includes in the bankruptcy estate essentially all beneficial ownership interests of a debtor unless the interest contains ‘a restriction on the transfer of a beneficial interest of the debtor in a trust that is enforceable under applicable non-bankruptcy law.’ ” Gladwell v. Harline (In re Harline), 950 F.2d 669, 670 (10th Cir. 1991) (quoting 11 U.S.C. § 541(c)(2)) (alteration and emphasis omitted). “A beneficial interest in an ordinary spendthrift trust would clearly qualify for the exemption if the state courts would hold that creditors could not reach the interest.” Id. The Trust is governed by Colorado law. The bankruptcy court’s decision may be upheld on at least one of the grounds the Trustee pled and argued — the Trust was a sham trust, unenforceable under Colorado law as a matter of public policy. 4 Contrary to Appellants’ arguments, the bankruptcy court explicitly concluded the Trust was a sham. 5 See Aplt.App. at 154, 164. *886 Colorado will not enforce a sham trust. See In re Cohen, 8 P.3d 429, 488 (Colo. 1999) (per curiam) (“It is against public policy to permit a man to tie up his own property in such a way that he can still enjoy it but can prevent his creditors from reaching it.” (internal quotation marks omitted)); id. at 433-34 (stating if trustee were bound to follow trust beneficiary’s orders regarding trust proceeds, “we would be forced to conclude that the Trust ‘was illusory and fraudulent’ as against any creditors of’ beneficiary); Exchange Nat’l Bank of Colo. Springs v. Sparkman, 191 Colo. 534, 554 P.2d 1090, 1092 (1976) (“Only when the trust is completely illusory, such as when the putative settlor reserves possession and control in all particulars, will it be deemed invalid.”) (internal quotation marks omitted); see also Connolly v. Baum (In re Baum), 22 F.3d 1014, 1017 (10th Cir.1994) (“[I]f the trusts are shams or otherwise void under Colorado law the trust property is includable in the bankruptcy estate.”). The judgment is AFFIRMED. The motion and renewed motion to dismiss Auto Source, LLC as a party to this appeal are GRANTED. The motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction is DENIED. Footnotes [*] After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R.App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R.App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. [1] The motion and renewed motion to dismiss Auto Source, LLC as a party to this appeal are granted. [2] The district court reversed two portions of the bankruptcy court’s decision and remanded for further proceedings regarding those issues. Appellee has moved to dismiss this appeal, arguing the district court order is not final because the remand to the bankruptcy court anticipates significant further proceedings. We disagree. The district court’s order requires the bankruptcy court to perform a ministerial task involving no "exercise of considerable judicial discretion,” and no significant further proceedings. See State Bank of Spring Hill v. Anderson (In re Bucyrus Grain Co.), 905 F.2d 1362, 1366 (10th Cir.1990) (citation and quotation omitted). We therefore deny the motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. [3] Our jurisdiction derives from 28 U.S.C. § 158(d)(1). [4] Appellants claim Trustee did not plead or assert in the pretrial order the invalidity of the spendthrift trust. Accordingly, they argue, the bankruptcy court’s decision was based upon a theory not pled, not preserved by the pretrial order, and not tried by the consent of the parties. We need not wade through Appellants’ arguments about invalidity of the spendthrift provisions because they matter not. [5] Appellants argue that the bankruptcy court never found the Trust was a sham trust. This is incorrect. See Aplt.App. at 154 ("The extent of a debtor’s control over a trust bleeds into the analysis of whether the trust is unenforceable as against public policy or a 'sham trust.’ ”); id. (discussing the legal standards for a sham trust and concluding "the evidence regarding dominion and control, disregard for formalities and, ultimately, a disregard for the existence of a trust entity separate and apart from the Bryans is overwhelming”); id. at 164 ("Based upon this analysis of all the evidence, the Court concludes that the Trust is a sham trust because: (a) the Bryans exercised complete dominion and control over the Trust and the purported trust assets; (b) the Bryans ignored formalities; (c) the Bryans used Trust property as *886 their own; and (d) the integrity of the Trust was disregarded.”). The Trust was indisputably a sham.