Spence v. Polenski Bros., Schellak & Co.

Day, J. This action was brought by the plaintiff in behalf of thé next of kin of Raymond. Spence, to recover damages for his death, alleged to have been caused by the negligence of the defendant. The trial court sustained a demurrer to the petition upon the ground that it failed to state a cause of action. Plaintiff elected to stand on the petition; whereupon the court entered a judgment dismissing the case. The plaintiff appeals. The only question to be determined is whether the facts pleaded state a cause of action. We deem it unnecessary to set out the petition in full. In substance it charges that the defendant is a corporation engaged in the manufacture of tile and brick; that its plant is located about a mile from the business center of the city of Hastings, Nebraska, where it occupies between five and ten acres of ground; that in conducting its business it had made large excavations upon certain portions of its property for the purpose of- using the clay and sand in the manufacture of its products; that during the rainy seasons the excavations thus made filled with water and became a dangerous menace to the employees working in and about the plant; that at one place surface water formed a pond which at the time and place in (pies ti on ivas about 38 feet deep, and that, Owing to the dark, reddish color of the water, it was impossible to judge of its depth; that the employees at the plant remained on the premises during the noon hour; that with the knowledge and consent of the defendant some of them were in the habit, during the noon hour, of wading and swimming in this pond; that on July 3, 3919, during the noon hour, Raymond Spence, a boy 16 years of age, Avho at the time was employed by the defendant at the plant, together with other employees, Avent sAvimming in the pond, and was drowned; that said Spence had been employed but a short time, and did not knoAV the dangerous character of the pond, and on account of his youth did not realize or appreciate the danger; that the defendant knew that — 58 — the pond was a dangerous place, and knew that its employees were in the habit of swimming therein, and yet defendant negligently and carelessly permitted the pond to be and remain on the premises, and negligently and carelessly failed to give any notice or warning of the danger to its employees, and especially to the said Raymond Spence. The petition also contained this language: “That the death of the said Raymond Spence was caused by the negligent, careless and wrongful acts of the said defendant while the said Raymond Spence was in his usual course of employment.” Other facts were alleged showing that the action was properly brought in the name of the plaintiff. Upon the argument it was conceded that it was the intention of the pleader to base his cause of action upon the doctrine of negligence known at common law, and not upon the principles of the workmen’s compensation act. It Avas further admitted by counsel for plaintiff, Avith commendable candor, that it Avas no part of Raymond Spence’s duties to go sAvimming in the pond; that he Avent there voluntarily for his OAvn pleasure during the noon hour, and not in furtherance of the master’s business. Construing the petition in the light of this frank admission, Avhich Ave are at liberty to do as being in the nature of the pleader’s construction of the ¡petition, Ave are led to conclude that, notwithstanding some general allegations of the petition Avhich would seem to indicate that the deceased came to his death Avhile in the performance of some duty, it Avas not intended by the petition to base the cause of action on the theory that the master had failed to exercise reasonable care to provide his servant Avith a reasonably safe place to Avork. It is a Avell-settled doctrine that, before the master can he held liable for an injury to his servant growing out of such relationship, it must appear that the servant was injured through the negligence of .the master, and that at the time of the injury the servant Avas engaged in carrying out some part of the master’s business, or — 59 — going to or from the master’s service along avenues provided by the master. The rule, however, does not extend to a situation where the servant at the time of the injury was acting outside of the scope of his employment, for his own purpose, without the direction of the master, either express or implied. This principle has .been recognized by this court in Blackman v. Western Electric Co., 97 Neb. 710, wherein it was held: “Where an employee voluntarily goes outside of the scope of his employment without the permission or the knowledge of his employer, and operates a rip-saw by which he is injured, the employer is not chargeable with actionable negligence for failing to give warnings of danger or instructions to prevent injury.” Under the facts alleged in the petition, together with the admitted facts made at the argument, Ave conclude that the unfortunate death of the deceased did not occur while he Avas in the performance of any of the duties of his employment, that he Avas not acting in any sense under the direction of his employer, either express or implied. It Avould seem, therefore, that the well-recognized principle that it is the duty of the master to exercise reasonable care to provide his servant Avith a reasonably safe place to work has no application to the facts before us. What duty then did the defendant owe to the deceased? It is urged by the plaintiff that, inasmuch as the defendant knew that its employees Avere in the habit during the noon hour of SAvimming in the pond, and kneAV that it Avas dangerous to do so, therefore it Avas the duty of the defendant to Avarn the employees, and especially the deceased, of the danger. We are hardly prepared to agree Avith this general statement when applied to the facts in this case. Under the facts here presented Ave are inclined to the vieAV that at the time and place of the accident the deceased was a licensee. It is true that the employees Avere permitted to remain on the premises during the noon hour, and perhaps to — 60 — roam about at pleasure, but such a privilege would hardly warrant the inference that they were invited to go swimming in the pond, even when coupled with the fact that the employer knew that the employees were in the habit of swimming in the pond. Mere knowledge or acquiescence on the part of the owner that persons are using his premises does not amount to an' invitation so as to impose upon the owner the obligation which he owes to an invited guest. 20 R. C. L. 64, sec. 56. The case here is not within the principle of Brotherton v. Manhattan Beach Improvement Co., 48 Neb. 563. In that case the defendant was conducting an amusement park for hire, and a part of the aimxsement provided was a swimming place to which the public were invited. It was. there held that it was a question for the jui*y whether it was negligence to fail to notify the guests of the depth of the water, or otherwise protect them from danger. Neither is the case one, where one falls into an xxnguarded excavation. A case more nearly in point is Shults v. Chicago, B. & Q. R. Co., 83 Neb. 272, wherein it was held: “Where one enters upon the premises of another with his consent, but without an invitation, and not in the dischai*ge of any public or private duty, he is a bare licensee, and the occupier of the premises owes no duty to him as long as no wanton or wilful injury is inflicted upon him by the licensor or his servants.” See Chesley v. Rocheford & Could, 4 Neb. (Unof.) 768. It is next urged that the maintenance of the pond, upon the premises by the defendant xinder the facts alleged made it an attractive nuisance to children, and ■brings the case within the rxxle announced in the Txxyntable cases, and that a caxxse of action is properly stated, based upon that theory. We ax*e of the view, however, that the doctrine frequently announced in the class of cases generally known as the “Turntable” cases does not apply to the facts in the case at bar. By the great weight of decisions, our own included, the doctrine announced — 61 — in the Turntable eases has never been carried to the extent oí including a pond within its scope, in Richards v. Connell, 45 Neb. 467, the facts were that the boy, ten years old, yielding to the natural impulses of childhood, using a section of a wooden sidewalk as a raft, went upon a pond on defendant’s premises, from which raft he fell and was drowned. It was held: “The owner of a vacant lot upon which is situated a pond of water or dangerous excavation is not required to fence it, or otherwise insure the safety of strangers, old or young, who may resort to said premises not by invitation, express or implied, but for the purpose of amusement or from motives of curiosity.” Among the many cases which are readily to be found where children have been drowned in ponds,' in which the courts have held there was no liability on the part of the owner, are the following: City of Omaha v. Bowman, 52 Neb. 293; Peters v. Bowman, 115 Cal. 345; Stendal v. Boyd, 73 Minn. 53; Klix v. Nieman, 68 Wis. 271; Moran v. Pullman Palace Car Co., 134 Mo. 641; Blough v. Chicago G. W. R. Co., 189 Ia. 1256. We have not overlooked the case of Tucker v. Draper, 62 Neb. 66, wherein a recovery against the owner of premises was sustained for negligently causing the death of a child, three years and three months old, based upon the charge that the owner had negligently maintained upon the premises an unguarded well. The judgment was sustained upon the theory that the public generally, including the child, had been invited to use the premises, and also upon the theory that the well was in the nature of a dangerous trap, owing to the tender age of the child, and the peculiar circumstances surrounding the accident. The principle applied in that.case has no application to the facts in the case at 'bar. Upon a consideration of the facts alleged in the petition, we conclude that the petition fails to state a cause of action, and that the trial court was right in dismissing the case. — 62 — The judgment is therefore Affirmed.