Cutter v. Emery

Bell, J. Under our statute, (Rev. Stat., chap. 161, sec. 10) this action is well commenced, and may be maintained if the executrix takes out letters testamentary, and enters an appearance, indorses the writ, &c., though she has no authority to act as executrix when the suit is brought. It is objected that the present action cannot be sustained, because the claim was not presented to the administrator within two years, nor the suit brought within three years, after the original grant of administration. It is not suggested that the estate is insolvent, nor that the administration has been suspended, nor that the claim, not being due, or depending on a contingency, has been filed in the probate court, and the sum necessary to pay it reserved in the administrator’s hands by order of the court; and it is not at once seen how it can be successfully contended that the claim is not barred on both grounds. It is said the cause of action did not arise until since the intestate’s death, at the time when the levy was complete, on the 6th of May, 1858 ; and in such a case, a demand within two years, and a suit within three years, are not required. But it seems to us that provision is made by the sixth section for such cases, and that unless the claim has been filed in the probate court, and a fund reserved for its payment, it may be barred by a neglect to present it, or to commence a suit. Though a claim is not — 574 — due, and it is contingent whether it ever will be, it is still capable of presentment, and there must be few cases where, by the exercise of proper diligence, a party may not entitle himself to bring his action within three years. There is nothing unreasonable in providing that an undue or contingent claim should be barred, if it is not properly filed in court and a fund reserved for its payment. Four cases in our Reports are cited, as authorities for the position, that in such a case a claim need not be presented nor sued. The effect of those cases is stated in the last of them, Boardman v. Faige, by Woods, J. When one of two or more co-promissors still continues liable upon the original contract to the promisee, and is lawfully compelled, by virtue of such contract, to pay the debt or discharge the original liability, the liability of the other co-promissors for contribution will remain, notwithstanding they may be discharged by the operation of the statute of limitations from that liability to the promisee. One of these cases, Sibley v. McAllister, 8 N. H. 389, was a case of a suit by a surety against an administrator, where the original note was not presented within two years. But in none of these cases was any thing decided as to the necessity of presenting within two years the claim of a surety, who has subsequently been compelled to pay. The explanation of this will be found in the difference between the statute provisions then in force, and those of the Revised Statutes. The statute of July 2, 1822, Laws 1830, 338, provided that no action against an administrator shall ever be sustained unless the demand, whether payable or not, was exhibited to the executor, &c., within two years from the original grant of administration; but if the demand depended upon a contingency which might never have hajapened, but which shall have happened after the said two years, and the creditor shall exhibit the same before the final settlement and distribution of the estate, the executor or administrator shall be liable only to the — 575 — extent of the assets under Ms control. These provisions left no room for the question now before us, and no such point was considered. The great question of the ease is, whether the estate of Mr. Bartlett is liable to the estate of Mr. Jacob Cutter, for the amount, or any part of the amount, paid by the latter in discharge of C. W. Cutter’s official bond of April 17,1850, which was signed by both the deceased as sureties. It is contended by the defendant, that as between these parties they were not co-sureties, but that Mr. J. Cutter and Mr. 11. C. Cutter were sureties for C. "W. Cutter, and Mr. Bartlett was only a surety for them, having signed as a surety at their request, and for their accommodation; and that Mr. Bartlett’s estate is not therefore liable to Mr. Jacob Cutter, or his estate, in any way. The legal principle on which this position is taken is clearly well founded. If two persons sign the same obligation as sureties for a third, one of them, at the request of the principal, and the other at the request of the first surety, they are not co-sureties as between themselves, but the first surety stands in the relation of principal to the second; is responsible to him for whatever he may be compelled to pay, and has in no event any claim against him for contribution. This principle is held in our own court in Pickering v. Marsh, 7 N. H. 192, and is sustained by many decisions elsewhere. Furnald v. Dawley, 10 Shep. 470 ; Taylor v. Savage, 12 Mass. 102 ; Harris v. Brooks, 21 Pick. 196 ; Blake v. Cole, 22 Pick. 101; Warner v. Price, 8 Wend. 399 ; Beaman v. Blanchard, 4 Wend. 432 ; Apgar v. Hiler, 4 Zab. 812 ; Thompson v. Saunders, 8 D. & B. 404; Daniel v. Ballard, 2 Dana 296; Byers v. McLenahan, 6 G. & J. 256; Craythorne v. Swinburne, 14 Ves. 160; and see 1 Story’s Eq. Ju. 476; Adams’ Eq. (269) 606, note; 1 Lead. Ca. in Eq. 87; 2 Swift’s Sys. 152. As to the facts upon which this position rests, the parties agree that “ the court may draw such inferences and — 576 — come to such conclusions upon the facts as in their opinion a jury would be authorized to do.” It is hot stated, in terms, that Mr. Bartlett signed either of these bonds at the request of Mr. Jacob Cutter, but it is stated that on the same day on which Mr. Bartlett signed the first bond, Mr. Jacob Cutter gave to him a bond to indemnify him against it, secured by a mortgage ; and we think that a jury would not only be authorized, but they would be bound to infer that Mr. Bartlett signed the official bond wholly at the request of Mr. Jacob Cutter, and upon his agreement to indemnify him. The principle on which one surety is regarded as liable as a principal to another surety, is that a state of facts is shown to the court from which it appears positively, or by fair and reasonable inference, that such surety intended to stand in the character of principal, as to the subsequent signers. 8 Wend. 397; 10 Shep. 470. We can rarely find more conclusive proof that a party intended to place himself in the position of principal, than that shown in this case as to this bond, where one surety gives to the other a bond of indemnity against the liability he assumes, secured by a mortgage of his estate. Even a parol engagement to indemnify another surefy was held in 22 Pick. 100, 12 Mass. 198, and 21 Pick. 196, completely to rebut any right of a party to have contribution. Charles W. Cutter, after his appointment had been submitted to the Senate and consented to, received a second commission to the same office, dated in April, 1850, and then gave a new bond, in the same form, and with the same sureties, but of course covering the extended term of the new commission, about six months longer than the first, and it was upon this bond that the judgment was recovered upon which Jacob Cutter made the payment for which his executrix now asks contribution. It is contended by the defendant that the liability of Mr. Bartlett, under the bond of April, 1850, is covered by — 577 — the bond and mortgage of Jacob Cutter of October, 1849, so that the position of the case is in no material respect changed from what it would be if the payment made by Mr. Cutter had been made on a judgment recovered on the first official bond; because the second bond to the United States was for the discharge of the duties of the same office, of the same amount, and principally for the same period; and we are referred to many cases where it is held that a mortgage given to secure the payment of a debt is not discharged by a change of the security; as, for instance, by the renewal of a note, though in terms the mortgage may be conditioned for the payment of that particular note, or obligation alone ; 2 N. H. 525 ; 12 N. H. 29 ; 8 Pick. 522 ; and though the new security be to a different person; 10 N. H. 210 ; 16 Pick. 22 ; or of a different nature ; 10 Mass. 242. It will still be covered by the mortgage, and nothing less than the actual payment of the debt will discharge the mortgage. 1 Hill. Mort., chap. 16. And it is contended, and we think with much reason, that upon the principle of these cases the court will look through the form to the substance of the transaction, and will consider the condition of the bond of indemnity as if inserted in the mortgage itself, and as designed to secure the obligee not merely against loss from the first official bond, but from loss arising from the liability assumed by him in that bond; so that,'though a new bond should be given to secure the same liability, the mortgage would still be effectual to secure against the loss resulting from it; and that so long as the same substantial liability can be traced, mere difference of date or form will not be regarded; and that, so far as the identity continued, the indemnity would cover it, though the new security might perhaps include a greater time or a different amount. But it is not necessary to pursue this point further, because no question relative to the mortgage is directly — 578 — before us; and upon tbe question of fact submitted to us, whether it can be justly inferred that Mr. Bartlett signed the last bond at the request of Mr. Jacob Cutter, we think there can be no doubt. It is no unusual thing that negotiable paper is from time to time renewed, sometimes in the same form, and with the same signatures and relations, and sometimes with unimportant variations of the amount and time of payment, or of the form of the instrument, or the order of signatures. A. bill may take the place of a note. A payee may become an acceptor, or an indorser become a principal, with a view to evade the objections entertained by some persons against mere renewals. In such cases, we think, that upon its being satisfactorily shown that the latter note or bill was given as a renewal of a former note, and that upon that note the parties stood in certain relations, as principals and sureties, or indorsers, there could be but one inference, in the absence of other evidence, that the parties to the new note, whatever its form, retain still the same relations. A like inference as strongly follows in this case. Where an appointment is made by the President, in the recess of Congress, a commission issues, bonds are given, and the officer assumes his duties. At the next session the appointment is laid before the Senate for their consent, and upon their concurrence a new commission issues, and new bonds are given; the bonds in each case being, in general terms, to discharge faithfully the duties of the office. If, then, as in this case, nothing appears to show change of the condition of the officer, except‘the confirmation by the Senate of the President’s appointment, nor any change in the relations of the parties to each other, a jury would be perfectly warranted in inferring that the second bond, like the first, was signed by the one surety at the request and for the accommodation of the other, as a mere renewal required by the usages of the public offices; and they could hardly find otherwise without disregarding the reasonable probabilities of the case. — 579 — Mr. Bartlett, then, is to be regarded, as between these parties, as the surety of Jacob Cutter, and not liable to contribute to his losses. Upon these views, unless the parties elect a trial on other grounds, there must be Judgment for the defendant.