Bethlehem v. Annis

Bell, C. J. It is not every conveyance of land upon a condition which is in equity regarded as a mortgage. Early definitions of mortgages are found, where no other conditional conveyances are regarded as mortgages, but such as are made for the security of a loan of money. At another date we find the equitable doctrines as to mortgages extended to all cases where the conveyance is a security for any debt; and the most modern notion is to apply the same doctrines to cases generally, where conditional deeds are made as a security for the performance of a contract. But upon consideration it will be seen that this principle, though generally true, can have no application to any other contracts than such as by their non-performance create a debt, or a demand in nature of a debt, against the delinquent party. Wherever the condition, when broken, gives rise to no claim for damages whatever, or to a claim for unliquidated damages, the deed is not to be regarded^ as a mortgage in equity, but as a conditional deed at corny mon law. It has the incidents of a mortgage only to a limited extent, and the party, if relieved* by a court of — 40 — equity from the forfeiture resulting from the non-performance of the condition, will not be relieved as in cases of a mortgage. It is not, however, intended to say that the same principle of justice which has led courts of equity to establish the system of relief from forfeitures in the case of mortgages, will not entitle a party to analogous relief in cases where the design of the parties is to make a conveyance by way of security. The holder of a mortgage has been in equity regarded as a trustee, holding the property for his own security first; but any residue remaining after such security is obtained, for the. benefit of the grantor; and in a case of that kind no reasonable doubt can be entertained that the powers of courts of equity are ample to afford suitable relief. Such relief must be adapted to the nature of each case, and must be as various as the differing character of the contracts in question. The system of rules, adapted to do justice between debtor and creditor, may furnish analogies as to the modes of affording relief, but they are not likely to be suitable where the relations of the parties are different. The relief afforded by courts of equity in cases of penalties may illustrate the general powers of such courts in analogous cases. The definition of a mortgage, as given in our Revised Statutes (ch. 181, sec. 1), is much broader than any other found in the books of law or equity. “ Every conveyance of lands, made for the purpose of securing the payment of money, or the performance of any other thing in the condition thereof stated, is a mortgage within the meaning of this act.” This definition was adopted originally at a period when the equitable powers of the court had been long settled, but the general jurisdiction of the court as a court of equity was extremely limited. The design of the legislature apparently was to extend the remedies in equity by allowing the same relief in many ' other cases having some resemblance to mortgages in — 41 — equity which was afforded in the common case of mortgages. The act was remedial, and entitled to a liberal construction at the time, but is not now equally important. Since the courts have been invested with a broad jurisdiction in equity, there is less motive for extending the construction of this statute to cases not clearly within it. Notwithstanding the sweeping character of the language used, “for the purpose of securing the payment of money, or the performance of any other thing in the condition thereof stated,” we think it clear that there must be many contracts, the performance of which may be secured by a conveyance of land, which have such peculiarities that the provisions of the law relative to mortgages can have but a very partial, if any application to them. Among these classes, that which becomes material in this case is probably the most considerable, namely, the class of con-^_ tracts for personal services ; those in which one of the parties agrees that he will, in his own person, render certain services to another. In such cases, from the nature of the contract secured, the rights of one or both the parties do not admit of assignment, and the mortgage, which is but an incident to the debt, and cannot be transferred except in connection with it, is necessarily unassignable. Strong eases may illustrate the nature of contracts of this class. It was once, it would seem from the books, no unusual thing for a party to stipulate with counsel to afford them legal advice, and to make them securities pro consilio impendendo. It is said such contracts were usual with medical men for their services by the year. In some of our towns instances may be found of such contracts for the medical treatment of the poor at this day. Clergymen are employed by the year; shipmasters, engineers, and other persons of skill, are employed in the same way. The lawyer, doctor or minister, the shipmaster or engi-. neer, is not bound to render his service to any one to whom his contract may be assigned ; neither is the other — 42 — contracting party bound to accept the services of any person who may obtain an assignment of the contract. Such an assignment, unless made with the assent of the other party, conveys no interest. In cases where a conveyance is made as a security for the performance of a contract of this class, the mortgage is unassignable, because the contract cannot be assigned. The deed may, under our statute, be regarded as a mortgage between the immediate parties to it, to some extent. It cannot be regarded as a mortgage as to parties claiming as assignees; and probably it must be found that it is only within narrow limits that such a conveyance can be deemed a mortgage, even between the originaband immediate pai’ties. ' The cases of contracts for support are to be regarded as "^falling within that class of personal contracts which are not by law assignable, unless the terms of the contract are such as to lead to a different conclusion. The principles thus stated are distinctly recognized in the case of Flanders v. Lamphear, 9 N. H. 201, where Parker, C. J., says: “But the language of the condition, and the relationship of the parties to the deed, indicate clearly that there was a personal trust reposed in the mortgagor, and a personal obligation assumed by him, which he cannot assign over to third persons, substituting them in his place.” ■ This is the case of a son executing a deed, by the condition of which he was to provide for his honored parents in sickness and in health, during their natural lives; and the concluding clause is, that if the said Flanders, by himself, by his heirs, administrators, or executors, shall provide, &c. The language seems to be selected with a particular view of securing the performance by himself, so long as he might fulfil it, and after that time by his heirs, or personal representatives. And it was held, that if the mortgagor has attempted to transfer this duty to a third person, and no longer superintends at least — 43 — the due fulfillment of it, unless it has been done by the assent of the demandants, there has been a breach of the condition, which will entitle them to judgment. In the case of Eastman v. Bachelder, 36 N. H. 141, the case of Flanders v. Lamphear was cited and approved; and Eastman, J., states, with great clearness, the legal principles applicable to eases of this class. Bachelder gave a deed of his real estate to Tasker, his son-in-law, upon the consideration and the condition that he and his wife should he supported on the premises during their lives, by Tasker, his heirs, executors and administrators; the object being, no doubt, to have their daughter and her husband reside with and take care of them in their old age. The contract was personal, and did not extend to the assigns of Tasker. It was on record, so that purchasers and creditors were advised of its nature. Tasker could not, therefore, transfer the premises and his responsibilities, nor could his creditors before his decease have deprived him of the land, and retained it against Bachelder. They, as well as his grantees, must take the laud subject to the condition of the deed to Bachelder, and, on any failure by Tasker to perform that condition, their interest would cease. The condition, personal to Tasker and his representatives, could not be performed by his assignees, except by Bachelder’s consent. The bill in equity to redeem the property, as in case of a mortgage, was brought by the complainant, as purchaser of the right of Tasker, at a sale of his estate by his administrator, by license of the court of probate. It was held that nothing passed by the deed of the administrator, and the bill could not be maintained. A doubt was intimated whether, in case Tasker or his administrator had failed to perform the condition, they could have been relieved of the forfeiture by the payment of a just indemnity; but nothing was decided on that point, because that question was not necessarily involved in the case between those parties. It does not occur to — 44 — us that such relief might not be afforded upon the ordinary principles on which parties are relieved from other penalties. The question raised in this case is the other side of that raised in Eastman v. Bachelder. There the suit was brought by the assignee of the mortgagor’s interest. Here it is brought by the assignee of the mortgagee. The nature of the condition in both cases is the same. The language differs. In the cases cited, the conditions were without the word assigns, and it was inferred from that that the condition -was designed to be exclusively personal. Here the word is used, “ if the said Amos Annis, his heirs and assigns, shall well and sufficiently support,” &c. From this word it is argued that the contract was not designed to be of a personal nature. So it no where appears in the case that there was any personal relation existing between the parties which might indicate a personal contract; but we think that is a point to be determined rather by the nature of the contract than the mere terms, though these may aid in forming a conclusion. We think this contract is in its nature personal, like the others, and to be governed by the same rules. The suit is by the town of Bethlehem against the mortgagor; a writ of entry founded on the claim that the condition of the deed is broken. If the condition of the deed was broken before the assignment to the plaintiffs, and the grantee in the deed had regularly entered for the breach, and revested the title in himself, it would seem that the deed to the plaintiffs would be sufficient to convey to them the title to the property, and that they might well maintain this action. But the case furnishes no evidence on the subject of any breach, and it contains nothing relative to any entry for condition broken. It would be pei’haps fit that the case should be sent to a trial by jury, if the plaintiffs propose to prove those two facts; otherwise a nonsuit should be entered. — 45 — The right to enter for condition broken, and much more the right of entry in case a condition should be broken at a future time, is not an assignable interest. Regarded as a mortgage, the plaintiffs have obtained by their assignment no available interest. They have no debt — they can have no debt of the character set up in the assignment.