Mathewson v. Eureka Powder Works

Bell, C. J. The objection that the action was commenced without authority can not be sustained. No foundation was laid for it in the evidence. The application should have been made to the court promptly, at the first term when the party was admitted to defend. If the objection was open to him then, it was conclusively waived by the delay. The suit, we think, was well adopted and ratified by the administrator, as" the suit of his intestate, by his prosecution of it to a hearing. School District v. Richardson, 23 Pick. 62. The administrator has power to adopt and ratify a suit brought without due authority from his intestate, as he has to ratify one brought without authority from himself. Rev. Stat., ch. 161, secs. 16 and 10; Comp. Stat. 410, 411. It is objected that the action for money had and received does not lie to recover several of the items embraced in the accounts. It is generally true that the action for money had and received does not lie for goods sold, nor for money paid, nor in any case but where the defendant has received money belonging to the plaintiff, or something which is received at the time as money. An account chiefly for money may include items for services, goods, and the like. In general, these can not be recovered without counts suitable to the character of the indebtedness. But in this case the plaintiff relies on proof of a settlement, in which a balance of a certain amount in money was found due to him. These settlements are found on the books of the defendants, which are competent evidence against themselves, and would be good evidence to support a count on an account stated; and it is urged that they are equally good evidence to support a count for money had and received, since they prove an indebtedness of that amount in money. The rule that the action for money had and received lies only where one party has received and has in his hands money which he has no right to retain, has been long since relaxed; and it is sufficient, to sustain the action, that something has been received by the defendant, which, under the circumstances of the case, ought, as between the parties, to be regarded as money. Willie v. Green, 2 N. H. 135; Wheat v. Norris, 13 N. H. 178. Thus the bills of a private bank, [292] deposited and received as money, are deemed money. Pickard v. Banks, 13 East 20; Mason v. Waite, 17 Mass. 560; and so are negotiable notes, if received as money. Clark v. Shee, Cowp. 200. In a loan of money a gold tooth-pick, estimated at a certain price, and forming part of a sum loaned, is to be deemed money. Barber v. Parker, 1 H. Bl. 288. A check was held to be money, being treated as such. Spratt v. Hobhouse, 4 Bing. 179. Any thing, it is said (13 N. H. 179), received as payment, and which amounts to payment in respect to the party receiving it, is deemed money. Thus an attorney who receives land, or other things, in his own right, and discharges his client’s debt, will be chargeable for money. Beardsley v. Root, 11 Johns. 464; Floyd v. Day, 3 Mass. 403; Ward v. Evans, 2 Ld. Raym. 928; Arms v. Ashley, 11 Mass. 743; Ainslie v. Wilson, 7 Cow. 668; Hemmenway v. Bradfwd, 14 Mass. 122; 2 Greenl. Ev., sec. 118. Here it may be deemed that the parties have, by their settlement, treated all the charges as money; or, having found a balance in money due, they have balanced the charges for other things than money first, thus leaving a balance entirely cash. A mere acknowledgment, by a defendant, that he is indebted to the plaintiff in a certain sum of money, is evidence in support of a count for money had and received, as “I. O. U. 8 guineas” ; Douglas v. Holme, 12 Ad. & E. 641; Evans v. Philpots, 9 C. & P. 270; or a due-bill, “ due J. S. ten dollars” ; Allen v. Butler, 14 Gray 129; or, “ good to A. O. for $100” ; Osgood v. Piersons, 4 Gray 455. So the entry by a banker in his customer’s bank-book of a deposit (Ex parte Randleson, 2 D. & C. 534), has been received in evidence under a count for money had and received; and it would be quite unreasonable that a similar admission, that there is a balance due in money, should be made less effectual because it is written at the foot of a statement of the dealings between the parties, showing how the balance accrued, even if those dealings were other than cash receipts and payments. The question on this point is settled in Filer v. Peebles, 8 N. H. 229, where it was held that evidence of an account stated will support a count for money had and received. This case is supported by the case of Morse v. Allen, 44 N. H. 33, where it was held that an acknowledgment, “balance due M., $80, for blacksmith work,” was evidence under a count for money had and received ; and by the case of Lorimer v. Stephens, 1 C. M. & R. 62. It is objected that the entries on the books of the defendants are not competent proof between the plaintiff and subsequent attaching creditors, who are admitted to defend the action. This objection rests on an unsound assumption. It is true that the books of parties are evidence only between the parties to the transaction; as to others, they are the mere statements of third persons in writing, but not under oath. If the parties who are admitted to defend became substituted as the parties instead of the defendant, and the action was afterwards to be regarded as the action of the plaintiff against them, the objection would be well founded, but it is not so. In the language of Parker, C. J,, in Strong v. Wheeler, 5 Pick. 410, the creditor who comes under the statute, makes the defense for the defendant of record, and he is allowed to defend the suit as the party to [293] the suit could or might, but he is not put on any other or better ground. It is to be considered that a judgment for the defendant, obtained through this sort of defense, is conclusive against the plaintiff’. It could not, we think, have-been the intention of the legislature to straighten his means of supporting his action. Whatever the admission of the debtor may avail the plaintiff, he is entitled to the benefit of it; and in Lambert v. Craig, 12 Pick. 199, it was held that in such case the admissions of the debtor were evidence against the attaching creditor, even if made after the creditor is admitted to defend. The action, after another is admitted to defend it, still remains the action between the original parties. It is to be tried on the same evidence, and to be determined on the same principles that it would be if the defense were made by the original party. The party admitted to defend, being present and having an opportunity to examine the witnesses, and to be fully heard, is of course barred and concluded by the verdict, or decision, as to all matters which it was open to him to contest, but no farther. Judgment on the report, unless the parties elect a trial.