Andrews v. Vareell

Sargent, J. Although, by our statute, proper matters for set-off are mutual demands only, Rev. Stats. Ch. 187, Sec. 4, which requires that they must be between the same parties and in the same capacity, Brown v. Warren, 43 N. H. 435, yet it is not considered as conflicting with this rule to offset a note signed by a principal and his surety, against a note running to such principal alone ; the debt in such case being considered as the debt of the principal. Brown v. Warren, supra, and cases cited; Boardman v. Cushing, 12 N. H. 119; Concord, v. Pillsbury, 33 N. H. 310. In debt upon bond or judgment, a note or account or other simple contract debt is a proper matter for an offset, Concord v. Pillsbury; and so, if the parties are reversed, the rule will hold equally good, that a judgment is a good offset to a simple contract debt in an action of assumpsit; so is a defendant’s claim founded on a bond or specialty with a penalty, to the amount equitably due, Rev. Stats. Ch. 187, Sec. 6. And a judgment against two, when it was admitted, as in this case, or proved, that one is the principal debtor and the other only a surety, [20] Would stand on the same ground as a note against the same persons in the same capacity. Nor does the fact that the judgment was recovered in the name of Perkins, prcventdts being a proper offset in this case if there was no other objection to it. It is agreed that Perkins was merely a nominal party, having no interest in the claim, and that the judgment belongs to defendant, Where the owner of a promissory note brings a suit upon it in the name of a third person who has no interest in it, the defendant may file his set-off against tiie real plaintiff if he has such set-off. He may allege that A. B. is the real plaintiff in interest, and that C. D., the party of record, is merely a nominal plaintiff, and file - his set-off against A. B., and if his proof corresponds with this statement, his set-off will be allowed. So where the judgment to be set off is in the name of a plaintiff having no interest in the claim but belongs to the defendant as in this case, then he may make the set-off. | If the demands are between the same parties and in the same capacity really, if they are the only ones interested as parties, then the demands will be mutual Whoever may be the nominal plaintiff in the pending suit or in the judgment sued or filed in offset. But the note specified in the offset, although it was a valid claim when this writ was dated, was then in suit and has since passed into judgment and is no longer a proper ground of action, but is merged in the judgment, and can no longer be treated as a note, either as the foundation of a suit or as an offset. To be a proper matter for offset, a claim must not only be due and actionable when the suit was commenced but it must continue so to the time of the trial and verdict; and although this note may have been due when this - action was brought, yet if it were afterwards paid and discharged, or merged in a judgment, or, from other causes, ceased to be longer actionable, it would then cease to be a proper matter of set-off. Where a judgment has been already obtained in a prior action by the plaintiff against the defendant for the identical demand, the contract or obligation in respect of which such demand accrued is merged by the superiority of the security thus acquired, transit in rem jiidicatam; and the creditor can no longer sue upon tire original promise or demand, though it accrued upon a specialty. If he do so the defendant may .plead in bar that the plaintiff has already recovered judgment against him for the same cause of action. Chitty on Contracts, 788 a. And if the cause of action in two suits be identical, a judgment recovered in one is a defence in the other, although the forms of action were different. Thus a judgment in debt is a bar to an action of assumpsit for the same debt. So a judgment in trover is a bar to an action for money had and received, brought for the Value of the same goods. Ibid.; Butler v. Wright. 2 Wend. 369, S. C. 6 Wend. 284; 1 Chitty Pl. 103, and 478; Stafford v. Clark, 2 Bing. 377; Pitt v. Knight, 1 Saund. 92, and note 2; Outram v. Morewood, 3 East 346; Towns v. Nims, 5 N. H. 259; King v. Chase, 15 N. H. 9; Potter v. Baker, 19 N. H. 166. The note, therefore, cannot properly be filed in offset in this case. Neither can the judgment be here offset, because it was recovered [21] since this suit was commenced. No action could have been maintained upon it when this suit was commenced, because it had then no existence; and although the claim on which the .judgment was recovered, existed before, yet the judgment, so far as the costs are concerned, had not then, accrued, and the judgment being entire, cannot be divided and a part filed in offset and the other left out. When this suit was brought, the defendant should have discontinued his action upon the note and then filed the note in offset; but, as the case stands, we see no way for him to avail himself of .it, only by applying to the court for a set-off of judgments at the proper time. Wright v. Cobleigh, 23 N. H. 32, and cases cited; Brown v. Warren, supra. Judgment for plaintiff.