Loh v. Broadway Realty Co.

The opinion of the court was delivered by Minturn, J. The plaintiff, a builder, and defendant corporation, entered into a contract in writing, under seal, whereby the former agreed for the sum of $13,785 to erect a brick building upon the land of the defendant in the town of Union, in the county of Hudson, “according to certain plans and specifications/’ the latter of which contained the provision that all the work and material supplied should be to the entire satisfaction of the owner and architect. No architect was appointed to supervise the work, but it appears from the testimony that the president of the defendant company was at the building daily, “conferring with the plaintiff and the sub-contractors” and exercising such authority as an archi l eel generally exercises in directing the progress of the work, ordering extra work, and agreeing with the builder upon changes in the plans, whenever it was considered necessary to malee changes. The work in some details was not completed, but plaintiff received from defendant the various payments due according to the terms of the contract, excepting a balance of $2,915 and a bill for extra work of $169, making a total claim of $3,084 to recover which he instituted this suit. The trial of the case under the pleadings proceeded upon the theory that the only questions involved were, first, whether the defendant had accepted the work, and secondly, if noi accepted, whether it had been substantially completed. The court charged the jury that the answer to these inquiries would solve the question of defendant’s liability under' the contract, and the court’s exposition of the law in that respect was correct under the authorities in this state. Dyer v. Lintz, 47 Vroom 204; Bozarth v. Dudley, 15 Id. 304; Isetts v. Bliwise, 43 Id. 102; Feeney v. Bardsley, 37 Id. 239. The refusal of the court to grant a nonsuit, and its refusal to direct a verdict, are made the grounds upon exceptions for the main assignments of error. But we find no error in this [114] respect, since it was entirely within the province of the jury to infer from the facts established by the testimony in the case, as well as from the admission at the trial of defendant’s counsel, that Eastman’s authority in the direction of the work was not to be questioned (Case, p. 34); that Eastman was present daily during the progress of the work, conferring with the plaintiff and the sub-contractors as to the progress and direction of the work, as the agent of the defendant. The jury, under this testimony, might properly infer that Eastman’s failure to object to items of the work that defendant now finds objectionable was proof sufficient that such items were satisfactory to defendant at the time. In such event, if he was present in the status, not as president, but as agent of the defendant company, the defendant is now estopped from complaining by his failure to object or complain at the time. 16 Cyc. 765, and cases; McKevitt v. Hoboken, 16 Vroom 482; 2 Rice Evid. 712, and cases. The same reasoning applies to the assignments of error relative to the extra work, for, under the testimony, it was for the jury to determine the question of Eastman’s authority in the premises, so as to charge the defendant with the consequences of his acts under the contract. Qui facit per alium, facit per se. Nor does the fact that the plaintiff entered the building during the pendency of this suit, to protect the plumbing against the severity of the weather, militate against his rights under the contract. In view of the non-committal attitude of the defendant, and its refusal to accept the house, it was plaintiff’s right, if not his duty, to protect the property and thus mitigate the damages. Ramsey v. Perth Amboy Shipbuilding Co., 2 Buch. 165; Hale Dam. 64, and cases; 13 Cyc. 71-78, and cases. The conception thus entertained of the legal principles applicable to this case renders unnecessary any discussion of the remaining assignments of error, which we conceive to be, in effect, but amplifications of the main contentions above determined. The judgment will be affirmed.