Gerisch v. Herold

The opinion of the court was delivered by Swayze, J. Contracts requiring the work to be satisfactory to the employer are valid. Gwynne v. Hitchner, 37 Vroom 97. This decision has been approved in this court in a, suit involving the same contract. Gwynne v. Hitchner, supra. A distinction is sometimes made between cases where the fancy, taste, sensibility or judgment of the promisor are involved, and cases where only operative fitness or mechanical utility is involved. 9 Cyc. 618. Gwynne v. Hitchner was a case of the former class, and although the case of a building contract is somewhat different, we see no reason to doubt that [607] the mere taste or fancy of the owner may be an important element in a dwelling-house at least. The Supreme Court has applied the rule to that situation, and we do not question the soundness of its decision. Welch v. Hubschmitt Company, 32 Vroom 57. In the present case, the parties made a clear distinction between the workmanship and the materials. The character of the former was to be testified to by Turck’s certificate: the only provision as to the latter is that they should be good, proper and sufficient for completing the work. The workmanship might well be left to the judgment of another, while the owner to gralif,y his own taste might well desire to retain control of the latter himself. No doubt it is true, as Mr. Justice Holmes said in Hawkins v. Graham, 149 Mass. 284: “When the consideration furnished is of such a nature that its value will be lost to the plaintiff either wholly or in great part unless paid for, a just hesitation must be felt, and clear language required before deciding that payment is left to the will, or even to the idiosyncrasies of the interested party.” The court in that case seized upon the words “or the work demonstrated” as offering an alternative to the owner’s acknowledgment. In a later case the same court drew a distinction between eases in which the decision of a particular person is referred to, and a case where machinery was guaranteed to work in a satisfactory manner, and held that the latter case involved a “result to be passed upon in a reasonable way in accordance with a standard stated in words. Lockwood Manufacturing Co. v. Mason Regulator Co., 183 Id. 25. The present case is one where the decision of a particular person (the owner or his representative) is referred to, a class of cases in which the Massachusetts courts recognize that the dissatisfaction of the promisor need not be a reasonable dissatisfaction to bar recovery by the promisee. The decision of the New York Court of Appeals seems to be to the contrary. Doll v. Noble, 116 N. Y. 230. The case is entitled to less weight for the reason that the learned judge failed to distinguish between a case where the owner withheld satisfaction unreasonably and one where he withheld it in bad faith. All the cases recognize that the [608] owner must act in good faith. The reasoning of Chief Justice Beasley, in Chism v. Schipper, 22 Vroom 1, applies with greater force to such a case as the present, where it is the owner himself who is to be satisfied. Of course, he cannot avail himself of his own fraud to escape liability on his contract. The motion to nonsuit would have been properly denied if there was evidence of bad faith on the part of the owner. We are not called upon to decide whether the jury in a proper case might be permitted to infer fraud from the fact that the owner was not satisfied with the architect’s certificate. The cáse was not tried on that theory. If it had been, the defendants should have been allowed to ask the question of the plaintiff that was excluded, Whether Turek did not tell him at thd time he received the certificate that he (Turek) had been discharged as architect. Not only was the case not tried on the theory that the owner acted in bad faith, but no inference of bad faith could be drawn from his refusal to be satisfied by the architect’s certificate, since by the terms of the contract that certificate covered only the execution of the contract in a good,workmanlike and substantial manner, and the plaintiff specifically contracted to furnish good, proper and sufficient materials to complete the work, with no provision authorizing or requiring the architect to certify whether he had in fact done so or not.. The distinction is pointed out by Mr. Justice Fort in Newark v. New Jersey Asphalt Co., 39 Id. 458, 463. The contract, it is true, made the architect’s decision final as to some things, but it was only as to the true construction or meaning of the drawings or specifications. The learned trial judge fell into error in thinking that the architect’s certificate covered not only these points but also the question whether the payment was due. His charge as to the finality of the architect’s certificate would have been correct if he had limited it to the points to which the parties limited it by their contract. They contracted that the final payment should be due when all the work was completed according to the plans and specifications to the satisfaction of the owner or his representative, provided that in case of each payment a certificate should be obtained [609] and signed by Turek. Thus they made for the final payment a double condition—first, a certificate by the architect; second, satisfaction of the owner or his representative. The case differs from Welsh v. Hubschinitt Company because in that case satisfaction of the owner and architect was required; here only that of the owner or his representative. ‘The question remains whether Turek was the representative of the owner. Our reason for thinking lie was not is threefold— first, it was unnecessary to require his certificate for the final payment if the payment was to be made upon his being satisfied. By requiring satisfaction of the owner or his representative in one clause and a certificate from Turek in a proviso immediately following, the parties seem to have liad two different persons in view; second, Turek had already been designated as the architect, and the word “architect” would have-been more natural in this clause than the word “representative” if he hart been meant; third, he was made by the- contract the judge between the parties as to most important portions of the contract, which were likely to lead to controversy between builder and owner. To have made him the representative of the owner would have deprived him of the judicial position in which the parties meant him to stand, and thereby have deprived his certi ficate of that conclusive character against the builder which was given to it by the express terms of the contract. We think for these reasons that there was error, and that the judgment must be reversed that a venire de novo may be awarded. For affirmance—None. For reversal—Garrison, Swayze, Parker, Bergen, Yoorhees, Kaliscit, Bogert, Vrebenburgh, Vkooit, Congdon, White, Treacy, JJ. 12.