Gutale v. State

DUNCAN, P. J. More than two years after entry of his conviction for third-degree sexual abuse, petitioner filed a petition for post-conviction relief alleging that his attorney had been constitutionally inadequate in failing to advise him of the immigration consequences of his plea to that charge. See Padilla v. Kentucky, 559 US 356, 366-67, 369, 130 S Ct 1473, 176 L Ed 2d 284 (2010) (holding that counsel’s failure to give correct advice regarding clear deportation consequences of a conviction amounted to ineffective assistance under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution). The post-conviction court dismissed the petition as untimely, ruling that it did not fall within the “escape clause” of ORS 138.510. See ORS 138.510(3)(a) (requiring petitions for post-conviction relief to be filed within two years of the date of conviction unless the asserted grounds for relief “could not reasonably have been raised” in a timely manner). On appeal, petitioner argues that the court’s ruling regarding the escape clause was incorrect, because he could not reasonably have raised his claim of inadequate assistance until he learned, more than two years after his conviction, that he had pleaded guilty to a deportable offense. Petitioner concedes that, in Benitez-Chacon v. State of Oregon, 178 Or App 352, 355, 37 P3d 1035 (2001), rev den, 334 Or 76 (2002), we held that a petitioner is presumed to know immigration laws and, consequently, a petitioner’s subjective lack of awareness of the legal consequences of a plea will not delay the time in which a petition must be filed under ORS 138.510(3). But, according to petitioner, his case is distinguishable from Benitez-Chacon on the facts, because petitioner received no advice regarding immigration consequences whereas the petitioner in Benitez-Chacon was told that she might be deported; alternatively, petitioner argues that we should overrule Benitez-Chacon because, among other things, it is absurd to presume that nonlawyers would understand an area of the law as nuanced and complex as immigration law. See Padilla, 559 US at 369 (“Immigration law can be complex, and it is a legal specialty of its own.”); Cervantes v. Perryman, 954 F Supp 1257, 1260 (ND Ill 1997) (describing one provision of the Immigration and Nationality [42] Act as “an example of legislative draftsmanship that would cross the eyes of a Talmudic scholar”). We reject without extended discussion petitioner’s attempt to factually distinguish Benitez-Chacon. There is no material difference, for purposes of Benitez-Chacon, between cases in which an attorney gives some immigration advice or none at all. 178 Or App at 356 (explaining that, in Brown v. Baldwin, 131 Or App 356, 361, 885 P2d 707 (1994), rev den, 320 Or 507 (1995), “we refused to distinguish between an attorney’s passive failure to inform a defendant of particular legal information and an attorney’s active misrepresentation concerning the law”). We also decline petitioner’s invitation to overrule Benitez-Chacon. The principle on which Benitez-Chacon is predicated—that persons are assumed to know laws that are publicly available and relevant to them—can yield harsh consequences in cases such as this, essentially putting the burden on a petitioner to investigate the adequacy of counsel’s performance. Nonetheless, we were not writing on a clean slate in Benitez-Chacon, nor do we do so now. Benitez-Chacon drew the applicable assumption from the Supreme Court’s decision in Bartz v. State of Oregon, 314 Or 353, 356-60, 839 P2d 217 (1992), which interpreted ORS 138.510(2) (1991). That statute provided that a petition “must be filed within 120 days of the following, unless the court on hearing a subsequent petition finds grounds for relief asserted which could not reasonably have been raised in the original or amended petition.” (Emphasis altered.) Relying on legislative history from 1989, Bartz held that the legislature had intended the exception to late filing to be “construed narrowly.” 314 Or at 359. Then, considering the petitioner’s claim that trial counsel failed to advise him of a possible statutory defense before he pleaded guilty, the court explained: “Given the specific nature of Bartz’s claim, the issue becomes whether the extant statutes pertaining to a particular criminal offense constitute information that is reasonably available to a defendant convicted of that offense. It is a basic assumption of the legal system that the ordinary means by which the legislature publishes and makes available its enactments are sufficient to inform persons of statutes that are relevant to them. See Dungey v. Fairview [43] Farms, Inc., 205 Or 615, 621, 290 P2d 181 (1955) (every person is presumed to know the law). Accordingly, we hold that the relevant statutes were reasonably available to Bartz when his conviction became final. The failure of Bartz’s counsel to advise him of all available statutory defenses thus is not a ‘ground[] for relief *** which could not reasonably have been raised’ timely. ORS 138.510(2). The exception to the 120-day limitation period is not available to Bartz under the circumstances here.” 314 Or 359-60. Thus, under Bartz, a post-conviction relief petitioner is presumed to have the knowledge that his or her trial counsel was appointed to provide.1 Recently, in Verduzco v. State of Oregon, 357 Or 553, 565, 355 P3d 902 (2015), the Supreme Court intimated that Bartz might not be the “final answer” on the meaning of ORS 138.510(3). In the course of discussing a similarly worded escape clause in ORS 138.550(3), the court in Verduzco noted that the legislature amended ORS 138.510 in 1993, after Bartz was decided; it further noted that, “[although the 1993 legislature left the wording of the escape clause unchanged, the legislature discussed the relationship between the escape clause and the expanded limitations period at some length in the course of enacting the 1993 amendments to the statute of limitations.” 357 Or [44] at 564 n 10. But, apart from noting that the court “cannot assume that Bartz provides the final answer on the meaning of ORS 138.510(3), as amended in 1993,” 357 Or at 565, Verduzco provides no further guidance as to the meaning of that statute or the role that Bartz should play in construing it. Despite the Supreme Court’s observations regarding Bartz, we decline petitioner’s invitation to overrule Benitez-Chacon. Petitioner has not directed us to any legislative history from 1993 that demonstrates an intention to legislatively overrule the holding in Bartz, or that convinces us that we were plainly wrong in Benitez-Chacon to rely on that prior construction of the escape clause. Thus, petitioner’s challenge to the “narrow” construction of ORS 138.510(3) is properly directed to the Supreme Court. See Chavez v. State of Oregon, 283 Or App 788, 799, 391 P3d 801 (2017) (“[W]e are not in a position to overrule the Supreme Court, nor are we inclined to revisit our own well-considered opinion to the extent that it was based on those earlier Supreme Court cases.”). Accordingly, we adhere to Benitez-Chacon and affirm the post-conviction court’s ruling that the grounds for relief asserted in the petition do not fall within the escape clause. The relevant immigration laws (and Padilla, which was decided before petitioner pleaded guilty) were publicly available to petitioner from the start of the limitations period, so his claim of inadequate assistance is not one “which could not reasonably have been raised” for purposes of ORS 138.510 (3). Accord Hardin v. Popoff, 279 Or App 290, 303, 379 P3d 593, rev den, 360 Or 465 (2016) (citing Bartz and Benitez-Chacon and stating that the fact that “publicly available decisional law, much of which predates [the expiration of the two-year deadline] raises the same argument that petitioner raises in his post-conviction case, is a circumstance we consider in evaluating whether petitioner’s failure to raise his claim in a timely fashion was reasonable”). Affirmed. Footnotes [1] A criminal defendant has a constitutional right to counsel. US Const, Amend VI and XIV; Or Const, Art I, § 11. That right is predicated on the recognition that a criminal defendant is unlikely to have the skill and knowledge necessary to adequately protect his or her rights or interests. Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 US 335, 344, 83 S Ct 792, 9 L Ed 2d 799 (1963) (“[L]awyers in criminal courts are necessities, not luxuries.”); id. (quoting Powell v. Alabama, 287 US 45, 68-69, 53 S Ct 55, 77 L Ed 158 (1932) (“The right to be heard would be, in many cases, of little avail if it did not comprehend the right to be heard by counsel. Even the intelligent and educated layman has small and sometimes no skill in the science of law. * * * He lacks both the skill and knowledge adequately to prepare his defense, even though he has a perfect one.”). Criminal defendants rely on their trial counsel; indeed, with respect to certain decisions, they are required to do so. See, e.g., State v. Dell, 156 Or App 184, 187-88, 967 P2d 507, rev den, 328 Or 194 (1998) (a represented defendant does not have a right, under either the state or federal constitution, to serve as co-counsel); State v. Becker, 178 Or App 602, 607, 37 P3d 252, rev den, 334 Or 327 (2002) (“a defendant’s counsel has full authority to manage the conduct of the trial” and, therefore, “generally may'—without personal endorsement by the defendant on the record—waive rights falling within that province”). Yet, under Bartz and its progeny, at the post-conviction stage, petitioners cannot rely on the information and advice they received from their trial counsel; in effect, they are presumed to have the same (or better) knowledge of the law as the counsel that represented them at trial.