Royal United Corp. v. United States

OPINION POGUE, Judge. In this matter, Plaintiff, an importer of axes/adzes from the People’s Republic of China (“China” or “PRC”), seeks re-liquidation of two of its entries at the cash deposit rate, rather than at the assessment rate determined by the Department of Commerce (“Commerce” or “the Department”) in its periodic administrative review of the antidumping duty order covering Plaintiffs entries. Plaintiff, however, did not participate in that administrative review proceeding, despite constructive notice of the opportunity to do so. Because of Plaintiffs failure to so participate, and because Plaintiffs complaint would require the court to review Commerce’s administrative proceeding, the Plaintiff has failed to satisfy a statutory prerequisite for judicial review and therefore lacks standing to bring its Complaint. Accordingly, the court must dismiss the action for lack of jurisdiction. 1 BACKGROUND The administrative proceeding at issue was a review of a 1991 antidumping duty order on four classes of heavy forged hand tools, which included axes/adzes. Heavy Forged Hand Tools, Finished or Unfinished, With or Without Handles From the People’s Republic of China, 56 Fed.Reg. 6622 (Dep’t Commerce February 19, 1991)(notice constituting antidumping duty orders). 2 Commerce initiated this administrative review in response to four separate requests for review, all made in late February 2006. Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative Reviews and Deferral of Administrative Reviews, 71 Fed.Reg. 17,077 (Dep’t Commerce Apr. 5, 2006) (“Notice of Initiation ”); Heavy Forged Hand Tools, Finished or Unfinished, With or Without Handles, From the People’s Republic of China, 72 Fed.Reg. 10492 (Dep’t Commerce Mar. 8, 2007) (preliminary results and partial rescission of the 2005-2006 ad *1310 ministrative reviews) (“Preliminary Results ”) (noting the four requests for initiation of review). Because the goods at issue come from China, which Commerce considers to be a nonmarket economy (“NME”), Commerce employed its rules and practices for NMEs in these proceedings. Specifically, for goods imported from an NME, Commerce employs a presumption that all exporters in the NME are under state control. See Sigma Corp. v. United States, 117 F.3d 1401, 1405-06 (Fed.Cir.l997)(upholding the presumption of state control as within Commerce’s authority). 8 Applying its presumption of state control, it is Commerce’s practice to “conditionally” cover, in a review, an NME-wide entity, even when no review of a NME-wide entity has been requested. Commerce gives notice of its practice by publication in the Federal Register. After such notice, if at least one named exporter 4 fails to demonstrate independence from government control, the NME-wide entity, and therefore all exporters who fail to demonstrate their independence, are also covered by the results of the review. Pursuant to this conditional coverage practice, when it initiates a review, Commerce instructs the Bureau of Customs and Boarder Protection (“CBP” or “Customs”) to suspend liquidation of entries of subject merchandise from all unnamed exporters from the NME who have not demonstrated entitlement to a company-specific rate. Upon completing its review, Commerce may then order the entries liquidated at the rate it assesses against the products of the NME-wide entity. 5 The two Chinese exporters of the merchandise at issue in this case, Jiangsu Sainty and Shanxi Tianli, were not among those companies for whom review was requested in the administrative review in question. However, following its conditional coverage practice, Commerce included the following language in the Notice of Initiation, as a footnote to its list of companies to be reviewed: If ... one of the above-named companies does not qualify for a separate rate, *1311 all other exporters of [axes/adzes] from ... China who have not qualified for a separate rate are deemed to be covered by this review as part of the single PRC entity of which the named exporters are a part. Notice of Initiation, 71 Fed.Reg. at 17,079 n. 6. 6 As anticipated by Commerce’s notice, at least one of the named exporters for whom review was requested failed to qualify for separate rate status. Commerce accordingly included the China-wide entity within the scope of this review. Preliminary Results, 72 Fed.Reg. at 10,494 (“Jafsam (with respect to all four classes or kinds [of merchandise subject to the antidumping duty order, including axes/adzes]) failed to respond to the Department’s requests for information.... By failing to adequately respond to the Department’s requests for information, ... Jafsam ... ha[s] not demonstrated [that it is] free of government control, [is] therefore not eligible to receive a separate rate, and [is] accordingly being treated as part of the PRC-wide entity.”); see also id. at 10,497 & n. 2 (listing PRC-wide rate for “Heavy Forged Hand Tools from the PRC: Axes/Adzes,” and noting that “[t]he PRC-wide entity for Axes/Adzes includes Jafsam.”). 7 *1312 Affirming these preliminary results, Commerce, in its final results, applied a 189.37 percent dumping margin on axes/adzes from the China-wide entity. Heavy Forged Hand Tools, Finished or Unfinished, With or Without Handles, from the People’s Republic of China, 72 Fed.Reg. 51,787, 51,790 (Dep’t Commerce Sept. 11, 2007) (final results and rescissions of the 2005-2006 administrative reviews). Based on these final results, Commerce then issued liquidation instructions to CBP, directing CBP to liquidate entries covered by the review in accordance with the final results. {See Am. Compl. ¶ 13.) Plaintiffs two entries at issue are axes/adzes subject to the antidumping duty order on heavy forged hand tools from China, entered during the period of administrative review, in August 2005 and November 2005. (Am.CompU 1.) 8 Accordingly, after notification to Plaintiff, in early 2008, CBP liquidated Plaintiffs two entries at the China-wide assessment rate of 189.37 percent. {Id. ¶ 11.) 9 Plaintiff filed a protest of the liquidation and requested an application for further review, both of which were denied by CBP on the ground that the liquidations were executed in accordance with Commerce’s instructions at the close of the review. (-See id. ¶ 13.) Seeking review of CBP’s action, Plaintiff, in its Complaint, now requests an order directing CBP to re-liquidate these entries at the cash deposit rate paid at their time of entry. {Id. ¶ 15.) Plaintiff contends that because no interested party requested review of the specific Chinese exporters of the products Plaintiff imported, 10 the merchandise was improperly liquidated at the assessment rate from the administrative review, which included antidumping duties. Plaintiff argues, in essence, that the exporters of its merchandise were unlawfully covered by the results of the instant administrative review of the antidumping duty order on axes/adzes from China. {See id. ¶¶ 2, 7-15.) Plaintiff asserts that it has a cause of action under the Administrative Procedure Act (“APA”) 11 , and that this court has *1313 jurisdiction over its claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581® (2006). (Am.Compl.1ffl 1-3.) However, as further explained below, the court concludes that, based on the facts alleged in Plaintiffs complaint, Plaintiff could and should have brought its claim under Section 516A of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1516a (2006), 12 and may not now use the broad provisions of the APA and 28 U.S.C. § 1581® to circumvent the special statutory procedures and prerequisites enacted by Congress for the adjudication of a Section 1516a claim in this Court. See, e.g., Nat’l Corn Growers Ass’n v. Baker, 840 F.2d 1547, 1556-57 (Fed.Cir.1988) (if claim could have been brought under Section 1516, jurisdiction under Subsection 1581® may not be invoked to adjudicate the same claim under the APA, because doing so would circumvent the proper procedures of Section 1516). As is also further explained below, “the true nature of [Plaintiffs] action” 13 is such that the sole potential basis for jurisdiction is pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c). See Transcom, Inc. v. United States, 121 F.Supp.2d 690, 693, 695-96 (CIT 2000) (“Transcom III”), aff'd, 294 F.3d 1371 (Fed.Cir.2002). However, because Plaintiff — by failing to participate in the administrative review proceeding the results of which Plaintiff now seeks to challenge 14 — has failed to meet a statutory prerequisite for this Court’s exercise of jurisdiction under Subsection 1581(c), the Plaintiff lacks standing to bring its action, and the court therefore lacks subject matter jurisdiction to hear Plaintiffs claim. See Miller & Co. v. United States, 824 F.2d 961, 964 (Fed.Cir.1987) (affirming dismissal of claim over which plaintiff sought jurisdiction under § 1581®, because “[the] action falls clearly under § 1581(c)” but plaintiff failed to participate in the administrative proceeding sought to be reviewed). STANDARD OF REVIEW In considering a motion to dismiss, the court accepts all factual allegations in a plaintiffs complaint to be true. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, — U.S. -, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). However, courts are not bound to accept the truth of legal conclusions stated in the complaint. Id. at 1949-50. Moreover, the court will not accept as true Plaintiffs claimed basis for jurisdiction. Instead, “[e]very federal court has the responsibility to determine whether it ... has jurisdiction.” Martin ex rel. Martin v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 62 F.3d 1403, 1406 (Fed.Cir.1995). See also Booth v. United States, 990 F.2d 617, 620 (Fed.Cir.1993) (federal court may assess whether it has subject matter jurisdiction over the case before it sua sponte at any time). *1314 To determine the appropriate basis for jurisdiction, if any, the court must glean from Plaintiffs complaint “the true nature of the action.” Norsk Hydro, 472 F.3d at 1355 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). The court “must have its own independent basis for jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581.” Shinyei Corp. of America v. United States, 355 F.3d 1297, 1304 (Fed.Cir.2004). 15 Plaintiff bears the burden of establishing that its cause of action is within the reach of Subsection 1581(i). Miller, 824 F.2d at 964. As explained below, Plaintiff has failed to meet this burden. Discussion It is, of course, axiomatic that this Court exercises jurisdiction pursuant to Subsection 1581(i) to adjudicate a cause of action under the APA. 16 The court exercises its 1581(i) jurisdiction, however, when, on the facts alleged in a plaintiffs complaint, jurisdiction under Subsections 1581(a) through (h) could not have adequately covered the true nature of Plaintiffs action. Shinyei, 355 F.3d at 1304-05. As provided by the APA, if an agency action is “made reviewable by statute [in this case, under 19 U.S.C. § 1516a over which the court has jurisdiction under 1581(c)],” 5 U.S.C. § 704, then “[t]he form of proceeding for judicial review [of such an action] is the special statutory review proceeding relevant to the subject matter in a court specified by statute.” See id. at § 703. Only if the challenged final agency action is one “for which there is no other adequate remedy in a court,” id. at § 704, does the APA provide an independent cause of action. See id. at § 703-04. See also, e.g., Bowen v. Mass., 487 U.S. 879, 903, 108 S.Ct. 2722, 101 L.Ed.2d 749 (1988) *1315 (“Congress did not intend the general grant of review in the APA to duplicate existing procedures for review of agency action[,][and] ... § 704 does not provide additional judicial remedies in situations where the Congress has provided special and adequate review procedures.” (quotation marks, footnotes and citations omitted)); Abitibi-Consol. Inc. v. United States, 30 CIT 714, 718, 437 F.Supp.2d 1352, 1357 (2006) (noting that Section 704 of the APA “is mirrored in the court’s residual jurisdiction case law, which ... prescribes that section 1581(i) supplies jurisdiction only if a remedy under another section of 1581 is unavailable or manifestly inadequate”). Accordingly, the APA provides a plaintiff with an independent cause of action where that plaintiff pleads facts sufficient to establish that it could not have availed itself of an existing statutory cause of action. See, e.g., Nereida Trading Co., Inc. v. United States, — CIT-, 683 F.Supp.2d 1348, 1357 (2010) (no independent cause of action under the APA when plaintiff “has not demonstrated that the actions it attributes to [the agency] fall beyond 5 U.S.C. § 704’s first prong”) (“[a]gency action made reviewable by statute”) and under [5] U.S.C. § 704’s second prong (“final agency action for which there is no other adequate remedy in a court”). Plaintiffs amended complaint appears to claim a cause of action under the APA, alleging that “as [an] importer [of subject merchandise], [Plaintiff] was adversely aggrieved by CBP’s improper liquidation of the entries using an antidumping duty rate other than the rate in effect at the time of entry” (Am. Compl. ¶ 3 (citation omitted)). The facts alleged in Plaintiffs complaint, however, do not amount to a claim of error on the part of Customs. 17 (See id. ¶ 13 (alleging that CBP notified Plaintiff that its entries were liquidated pursuant to Commerce’s instructions); Pl.’s Resp. 7 (noting that “CBP merely carried out Commerce’s liquidation instructions”).) Rather, on the facts pled in Plaintiffs amended complaint and the arguments presented in Plaintiffs subsequent briefing, the true nature of Plaintiffs action is as a challenge to Commerce’s decision to include Plaintiffs entries within the coverage of the final results of Commerce’s administrative review, see Transcom IV, 294 F.3d at 1375-77 (describing facts very similar to those alleged in this case, and characterizing the plaintiffs claim as a challenge to the legality of subjecting non-individually named exporters to the results of administrative reviews through the doctrine of conditional coverage), and Plaintiff has confirmed this to be case. {See Tel. Conf. Tr. [Dkt. No. 26], 3, June 9, 2010.) Plaintiff particularly claims that no interested party within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. §§ 1516a(f)(3) and 1677(9)(A) specifically requested a review of the exporters of the two entries in question (Am. Compl.1ffl 8, 15 18 ), and that, accordingly, the results of an administrative review un *1316 der Section 1675(a) cannot apply to these entries, such that their liquidation is properly governed by Section 1504(a). (See Am. Comp. ¶¶ 7-15.) 19 Thus, the true nature of Plaintiffs complaint is as a challenge to Commerce’s authority to review and impose duties pursuant to an administrative review conducted under 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a). 20 *1317 This challenge to Commerce’s final determination under Section 1675 must be brought under 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(A)(i)(I), by invoking the court’s jurisdiction Court No. 09-00351 Page 19 under 28 U.S.C. 1581(c) after satisfying the statutory prerequisites for access to judicial review of the agency action. See, e.g., Transcom III, 121 F.Supp.2d at 693, 695 (jurisdiction pursuant to 1581(c) when plaintiff “contends that under 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a) ... Commerce lacked authority to review and impose the resulting determinations upon entries of any company other than those identified by name in the Notice of Initiation ” (citations omitted)). See also Miller, 824 F.2d at 964 (holding that action challenging Commerce’s authority to conduct review and subject respondents to its final results falls under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c), because “[u]nder 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) and 19 U.S.C. § 1516a, the procedural correctness of a[n] [antidumping] duty determination, as well as the merits, are subject to judicial review”); 28 U.S.C. § 1581® (“This subsection shall not confer jurisdiction over an antidumping [] duty determination which is reviewable [ ] by the Court of International Trade under section 516A(a) of the Tariff Act of 1930....”); 5 U.S.C. § 703 (“The form of proceeding for judicial review [of agency action] is the special statutory review proceeding relevant to the subject matter in a court specified by statute....”). Thus, the facts stated in Plaintiffs complaint essentially allege a cause of action which could and should have been brought under 19 U.S.C. § 1516a, jurisdietion over which claim is proper in this Court pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c). Plaintiff, however, by choosing not to participate in the applicable administrative review (Am.Compl^ 4), has failed to meet an essential prerequisite for bringing its cause of action under Section 1516a, and Plaintiff may not now use the APA and Subsection 1581® to circumvent the statutory requirements imposed by Congress for bringing precisely the type of claim that Plaintiff seeks to have adjudicated. Nat’l Corn Growers Ass’n, 840 F.2d at 1560; Miller, 824 F.2d at 964. Plaintiff lacks standing to proceed under 1581(c) due to its own failure to participate in the administrative review proceeding. See 28 U.S.C. 2631(c). Further, recourse to an independent cause of action under the APA and this Court’s residual jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581® is not available to Plaintiff on the ground that jurisdiction under subsection (c) would have been manifestly inadequate. As the Federal Circuit held in Miller, the use of “the § 1581(c) remedy” by other litigants in Plaintiffs position is persuasive of its adequacy. Miller, 824 F.2d at 964. As noted above, “the § 1581(c) remedy” has repeatedly and consistently been used by litigants in Plaintiffs position to bring precisely the types of claims for which Plaintiff now seeks relief. The fact that Plaintiff “chose not to participate in the applicable administrative review and hence ha[s] no standing under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c)” (Am.Compl.f 4) does not make the remedy itself inadequate. See *1318 Miller, 824 F.2d at 964 (jurisdiction under Subsection 1581® not available because plaintiff could have availed itself of the remedy under Subsection 1581(c), despite plaintiffs failure to participate in review and consequent lack of standing to bring action under Subsection 1581(c); fact that other plaintiffs brought similar challenges to that brought by plaintiff in that case showed that remedy under 1581(c) was not manifestly inadequate). Indeed, as noted above, the broad provisions of the APA and Subsection 1581® were not intended to allow claimants to get around the statutory requirements for bringing a claim in this Court which could and should have been brought under Section 1516a. See Nat’l Corn Growers Ass’n, 840 F.2d at 1557 (“[Plaintiffs] may not circumvent the proper jurisdictional statute by asserting that their decision not to proceed under the proper congressional mechanism renders their available remedies manifestly inadequate.” (citation omitted)). 21 Moreover, this is not a case where Plaintiff could not possibly have availed itself of the remedy under Subsection 1581(c), as would be the case if Plaintiff had received no notice of its entries being subjected to the review in time for Plaintiff to participate in the administrative proceeding. While Plaintiff argues, in its response to Defendant’s motion to dismiss, that “despite the so-called ‘conditional notice’ language in the Initiation Notice, until the final results were published in this review, [Plaintiff] had no reason to believe that its entries would be subject to a revised anti-dumping rate” (PL’s Resp. 9), Plaintiff does not dispute that the Notice of Initiation did contain such “ ‘conditional notice’ language.” (See id.) As the court noted in Transcom III, “[t]he statement that ‘[a]ll other exporters of [subject merchandise] are conditionally covered by this review’ gave [Plaintiff], a seasoned importer, more than sufficient constructive notice that the particular entries in which [Plaintiff] had an interest could possibly be affected by the administrative review.” Transcom III, 121 F.Supp.2d at 701 (footnote omitted). In the case at bar, as in Transcom III, “[h]ad [Plaintiff] been in doubt about the meaning of the term [‘conditionally covered’], it was but a phone call away from the answer.” Id. at 702; see also id. at 701 n. 10 (noting that constructive notice includes inquiry notice (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary 1062 (6th ed.1990))); Deseado Int’l, Ltd. v. United States, 600 F.3d 1377, 1380 (Fed.Cir.2010) (parties are deemed to have had notice of announcements published in the Federal Register) (citing 44 U.S.C. § 1507; Stearn v. Dep’t of Navy, 280 F.3d 1376, 1384 (Fed.Cir.2002)). 22 *1319 Therefore, because Sections 1516a and 1581(c) adequately provided potential relief for the true nature of Plaintiffs complaint, a cause of action under the APA, with residual jurisdiction pursuant to § 1581®, is unavailable. Consol. Bearings, 348 F.3d at 1002; Miller, 824 F.2d at 963-64. Further, because Plaintiff received inquiry notice that its entries may be affected by the instant administrative review, see Transcom III, 121 F.Supp.2d at 701, and yet nevertheless “chose not to participate” (Am.ComplY 4), Plaintiff may not now avail itself of the court’s jurisdiction pursuant to Subsection 1581(c) because it lacks standing to do so. Nucor, 31 CIT at-, 516 F.Supp.2d at 1349 (dismissing action because plaintiff did not participate in administrative review to the extent necessary to qualify as a party to that proceeding under Subsection 1581(c)). 23 *1320 CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the court concludes that the Plaintiff lacks standing to invoke the court’s subject matter jurisdiction to hear its claim. This case must therefore be DISMISSED. Judgment will be entered accordingly. It is SO ORDERED. Footnotes [1] In response to Plaintiff's Complaint, Defendant moves to dismiss for failure to state a claim for which relief may be granted, pursuant to USCIT Rule 12(b)(5). Because it lacks jurisdiction, the court will not decide Defendant’s motion. [2] In considering a motion to dismiss, "the court may consider matters of public record.” Sebastian v. United States, 185 F.3d 1368, 1374 (Fed.Cir.1999). [4] Reference to a "named exporter” throughout this opinion refers to exporters for whom review was explicitly requested, and whose name appears in the notice of initiation of review. [5] See Transcom, Inc. v. United States, 294 F.3d 1371, 1379-80 (Fed.Cir.2002) ('‘Transcom TV") (discussing 19 C.F.R. § 353.22(e)(2)(1994), renumbered as 19 C.F.R. § 351.212(c)(2)(2007)). The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit ("Federal Circuit”) initially rejected the practice of subjecting unnamed exporters to the results of administrative review as part of an NME-wide entity, on the ground that such exporters were entitled to express notice. Transcom, Inc. v. United States, 182 F.3d 876, 882-83 (Fed.Cir.1999). The court, however, later upheld Commerce’s response to this requirement, finding the language in its notice of initiation of administrative review as sufficient to reasonably inform unnamed interested exporters, in light of announced departmental policy, to satisfy due process notice requirements. Transcom TV, 294 F.3d at 1377-82. [6] Defendant correctly points out that language essentially identical to that used by the Department in this case previously has been upheld by the Federal Circuit as sufficient to notify unnamed exporters from the relevant NME country that they may be subject to the results of the review as part of the NME-wide entity, unless they prove their entitlement to separate rate status. ([Def.'s] Mot. to Dismiss 9.) Compare Notice of Initiation, 71 Fed.Reg. at 17,079 n. 6 with Huaiyin Foreign Trade Corp. (30) v. United States, 322 F.3d 1369, 1377 (Fed.Cir.2003) (quoting Initiation of Antidumping and Countervailing Duty Administrative Review, Requests for Revocation in Part and Deferral of Administrative Reviews, 63 Fed.Reg. 58,009, 58,010 (Dep’t Commerce Oct. 29, 1998)). See Huaiyin, 322 F.3d at 1377-78 (upholding the language used as sufficient to "satisffy] controlling statutory and regulatory requirements”). [7] Plaintiff erroneously claims that, because "Jafsam did not respond to [Commerce’s] questionnaires[,][it] therefore did not participate [in the administrative review proceeding],” and that accordingly Jafsam's failure to qualify for separate rate status may not be used to invoke the conditional coverage provision in the notice of initiation. (Pl.'s Opp’n to Def.'s Mot. to Dismiss ("Pl.'s Resp.”) 9-10.) Plaintiff, however, does not accurately characterize the nature of the conditional coverage doctrine. As quoted above, Commerce's Notice of Initiation explained that if “one of the [ ]named companies does not qualify for a separate rate,” then "all other exporters of [axes/adzes] from ... China who have not qualified for a separate rate are deemed to be covered by this review as part of the single PRC entity of which the named exporters are a part.” Notice of Initiation, 71 Fed.Reg. at 17,079 n. 6. As explained by the Department in the Preliminary Results, one of the named companies — Jafsam—failed to respond to Commerce's requests for information and therefore failed to qualify for separate rate status. 72 Fed.Reg. at 10,494. Accordingly, the "condition” on which the PRC-wide entity and any Chinese exporters of subject merchandise failing to prove independence therefrom were "conditionally covered” was satisfied. See also Transcom. IV, 294 F.3d at 1377-83 (upholding the invocation of conditional coverage provision where those named exporters who failed to demonstrate entitlement to separate rate status had failed to provide information to Commerce, and thus had been assessed a PRC-wide rate based on facts available). For this same reason, Plaintiff's request to stay this case, pending final decision in a case involving another respondent in this review (Pl.’s Resp. 1, 12), is irrelevant. Regardless of the outcome of a case in which the separate rate status of another respondent may or may not be subject to change, Jafsam remains a named exporter of axes/adzes from China who did not qualify for a separate rate, and was therefore deemed by Commerce to be part of the PRC-wide entity. By failing to qualify for a separate rate, Jafsam subjected the PRC-wide entity and all entities who failed to prove independence therefrom, including the Chinese exporters at issue here, to *1312 the results of the review of the order on axes/adzes from China. [8] There is no indication, and Plaintiff's complaint does not allege, that this merchandise was produced or exported by entities which should have been declared by Commerce to qualify for separate rate status. [9] In other proceedings reviewing the final results, the court has concluded that Commerce’s use of adverse facts available ("AFA”) as the basis for the China-wide assessment rate on axes/adzes was supported by substantial evidence. Shandong Mach. Imp. & Exp. Co. V. United States, Slip Op. 09-64, 2009 WL 2017042, *5-6, 2009 Ct. Inti. Trade LEXIS 76, at *16 (CIT June 24, 2009). The assessment rate of 189.73 percent was higher than the rate in effect at the merchandise’s time of entry. [10] Although Plaintiff's complaint ambiguously alleges that "[n]o interested party within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. §§ 1516a(£)(3) and 1677(9)(A) ... requested an administrative review for the axes/adzes sold and entered during the 2005-2006 review period conducted by Commerce” (Am.CompU 8), Plaintiff has confirmed that the intended meaning of this allegation is that no interested party requested an administrative review of the specific Chinese exporters of the two entries at issue in this case, and that Plaintiff does not contest that interested parties within the meaning of the antidumping statute did request an administrative review for axes/adzes sold and entered during the 2005-2006 review period. (Status Conf. Tr. [Dkt. No. 23], 4, Jan. 26, 2010; see also Pl.’s Resp. 2.) [11] Section 704 of the APA states that "[a]gency action made reviewable by statute and final agency action for which there is no adequate remedy in a court are subject to review.” 5 U.S.C. § 704. Section 702 of that Act provides that "[a] person suffering legal wrong because of agency action, or adversely affected or aggrieved by agency action within *1313 the meaning of a relevant statute, is entitled to judicial review thereof.” Id. at§ 702. [12] Further citation to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, is to Title 19 of the U.S.Code, 2006 edition. [13] Norsk Hydro Can., Inc. v. United States, 472 F.3d 1347, 1355 (Fed.Cir.2006) (noting that "a party may not expand a court’s jurisdiction by creative pleading,” and that courts must "look to the true nature of the action” in determining jurisdiction (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). [14] See 28 U.S.C. § 2631(c) ("A civil action contesting a determination listed in section 516A of the Tariff Act of 1930 may be commenced in the Court of International Trade by any interested party who was a party to the proceeding in connection with which the matter arose.”); Nucor Corp. v. United States, 31 CIT -, 516 F.Supp.2d 1348, 1349 (2007) (dismissing action because plaintiff did not participate in administrative review to the extent necessary to qualify as a party to that proceeding for purposes of bringing an action under Subsection 1581(c)). [15] Subsection (i) confers residual jurisdiction to the court, and is available when jurisdiction under subsections (a)-(h) is unavailable or when relief under the appropriate subsection would be inadequate. Shinyei, 355 F.3d at 1304-05. Subsection (i) specifically states that "[t]his subsection shall not confer jurisdiction over an antidumping [ ] duty determination which is reviewable ... by the Court of International Trade under section 516A(a) of the Tariff Act of 1930," jurisdiction over which is granted pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c). 28 U.S.C. § 1581 (i). See also Consol. Bearings Co. v. United States, 348 F.3d 997, 1002 (Fed.Cir.2003); Norcal/Crosetti Foods, Inc. v. United States, 963 F.2d 356, 359 (Fed.Cir.1992) ("Section 1581 (i) jurisdiction may not be invoked when jurisdiction under another subsection of § 1581 is or could have been available, unless the remedy provided under that subsection would be manifestly inadequate.” (emphasis, quotation marks and citation omitted)). As the Federal Circuit explained in Shinyei, if the plaintiff alleges an error by CBP, its claim falls under 19 U.S.C. § 1514, governing the protest of CBP decisions, a denial of which is reviewable by this Court under jurisdiction conferred by 28 U.S.C. § 1581(a). Shinyei, 355 F.3d at 1302 n. 2. On the other hand, if a plaintiff’s complaint alleges that Commerce's instructions to CBP were not in accordance with the results of its own determinations from the administrative review, then jurisdiction would be proper under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(i)(4), as a challenge to the manner in which Commerce administered the results of its final determinations. See Consol. Bearings, 348 F.3d at 1002. Finally, if a plaintiff's complaint directly challenges a final determination made by Commerce, the court’s jurisdiction flows from 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c). See, e.g., Transcom III, 121 F.Supp.2d at 693, 695-96 (2000). Accord Belgium v. United States, 551 F.3d 1339, 1347 (Fed.Cir.2009) (correlating these three types of actions with their respective bases for jurisdiction under subsections 1581(a), (c), and (i)). [16] See, e.g., Nat’l Fisheries Inst., Inc. v. United States, - CIT -, 637 F.Supp.2d 1270, 1281 (2009) (noting that when this Court exercises jurisdiction pursuant to Subsection 1581(i), "the cause of action generally is considered to arise under the APA" (citing Motion Sys. Corp. v. Bush, 28 CIT 806, 818, 342 F.Supp.2d 1247, 1258 (2004), aff'd per curiam, 437 F.3d 1356 (Fed.Cir.2006))). [17] The factual allegations in Plaintiff's complaint are that: 1) no interested party within the meaning of the statute requested an administrative review of antidumping duties to be imposed on products from the two specific exporters at issue (Am. Comply 8); 2) that Customs liquidated these entries pursuant to Commerce's instructions, following the final results of an administrative review (see id. ¶¶ 11, 13); and 3) that Plaintiff filed a protest of the liquidation with Customs (id. ¶ 12). On the basis of these facts, Plaintiff claims that it was aggrieved by agency action, because its entries should have been "deemed liquidated” under 19 U.S.C. § 1504(a), rather than liquidated at the rate established by the final results of Commerce’s administrative review. {See id. 3, 15.) [18] See supra note 10. [19] Section 1504 states that, "except as provided in section 1675(a)(3) of this title, an entry of merchandise for consumption not liquidated within 1 year from ... the date of entry of such merchandise ... shall be deemed liquidated at the rate of duty, value, quantity, and amount of duties asserted by the importer of record.” 19 U.S.C. § 1504(a)(l)(emphasis added). The emphasized exception is applicable here. Specifically, Section 1675(a)(3) applies to entries covered by a periodic administrative review of the amount of anti-dumping duties owed on them, see 19 U.S.C. §§ 1675(a)(1)(B) & (3)(B), and exempts such entries from the requirements of Section 1504(a). See 19 U.S.C. § 1504(a)(1). (Liquidation of entries covered by a periodic administrative review under Section 1675(a)(3) is suspended pending the results of such review, see 19 C.F.R. § 159.58(a); accordingly, such entries are not "deemed liquidated” under Section 1504(a), one year from the date of entry. However, entries subject to administrative review may nevertheless be "deemed liquidated” if, absent certain procedural conditions, CBP fails to liquidate such entries six months after receiving notice of the removal of suspension of liquidation following completion of the administrative review. 19 U.S.C. § 1504(d). See Int’l Trading Co. v. United States, 412 F.3d 1303, 1310-12 (Fed.Cir.2005).) More specifically, a condition precedent to the applicability of Section 1675(a), and hence to the exemption of Plaintiffs entries from the requirements of Section 1504(a), is that a review of antidumping duty determinations must have been requested with respect to those entries. 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a)(l)(pro-viding that Commerce shall review its determination of antidumping duties for entries of merchandise covered by an antidumping duty order only if, inter alia, "a request for such a review has been received”). [20] Moreover, while Plaintiff argues that the entries at issue were improperly liquidated pursuant to Commerce Message No. 7310202 (see Am. Compl. ¶¶ 1, 13), Plaintiff does not allege that the message contained any ministerial error or that it otherwise failed to accurately reflect the final results of Commerce's determinations in the instant review. (See generally Am. Compl.). Thus the true nature of Plaintiff's challenge is not to the consistency of Commerce's liquidation instructions with the final results of the administrative review, over which jurisdiction would be proper under subsection 1581 (i) as a challenge to Commerce’s administration of the results of its review, Consol. Bearings, 348 F.3d at 1002. Rather Plaintiff's action is a challenge to those final results themselves. See, e.g., Huaiyin Foreign Trade Corp. (30) v. U.S. Dep't of Comm., 26 CIT 494, 495, 201 F.Supp.2d 1351, 1352 (2002), aff'd, 322 F.3d 1369 (Fed.Cir.2003); Transcom III, 121 F.Supp.2d at 693, 695-96. Compare, e.g., Shinyei 355 F.3d at 1302-05 (challenge to instructions that failed to include plaintiff’s imported merchandise from manufacturers properly covered by final results of review appropriately brought under 19 U.S.C. § 702, invoking the court's jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1581 (i)); Consol. Bearings, 348 F.3d at 1002 ("[Plaintiff] does not object to the final results. Rather [Plaintiff] seeks application of those final results to its entries of [subject merchandise] manufactured by [a particular producer].... Because [Plaintiff] is not challenging the final results, subsection (c) is not and could not have been a source of jurisdiction for this case.... Commerce’s liquidation instructions direct Customs to implement the final results of administrative reviews. Consequently, an action challenging Commerce's liquidation instructions is not a challenge to the final results, but a challenge to the 'administration and enforcement’ of those final results. Thus, [Plaintiff] challenges the manner in which Commerce administered the final results. Section 1581 (i)(4) grants jurisdiction to such an action.”); Am. Signature, Inc. v. United States, 598 F.3d 816 (Fed.Cir.2010) (jurisdiction under subsection 1581 (i) is proper over challenge to allegedly erroneous liquidation instructions, where final results themselves were not contested) with Huaiyin Foreign Trade Corp., 26 CIT at 495, 201 F.Supp.2d at 1352 (jurisdiction under 1581(c) over challenge to Commerce’s inclusion within scope of review coverage entries from producers/exporters for whom no review was specifically *1317 requested but who were determined to be covered by review as part of the PRC-wide entity pursuant to the doctrine of conditional coverage); Transcom III, 121 F.Supp.2d at 693, 695 (jurisdiction pursuant to 1581(c) when plaintiff "contends that under 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a) ... Commerce lacked authority to review and impose the resulting determinations upon entries of any company other than those identified by name in the Notice of Initiation ” (citations omitted)); Transcom, Inc. v. United States, 22 CIT 315, 320, 5 F.Supp.2d 984, 988 (1998) (same), rev'd on other grounds, 182 F.3d 876 (Fed.Cir.1999). [21] See id. at 1558 ("[W]here Congress has prescribed in great detail a particular track for a claimant to follow, in administrative or judicial proceedings, and particularly where the claim is against the United States or its officials in their official capacity, the remedy will be construed as exclusive without a specific statement to that effect. The claimant will not be allowed to sail past carefully constructed limitations simply by invoking other and more general legislation. This is so even when the general legislation might have been construed to cover the case if the specific legislation had not been enacted.”). [22] Plaintiff contends that it did not participate in the review because, due to the withdrawals of a number of requests for review, Plaintiff had no reason to believe that there remained any entries subject to the review until it was revealed, late in the proceeding, that an entry had been mistakenly overlooked. Plaintiff argues that it therefore had no reason to anticipate, until after its opportunity to participate in the review had expired, that the ántidumping duty rates applicable to its entries were subject to change. To the contrary, however, Plaintiff had every reason to believe that, absent a showing of independence from the China-wide entity by the producers/ ex *1319 porters of its merchandise, Plaintiff's entries would be subject to the final results of Commerce's administrative review when Jafsam’s failure to qualify for a separate rate brought all producers/exporters of subject merchandise deemed part of the China-wide entity within the coverage of those final results. Plaintiff has confirmed that it is not contesting that it did not have adequate notice of this policy under Transcom IV (see Tel. Conf. Tr. [Dkt. No. 26], 12, June 9, 2010.), and there is no indication that the request for review of Jafsam was ever rescinded. Accordingly, the fact that an entiy from another company was later revealed to have been overlooked is irrelevant: Plaintiff should have known that the antidumping duty rate applicable to its entries was potentially subject to change as of the Notice of Initiation, and certainly as of Jafsam's failure to qualify for a separate rate. Moreover, Plaintiff’s challenge to all or part of Commerce’s conduct in this review could and should have been brought, in the first instance, before the agency and, as necessary, before this Court under 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c). [23] The court is also precluded from exercising Subsection 1581(c) jurisdiction over this case because Plaintiff's complaint is untimely for purposes of that subsection. 28 U.S.C. § 2636(c) states that “[a] civil action contesting a reviewable determination listed in section 516A of the Tariff Act of 1930 [as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1516a] is barred unless commenced in accordance with the rules of the Court of International Trade within the time specified in such section.” Section 516A, as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1516a, in turn specifies that an interested party may commence an action challenging a final determination made by the Department of Commerce under 19 U.S.C. § 1675 within thirty days after the date of publication in the Federal Register of the notice of such determination. 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(A)(i)(I). The Federal Circuit has concluded that the time restrictions in these statutory provisions are a plain and unambiguous element of the court’s jurisdiction. NEC Corp. v. United States, 806 F.2d 247, 248-49 (Fed.Cir.1986); see also Former Employees of IBM Corp. v. Chao, 292 Fed.Appx. 902, 908 (Fed.Cir.2008) (holding that when a statute “specifies that a plaintiff’s action is 'barred' unless filed within 60 days after the date of notice of the Department [of Labor]’s determination, failure to comply with the terms divests the court of jurisdiction over the plaintiff’s claims”). In the instant case, the final results of Commerce’s administrative review were published on September 11, 2007. Plaintiff filed its summons on August 21, 2009. Plaintiff did not commence suit within the specified time frame. Thus, Plaintiff’s suit is “barred.” 28 U.S.C. § 2636(c). The court notes also that, to the extent Plaintiff might seek to preserve for judicial review the denial of its protest by Customs, Plaintiff has not paid the contested duties, and has therefore failed to meet the prerequisites for protest jurisdiction under 19 U.S.C. §§ 1514-15 and 28 U.S.C. 1581(a). See 28 U.S.C. § 2637(a) (“A civil action contesting the denial of a protest under [19 U.S.C. § 1515] may be commenced in the Court of International Trade only if all liquidated duties, charges, or exactions have been paid at the time the action is commenced ....”); see also Am. Air Parcel Forwarding Co. v. United States, 718 F.2d 1546, 1549 (Fed.Cir.1983) (“It is judicially apparent that where a litigant has access to this court under traditional means, such as 28 U.S.C. 1581(a) [providing for jurisdiction over a cause of a challenge to the denial of a protest under 19 U.S.C. §§ 1514-15], it must avail itself of this *1320 avenue of approach complying with all the relevant prerequisites thereto. It cannot circumvent the prerequisites of 1581(a) by invoking jurisdiction under 1581(i).” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)).