Amanda Foods (Vietnam) Ltd. v. United States

OPINION AND ORDER POGUE, Judge. This consolidated action is again before the court following the initial remand of the final results of the second administrative review of the antidumping duty order covering frozen warmwater shrimp from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. 1 Plaintiffs are cooperative non-investigated respondents in the administrative review who have established their entitlement to a separate rate. In the review, the United States Department of Commerce (“Commerce” or “the Department”) determined Plaintiffs’ dumping margins to be equal to the nonzero rates assigned to Plaintiffs in the investigation underlying this order, rather than to the weighted average of margins calculated for the individually-investigated respondents. All individually-investigated respondents’ margins were zero or de minimis. In Amanda I, the court remanded Commerce’s decision, directing the Department to assign to Plaintiffs the weighted average of the mandatory respondents’ rates, or to provide justification, based on substantial evidence on the record, for using another rate. 2 Amanda I, — CIT at -, 647 F.Supp.2d at 1382. *1286 As explained more fully below, by imputing to cooperative respondents the behavior of uncooperative respondents, Commerce has failed to comply with the court’s remand order in Amanda I. The Department has again failed to provide a rational connection between the facts found and the rates applied. Accordingly, the court again remands to Commerce the question of appropriate antidumping duty rates for Plaintiffs. BACKGROUND A. Amanda I Commerce’s choice of assessment rate for cooperative non-investigated respondents in the second review of this anti-dumping duty order is fully chronicled in the court’s opinion in Amanda I, 647 F.Supp.2d at 1374-75. Briefly: [R]ather than averaging the two mandatory respondents’ [zero and de minim-is ] rates and using the resulting average for the separate rate companies, Commerce assigned to the separate rate companies the most recent rate that each had received in a prior proceeding. Specifically, the Department applied the rate that the separate rate companies had received in the original investigation, based on sales made prior to the imposition of the dumping order.... Id. at 1374 (citing Final Results, 73 Fed.Reg. at 52,275-76). 3 In Amanda I, the court noted that “[t]he sole reasoning that the Department provided for this decision was that thirty-five companies received margins based on [adverse facts available CAFA’)] and that ‘the circumstances of this review are similar to those of the preceding review.’ ” Id. at 1381 (quoting Final Results, 73 Fed.Reg. at 52,275 and citing Issues & Decision Mem., A-552-802, 2d AR 02/01/06-01/31/07 (Sept. 2, 2008), Admin. R. Pub. Doc. 231 (“7 & D Mem.”)). The court found this analysis insufficient, concluding that “there is no basis in the [antidumping] statute for penalizing cooperative uninvestigated respondents due solely to the presence of non-cooperative uninvestigated respondents who receive a margin based on AFA,” id. (citing Yantai Oriental Juice Co. v. United States, 27 CIT 477, 487 (2003)), and that “nowhere in the record [did] Commerce provide sufficient reasoning linking the evidence to its conclusion that margins ... established during the period of investigation, prior to the imposition of the anti-dumping duty order, are ‘based on the best available information and establish[] [the relevant] antidumping margins as accurately as possible,’ ” id. at 1382 (quoting Shakeproof Assembly Components, Div. of III. Tool Works, Inc. v. United States, 268 F.3d 1376,1382 (Fed.Cir.2001)). 4 *1287 B. Remand Results In its remand redetermination, the Department continues to defend as reasonable its decision “to assign the margin of 4.57 percent, the margin calculated for cooperative separate rate respondents in the underlying investigation, to the separate rate respondents in the instant review with no history of a calculated margin,” Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Court Remand (Mar. 3, 2010)(“Remand Results ”) at 13, as well as its decision to assign to Minh Hai Joint-Stock Seafoods Processing Company a margin of 4.30 percent, the rate received by this company in the original investigation, based on its own data. See id. at 4, 22. The Department argues that Section 735(c)(5) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5)(2006) 5 (the “all-others rate” provision for investigations) — the statutory provision upon which the Department usually relies in establishing dumping margins for cooperative respondents not selected for individual examination in an administrative review 6 —“articulates a preference that the Department avoid zero, de minimis rates or rates based entirely on facts available” when it determines the appropriate dumping margins for cooperative uninvestigated respondents. Id. at 14. Further, Commerce contends that the existence in the record of “evidence of dumped sales in the prior [period of review (‘POR’)] and instant POR,” id. at 15, renders reasonable the agency’s choice of dumping margins for Plaintiffs, see id. at 15-18, because “selecting rates from prior segments ... reasonably reflects the existence of dumping under the order[.]” Id. at 18. The Department points to four particulars in the record as evidence supporting the dumping margins assigned to Plaintiffs for the POR in question — the fact that two mandatory respondents received rates based on AFA in the first review; transaction-specific above-de minimis dumping margins for at least one mandatory respondent in the second review; the existence of uncooperative respondents in the second review; and the fact that some of the subject merchandise entered during the POR came from producers/exporters who were assessed cash deposit rates based on AFA but who nevertheless did not request to be reviewed. Id. at 16-18. Plaintiffs contend that the Department has failed to comply with the court’s order in Amanda I because the margins assigned are not supported by substantial evidence on the record. {See generally Comments on Final Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Ct. Remand on Behalf of [Pis.] (“Pis.’ Comments”).) Specifically, Plaintiffs argue that Commerce continues to offer as evidence the imputation of dumping to Plaintiffs based on the presence of uncooperative respondents in the first and second reviews, despite the court’s holding in Amanda I that this fact alone cannot constitute substantial evidence supporting the reasonableness of margins assigned to cooperative Plaintiffs. {See Pis.’ Comments at 2-4, 6-8.) With regard to Commerce’s reliance on transaction-specific dumping margins found for one of the mandatory respondents, Plaintiffs argue that “Commerce cannot have it *1288 both ways; it cannot assign an overall de minimis margin to mandatory respondents, yet use individual comparisons from those respondents’ margin calculations to justify application of an above-de minimis margin to non-mandatory respondents.” (Id. at 5.) STANDARD OF REVIEW “The court will sustain the Department’s determination upon remand if it complies with the court’s remand order, is supported by substantial evidence on the record, and is otherwise in accordance with law.” Jinan Yipin Corp. v. United States, - CIT -, 637 F.Supp.2d 1183, 1185 (2009) (citing 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(l)(B)(i)). “Substantial evidence” is “such evidence as a reasonable mind might accept to support a conclusion.” Universal Camera Corp. v. NLRB, 340 U.S. 474, 477, 71 S.Ct. 456, 95 L.Ed. 456 (1951) (quotation marks and citations omitted). “The specific determination [the court] make[s] is whether the evidence and reasonable inferences from the record support [Commerce’s] finding.” Daewoo Elecs. Co. v. Int’l Union of Elec., Elec., Technical, Salaried & Mach. Workers, AFL-CIO, 6 F.3d 1511, 1520 (Fed.Cir.1993) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). That is, “[a] factual finding is supported by substantial evidence when the factfinder could rationally draw support for the finding from the relevant record evidence.” Penrod Drilling Co. v. Johnson, 905 F.2d 84, 87 (5th Cir.1990). Further, to be supported by substantial evidence, agency findings must be “reached by reasoned decision-making, including ... a reasoned explanation supported by a stated connection between the facts found and the choice made.” Elec. Consumers Res. Council v. Fed. Energy Regulatory Comm’n, 747 F.2d 1511, 1513 (D.C.Cir.1984) (citing Burlington Truck Lines, Inc. v. United States, 371 U.S. 156, 168, 83 S.Ct. 239, 9 L.Ed.2d 207 (1962)) (quotation marks and additional citations omitted). DISCUSSION The court first considers the legal premise for Commerce’s remand decision, concluding that the agency’s statutory construction is not reasonable and therefore not entitled to Chevron deference. 7 The court then examines the evidentiary bases for the Department’s remand decision, concluding that the dumping margins assigned to Plaintiffs on remand are not supported by substantial evidence. *1289 A. Commerce’s Statutory Construction on Remand is Not Entitled to Deference. No statutory or regulatory provision directly addresses the methodology to be employed when calculating a dumping-margin for companies not selected for individual investigation where Commerce limits its examination in an administrative review. Instead, as noted above, Commerce generally relies on the “all others rate” provision governing investigations under the antidumping statute, 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(e)(5). Remand Results at 14 (“Generally we have looked to [19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5)], which provides instructions for calculating the all-others rate in an investigation, for guidance when calculating the rate for respondents we did not examine individually in an administrative review.”). See also Final Results, 73 Fed.Reg. at 52,274 (characterizing the Department’s practice in this regard in language mirroring that found in 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(e)(5)); I & D Mem. at 18-19 (relying on 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5) and its accompanying provision in the Statement of Administrative Action to justify choice of separate rate in this case); Longkou, — CIT-, 581 F.Supp.2d at 1359 (discussing and upholding this practice as in accordance with the statutory scheme). When Commerce interpreted this all-others rate provision in its remand determination, it concluded that the provision generally disfavors the use of zero and de minimis margins in calculating dumping margins for cooperative uninvestigated companies. Remand Results at 26. Commerce then relied on this interpretation in deciding not to base the dumping margins assigned to Plaintiffs on the zero and de minimis margins found for all individually investigated respondents in the second review. Id. (“It is because of the statute’s clear preference to avoid using de minimis /zero and AFA rates in the [all-others rate] average that we have not used any of these rates in assigning a rate to the non-examined companies.”). 8 In reviewing a decision which the agency seeks to justify as compelled or preferred by a particular statutory provision, the court first looks to the text of the statute, to determine whether “Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue.” Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842, 104 S.Ct. 2778. See also Timex, 157 F.3d at 882. *1290 The statutory provision at issue, Section 1673d(c)(5), provides a general rule and an exception: (A) General rule For purposes of this subsection and section 1673b(d) of this title, the estimated all-others rate shall be an amount equal to the weighted average of the estimated weighted average dumping margins established for exporters and producers individually investigated, excluding any zero and de minimis margins, and any margins determined entirely under section 1677e of this title. (B) Exception If the estimated weighted average dumping margins established for all exporters and producers individually investigated are zero or de minimis margins, or are determined entirely under section 1677e of this title, [Commerce] may use any reasonable method to establish the estimated all-others rate for exporters and producers not individually investigated, including averaging the estimated weighted average dumping margins determined for the exporters and producers individually investigated. 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5)(A) & (B). By its plain terms, this statutory provision’s intended application is to administrative proceedings covered under Sections 1673b and 1673d of Title 19 — that is, to preliminary and final determinations in investigations of sales at less than fair value underlying the imposition of an anti-dumping duty order. Therefore, the court cannot conclude that “Congress has directly spoken [in this provision or elsewhere in the antidumping statute] to the precise question at issue,” Chevron, 467 U.S. at 842, 104 S.Ct. 2778—i.e., the court cannot conclude that Congress has directly addressed the issue of whether Commerce must avoid using zero or de minimis dumping margins, to the extent that other rates are available, when calculating dumping margins for cooperative non-individually investigated companies in an administrative review. Accordingly, the court must determine whether Commerce’s statutory interpretation is reasonable and therefore entitled to deference. See id. at 843-44, 104 S.Ct. 2778. As explained below, the court concludes that it is not. Commerce interprets Section 1673d(c)(5) to provide a general congressional preference, applicable both in investigations and administrative reviews, that Commerce avoid using zero or de minimis margins to the extent possible when assigning dumping margins to cooperative uninvestigated respondents. See Remand Results at 26. 9 However, subsection 1673d(c)(5)(B) provides an exception to the preference, expressed in subsection 1673d(c)(5)(A), for excluding zero and de minimis margins from the all-others rate calculation. Subsection (B) provides, inter alia, that where, as here, all mandatory respondents receive zero or de minimis dumping margins, the rule expressed in (A) does not apply. Subsection (B) then states that, in such cases, averaging the mandatory respondents’ zero and de minimis dumping margins may serve as a reasonable method of establishing the all-others rate. 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5)(B). 10 *1291 Thus, while Commerce is correct that the statute disfavors including zero and de minimis margins in the all-others rate calculation when positive non-FA-based rates for individually investigated respondents are available, 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5)(A), 11 it is an impermissible construction of this provision to extend its disfavor to situations where, as here, “the estimated weighted average dumping margins established for all exporters and producers individually investigated are zero or de minimis margins,” 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(e)(5)(B) (emphasis added). This extension is impermissible because the statute explicitly provides an exemption from the preference against using zero or de minimis margins in calculating the all-others rate for the situation at issue here. Id. Simply put, when a statutory provision specifically lists “averaging the [zero and de minimis ] estimated weighted average dumping margins determined for the exporters and producers individually investigated” as the sole provided example of “a reasonable method to establish the estimated all-others rate” when all mandatory respondents’ margins are zero or de minimis, 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5)(B), it is impermissible to interpret this provision as expressing a preference against the use of such methodology in such situations. This must particularly be the case when the “authoritative expression by the United States concerning the interpretation and application of ... this Act” 12 expressly states that the allegedly disfavored methodology is in fact “[t]he expected method in such cases.” SAA, 1994 U.S.C.A.A.N. at 4201. 13 In addition, Commerce’s inter *1292 pretation effectively renders the exception a nullity. See Duncan v. Walker, 533 U.S. 167, 174, 121 S.Ct. 2120, 150 L.Ed.2d 251 (2001) (“[A] statute ought, upon the whole, to be so construed that, if it can be prevented, no clause, sentence, or word shall be superfluous, void, or insignificant.” (citation omitted)). Accordingly, Commerce’s reliance upon an interpretation of the statute which reads the preference expressed in subsection 1673d(c)(5)(A) into the exception to that subsection found in subsection 1673(c)(5)(B), see Remand Results at 22-23, is unreasonable and therefore not entitled to deference. See Chevron, 467 U.S. at 845, 104 S.Ct. 2778. While section 1673d(c)(5)(A) expresses a preference for avoiding zero and de minimis margins when calculating the all-others rate for cooperative uninvestigated respondents, subsection (B) exempts from this preference situations where, as here, all individually investigated respondents receive zero/ de minimis rates. Contrary to Commerce’s argument, therefore, Section 1673d(c)(5) does not support Commerce’s methodology for establishing Plaintiffs’ dumping margins. As the court held in Amanda I, “as a legal matter, Commerce may choose to include or to exclude the mandatory respondents’ zero or de minimis margins in calculating a separate rate,” 647 F.Supp.2d at 1380, as long as the methodology used and the rates chosen are reasonable, see id. at 1379. By categorically excluding the mandatory respondents’ zero and de minimis margins in calculating the separate rate, the methodology used on remand was unreasonable. A further remand is therefore required. Moreover, even were Commerce’s exclusion of the mandatory respondents’ margins from the separate rate calculation not categorical, the court could not accept as reasonable, based on the record here, the dumping margins assigned to Plaintiffs in this review. It is to the consideration of that issue that the court now turns. B. Commerce’s choice of dumping margins assigned to Plaintiffs is not supported by substantial evidence in the record. Because the record for this review does not contain substantial evidence sufficient to establish a reasonable link between the rates assigned to Plaintiffs and Plaintiffs’ pricing behavior during the POR, Commerce’s decision in this regard is in any case not reasonable, especially in light of the overriding statutory purpose of accuracy in the calculation of dumping *1293 margins. See, e.g., Parkdale, 475 F.3d at 1380 (Commerce must calculate dumping margins “as accurately as possible”); De Cecco, 216 F.3d at 1032 (Commerce does not have discretion to select dumping margins “with no relationship to the respondent’s actual dumping margin”); U.S. Steel Corp. v. United States, Slip. Op. 10-28, 2010 WL 1347689, at *19 (CIT Mar. 19, 2010) (“It is well-established that Commerce is required to calculate antidumping duty margins as accurately as possible in each segment of a proceeding.” (citing Rhone Poulenc, Inc. v. United States, 899 F.2d 1185, 1191 (Fed.Cir.1990))). The Department points to four areas in the record as evidence in support of the dumping margins assigned to Plaintiffs in this review: 1) the existence of a 25.76 percent rate, based on AFA, for two mandatory respondents in the first review, as “evidence that dumping has occurred since the investigation of the underlying order,” Remand Remits at 16 (“Ground 1”); 2) the fact that “[a]t least one of the respondents individually investigated had transaction-specific margins that were higher than the 4.57 percent rate,” id. (“Ground 2”); 3) the fact that “[o]f the 63 exporters covered by the review, 35 exporters did not submit quantity and value questionnaire responses at the beginning stages of the proceeding, despite confirmed receipt of each attempt [to solicit such response],” id. at 16-17, as evidence of continued dumping during the POR, at a rate presumed to be at least equal to 25.76 percent, the AFA rate assigned to unresponsive exporters (“Ground 3”); and 4)the fact that “entry data obtained from U.S. Customs and Border Protection [ ] shows that exporters from the Vietnam-wide entity entered subject merchandise during the POR for which a cash deposit was paid at the rate of 25.76 percent,” id. at 17-18, as evidence “that the cash deposit rate is reflective of the level of actual dumping by these exporters during the POR,” because “reviews were not requested by some of these exporters,” id. at 18 (“Ground 4”). The court now turns to consider these evidentiary claims. 1. Grounds 1, S & I — Uncooperative Respondents Grounds 1, 3 and 4, offered as evidence in support of the dumping margins assigned to Plaintiffs in this review, are all based on evidence of the existence of uncooperative respondents in the first and/or second reviews: Ground 1 refers to the presence of uncooperative respondents in the first review; 14 Ground 3 refers to the presence of uncooperative respondents in the second review; and Ground 4 refers to the presence of uncooperative respondents in the first review who did not request to be reviewed in the second review. 15 As the court stated in Amanda I, however, “the Department’s reference to the existence of ... non-cooperating companies ... fails to justify its choice of dumping margin for the cooperative uninvestigated respondents,” 647 F.Supp.2d at 1381, and “does not provide a basis for the Department’s use of results from a prior *1294 determination with respect to the cooperating companies in the present case.” Id. at 1382. All fully cooperative individually investigated respondents in both the first and second reviews received zero or de minim-is rates. 16 Accordingly, when Commerce says that it has “evidence of dumped sales in the prior POR and instant POR,” Remand Results at 15, it is referring to the presumption of dumping with regard to the uncooperative respondents in the first and second reviews. 17 But the presumption that uncooperative respondents engaged in dumping during the POR is just that — a presumption. Because Commerce does not actually possess accurate information with respect to such companies’ pricing behavior during the POR, the agency may presume that margins from prior segments constitute “the most probative evidence of current margins because, if it were not so, the [affected respondent], knowing of the rule, would have produced current information showing the margin to be less.” Rhone Poulenc, 899 F.2d at 1190 (emphasis in original). 18 In the case at bar, however, Commerce, by limiting its examination pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-l(c)(2)(B), has expressly refused to accept current information from the cooperative non-investigated separate rate companies. It follows that the presumption that margins established in the underlying investigation are most probative of current dumping margins cannot be justified on the ground that it encourages the submission of more accurate information. 19 A presumption used to encourage some companies to submit more accurate information may not reasonably be transposed onto companies which are expressly prevented from submitting more accurate information. 20 See Rhone Pou *1295 lenc, 899 F.2d at 1191 (when agency presumes margins from prior segments to be the best information regarding current margins for uncooperative respondents, “since the presumption is rebuttable, it achieves th[e][ ] goal [of encouraging cooperation] without sacrificing the basic purpose of the statute: determining current margins as accurately as possible”). Moreover, a rebuttable presumption with respect to the margins for some companies may not by itself serve as substantial evidence supporting the accuracy of margins assigned to wholly unrelated companies. See, e.g., Routen v. West, 142 F.3d 1434, 1439 (Fed.Cir.1998) (“This court has never treated a presumption as any form of evidence.” (citing A.C. Aukerman Co. v. R.L. Chaides Constr. Co., 960 F.2d 1020, 1037 (Fed.Cir.1992) (“[A] presumption compels the production of [a] minimum quantum of evidence from the party against whom it operates, nothing more. In sum, a presumption is not evidence.” (citations omitted)); Del Vecchio v. Bowers, 296 U.S. 280, 286, 56 S.Ct. 190, 80 L.Ed. 229 (1935) (a presumption “cannot acquire the attribute of evidence in the claimant’s favor”); N.Y. Life Ins. Co. v. Gamer, 303 U.S. 161, 171, 58 S.Ct. 500, 82 L.Ed. 726 (1938) (“[A] presumption is not evidence and may not be given weight as evidence.”))). See also Wilner v. United States, 24 F.3d 1397, 1411 (Fed.Cir.1994) (“Presumptions merely impose ‘on the party against whom [they are] directed the burden of going forward with evidence to rebut or meet the presumption ....’” (emphasis added) (quoting Fed.R.Evid. 301)). Because Commerce’s Grounds 1, 3 and 4 are all based exclusively on presumptions applicable only to the parties against whom they are made, these grounds cannot constitute substantial evidence to support Commerce’s choice of dumping margins for Plaintiffs in the second review. 2. Ground 2 — Transaction-Specific Margins Second, with regard to transaction-specific, above-cie minimis margins found in the course of investigating the mandatory respondents, suffice it to say that, if the presence of these transaction-specific margins failed to justify assigning an overall above-tie minimis rate for the companies whose data they embody, 21 then they certainly cannot serve to do so for the remaining cooperative companies. CONCLUSION For all of the foregoing reasons, the court concludes that Commerce’s argument that “selecting rates from prior segments to apply to the nonselected companies in this review implements the statute’s preference to avoid zero/ de minimis and facts available margins,” Remand Results at 18, is based on an unreasonable interpretation of the statute, and that the agency’s finding that *1296 doing so “reasonably reflects the existence of dumping under the order [by Plaintiffs during the POR],” id., is not supported by substantial evidence on the record. Accordingly, the 4.57 percent and 4.30 percent rates assigned to Plaintiffs are unsupported. On remand, therefore, Commerce must employ a reasonable method, which may “includ[e] averaging the estimated weighted average dumping margins determined for the exporters and producers individually investigated,” 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(e)(5)(B). Further, Commerce must assign to Plaintiffs dumping margins for the second POR which are reasonable considering the evidence on the record as a whole; to do so, Commerce may reopen the evidentiary record if need be. 22 Therefore, this matter is remanded to the agency for further consideration in accordance with this opinion. See 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(c)(3). Commerce shall have until ninety (90) days from the date of this Order and Opinion to complete and file its remand redetermination. Plaintiffs shall have until thirty (30) days from that filing to file comments. Defendant and Defendant-Intervenors shall have until fifteen (15) days after Plaintiffs’ comments are filed to file any reply. It is SO ORDERED. Footnotes [1] See Amanda Foods (Vietnam) Ltd. v. United States, — CIT -, 647 F.Supp.2d 1368, 1374-75, 1379-82 (2009)("Amanda I ”)(remanding Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 73 Fed.Reg. 52,273 (Dep’t Commerce Sept. 9, 2008)(final results and final partial rescission of anti-dumping duty administrative review) {“Final Results ”)). [2] While some of the court’s conclusions are summarized in the Background section of this opinion, familiarity with the court’s decision in Amanda I is presumed. All other issues originally raised by Plaintiffs in this consolidated action have been dismissed pursuant to stipulation between the parties. (See Stipulation of Partial Dismissal [Dkt. No. 83]; Order of Dismissal [Dkt. No. 84].) [3] Separate rate companies that were individually examined in the first administrative review of this antidumping duty order were assigned the rate they received in the first review. Final Results, 73 Fed.Reg. at 52,275-76. However, none of the rates assigned based on rates from the first review are at issue in this case. See supra note 2. [4] While the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has noted that the requirement that Commerce use the "best available information” may not always be helpful and unambiguous, see Dorbest Ltd. v. United States, 604 F.3d 1363, 1372-73 (Fed.Cir.2010), and that this requirement may not be used to demand of Commerce more than is expressly required by more specific relevant provisions of the antidumping statute, see id. at 1374, it remains the case that, to be supported by substantial evidence, Commerce's determinations must be supported by a rational link to information which may be used to help approximate respondents’ actual pricing behavior, and that Commerce does not have discretion to select dumping margins "with no relationship to the respondent's actual dumping margin.” F. lli De Cecco Di Filippo Fara S. Marti *1287 no S.p.A. v. United States, 216 F.3d 1027, 1032 (Fed.Cir.2000). [5] Further citation to the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, is to Title 19 of the U.S.Code, 2006 edition. [6] See, e.g., Longkou Haimeng Mach. Co. v. United States, - CIT -, 581 F.Supp.2d 1344, 1359 (2008)(discussing and upholding this practice as in accordance with the statutory scheme). [7] To the extent that Commerce's determination depends upon a particular construction of its statutory authority, the court first looks to whether "Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue,” Chevron, U.S.A. Inc. v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984), using traditional tools of statutory construction. Id. at 843 n. 9, 104 S.Ct. 2778; see also Timex V.I., Inc. v. United States, 157 F.3d 879, 882 (Fed.Cir.1998) (citation omitted). "[I]f the text answers the question, that is the end of the matter.” Timex, 157 F.3d at 882 (citations omitted). If, after using traditional tools of statutory construction, the court cannot conclude that the statute itself answers the question at issue, then Commerce’s statutory interpretation is entitled to deference so long as it is reasonable. See United States v. Mead Corp., 533 U.S. 218, 229, 121 S.Ct. 2164, 150 L.Ed.2d 292 (2001); Chevron, 467 U.S. at 843, 104 S.Ct. 2778; Pesquera Mares Australes Ltda. v. United States, 266 F.3d 1372, 1382 (Fed.Cir.2001) ("[S]tatutory interpretations articulated by Commerce during its antidumping proceedings are entitled to judicial deference under Chevron.”); Koyo Seiko Co. v. United States, 36 F.3d 1565, 1573 (Fed.Cir.1994) ("In a situation where Congress has not provided clear guidance on an issue, Chevron requires us to defer to the agency’s interpretation of its own statute as long as that interpretation is reasonable.”). [8] See also Remand Results at 14-15 (arguing that 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5) "articulates a preference that the Department avoid zero, de minimis rates or rates based entirely on facts available when it determines the all others rate,” and explaining that “the Department [therefore] consistently seeks to avoid the use of total facts available, zero and de minimis margins in determining non-selected rates in administrative reviews, in order to implement this statutory preference”); id. at 22-23 (“[T]he statute clearly disfavors the use of de minimis or zero margins in the calculation of the ‘all-others’ average rate in an investigation .... As we ... calculated only zero and de minimis rates for the individually examined respondents ..., we considered the statutory preference to avoid the use of these rates in the average.... Therefore, taking guidance from [19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5)] addressing circumstances where the Department calculates zero or de minimis rates, ... rather than using these disfavored rates, we looked to another reasonable method to assign rates to non-individually examined respondents.”); (Def.’s Resp. to Pis.' Remand Comments ("Def.'s Resp.”) at 5 ("Commerce explained that 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5), to which Commerce refers for guidance regarding how to assign rates to separate rate companies, expresses a preference for not relying upon rates that are zero, de minimis, or based entirely upon facts available.... [T]his statutory preference ... supports Commerce’s methodology. ”)). [9] See also supra note 8. [10] The court notes the Department’s characterization that "the statute contemplates that [Commerce] may use an average of the zero, de minimis and rates based entirely on facts available” to arrive at an all-others rate in this case pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5)(B). Remand Results at 15. However, despite the presence of a rate based on AFA assigned to the Vietnam-wide entity in the second review, Final Results, 73 Fed. Reg. at 52,275, the statute states only that "dumping margins determined for the exporters and producers individually investigated " *1291 may be averaged to arrive at the all-others rate. 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5)(B) (emphasis added). Because the margins for all individually investigated exporters/producers in the instant review were zero or de minimis, those portions of the statute which deal with situations where some or all individually investigated companies receive rates based entirely on facts available are not applicable here. The court will therefore refer only to those portions of the statute that deal with zero or de minimis margins for mandatory respondents. [11] See Longkou,-CIT-, 581 F.Supp.2d at 1360 (upholding different treatment of mandatory respondents’ zero/ de minimis and above-de minimis margins for purposes of calculating the all-others rate pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(c)(5)(A) as an "inherent and accepted part” of the statutory scheme). The Department relies on Longkou to support its argument that a statutory preference against the use of zero/ de minimis margins in calculating the all-others rate supports the reasonableness of Commerce's choice of separate rate in this case. Remand Results at 22-23. However, because in Longkou the Department relied on, and the court construed, subsection (A) of section 1673d(c)(5), rather than subsection (B), the issue presented in Longkou and the holding of that case cannot support the reasonableness of the Department’s reliance on subsection (B) — which creates an exception to the rule expressed in subsection (A)— in the case at bar. See Longkou, -CIT at -, 581 F.Supp.2d at 1360. [12] 19 U.S.C. § 3512(d) (referring to the Statement of Administrative Action accompanying the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, H.R. Doc. No. 103-316 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.A.A.N. 4040 ("SAA”)). [13] The Department recognizes that subsection 1673d(c)(5)(B) explicitly lists averaging the mandatory respondents’ margins as an example of a reasonable methodology for establishing the all-others rate when all individually-investigated respondents receive zero or de minimis margins. See Remand Results at 14-15. However, the Department argues that this language applies only to investigations, not administrative reviews. Id. Commerce offers two grounds in attempting to distinguish the circumstances of the instant administrative review from those of an initial investigation. First, the agency argues that subsection (B) is intended to apply only to circumstances where the “expected method” under that subsection would be to average zero/ de minimis rates with rates based on AFA, and never solely to average zero and de *1292 minimis rates. See Id. at 15. Second, Commerce argues that averaging the margins calculated for all individually investigated companies as the all-others rate is the "expected method” only for investigations, where no other potential rates, such as rates from prior segments, would be available. See id. Commerce's first argument in this regard is based on an erroneous interpretation of the law. See supra note 9. Because the provision’s "expected method” is to average only the rates calculated for individually investigated companies, nothing prevents the "expected method” of subsection (B) from resulting in the averaging of zero and de minimis rates found for individually investigated companies in an underlying investigation, such as in situations where some uncooperative now-investigated companies receive rates based on AFA. Hence nothing necessarily distinguishes the circumstances of this review from the kinds of circumstances to which subsection (B) was intended to apply. With regard to Commerce's second argument, as the court explained in Amanda I, and reiterates below, the availability of rates from prior segments does not in itself suffice to support the reasonableness of applying such rates to pricing behavior in subsequent periods of review, and therefore does not necessarily bear on the reasonableness of using section (B)'s expected method in a particular segment. [14] Remand. Results at 16 ("[The Department] determined to apply AFA to two mandatory respondents. As these companies refused to provide the Department with necessary information, the Department was required to resort to facts available, and applied an adverse inference, determining their dumping margins to be 25.76 percent.” (citation omitted)). [15] See Remand Results at 16 (explaining that the 25.76 percent rate was assigned to uncooperative respondents in the first review). [16] Final Results, 73 Fed.Reg. at 52,275; Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp From the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 72 Fed.Reg. 52,-052, 52,054 (Dep’t Commerce Sept. 12, 2007) (final results of the first antidumping duty administrative review and first new shipper review). [17] When respondents fail to cooperate, Commerce presumes the existence of a positive dumping margin for such companies in order to encourage the submission of accurate information with regard to their pricing behavior during the POR. Rhone Poulenc, 899 F.2d at 1190-91. [18] See also, e.g., Gallant Ocean (Thailand) Co. v. United States, 602 F.3d 1319 (Fed.Cir.2010) ("An AFA rate must be ‘a reasonably accurate estimate of the respondent's actual rate, albeit with some built-in increase intended as a deterrent to non-compliance.’ The purpose of the AFA rate 'is to provide respondents with an incentive to cooperate, not to impose punitive, aberrational, or uncorroborated margins.' " (emphasis omitted)(quoting De Cecco, 216 F.3d at 1032)). [19] See also SKF USA Inc. v. United States, — CIT -, 675 F.Supp.2d 1264, 1276 (2009) ("Although 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) does not expressly state that Commerce may not adversely affect a party to a proceeding based upon another interested party's failure to cooperate, a construction permitting such an absurd result makes a mockery of any notion of fairness. In the specific context of the antidumping laws, a party that did not fail to meet its obligation to cooperate, as imposed by § 1677e(b), is entitled by § 1675(a) and related provisions of the antidumping law to have its margin determined accurately and according to the relevant information on the record of the administrative review.”); id. at 1277 (admonishing Commerce for creating a situation where a party may obtain "a margin or deposit rate[] that is less favorable than that which would have resulted if it had cooperated fully, even though Commerce never found that the party did not cooperate fully as required by § 1677e(b)” (internal quotation marks and citation omitted)). [20] While Commerce argues that, because it "did not attribute AFA rates to the non-individually examined respondents,” Remand Results at 22, its separate rate determination is not tantamount to penalizing cooperative re *1295 spondents for the non-cooperation of others, id., in actuality the Department's treatment of the remaining Plaintiffs — essentially assigning a margin equivalent to the highest prior margin available — appears to the court to be no different from how it normally treats willfully noncooperative companies. See, e.g., Rhone Poulenc, 899 F.2d at 1190-91. [21] The court notes that the dumping margins for the individually investigated respondents in this review were 0.00 and 0.01 percent. Final Results, 73 Fed.Reg. at 52,275. Thus whatever transaction-specific dumping may have been engaged in by the individually investigated respondents, Commerce seeks to have this data justify the imposition of 4.30 or 4.57 percent dumping margins for Plaintiffs for the entire POR, notwithstanding the fact that these transaction-specific margins were evidently not significant enough to raise the overall dumping margins of the companies whose actual data they represent above the barest of possible minimums. [22] To the extent that the Department finds that the record does not currently contain sufficient evidence to support the reasonable accuracy of dumping margins for Plaintiffs during the POR, the court notes that neither Petitioner nor the Plaintiffs object to reopening the evidentiary record. I & D Mem. at 16-17 ("If the Department elects not to use the mandatory respondents’ calculated rates to assign a separate rate, the [separate rate] Respondents [ ] argue that the only alternative option is for the Department to reopen the record and allow the [separate rate] Respondents to supplement the record with company-specific, count-size information as a reliable source for calculating the separate-rate margin based on the average unit value ('AUV') to estimate U.S. price.”); id. at 17 (“Petitioner would not be averse to reopening the record for the Department to determine the separate-rate margin based on count-size specific AUV’s reported by [separate rate] Respondents.”).