Atar S.R.L. v. United States

OPINION AND ORDER STANCEU, Judge: Plaintiff Atar S.r.l. (“Atar”), an Italian pasta producer, brought this action to contest the final determination (“Final Re-suits”) of the International Trade Administration, United States Department of Commerce (“Commerce” or the “Department”) concluding the ninth administrative review of an antidumping duty order on certain pasta from Italy (the “subject merchandise”). 1 See Notice of Final Results of the Ninth Admin. Review of the Anti-dumping Duty Order on Certain Pasta from Italy, 72 Fed.Reg. 7,011 (Feb. 14, 2007). The ninth administrative review covered entries of subject merchandise made during the period of July 1, 2004 through June 30, 2005 (the “period of review” or “POR”). Id. In its first decision in this case, the court sustained Atar’s challenge in part, remanding the Final Results for reconsideration, and redetermination as necessary, of the indirect selling expense (“ISE”) and profit components Commerce calculated when determining the constructed value (“CV”) of Atar’s subject merchandise. Atar, S.r.l. v. United States, 33 CIT-, -, 637 F.Supp.2d 1068, 1092-93 (2009) (“Atar I ”). The court ordered a remand because the Department’s decision to use only data from home-market sales made in the ordinary course of trade (specifically, above-cost sales) by the six respondents in the previous (eighth) review in performing the profit and ISE calculations was not grounded in findings of fact, supported by substantial record evidence, that were pertinent to Atar’s specific situation. Id. at -, 637 F.Supp.2d at 1088. In its second decision in this case, the court found unlawful the redetermination *1371 Commerce submitted in response to Atar I (the “First Remand Redetermination”) because Commerce did not determine a “profit cap” when determining its CV profit amount and gave no indication that it had attempted to comply with the profit cap provision in the statute. Atar, S.r.l. v. United States, 34 CIT -, -, 703 F.Supp.2d 1359, 1364 (2010) (“Atar //”); see Results of Remand Determination Pursuant to Ct. Remand Order (Sept. 3, 2009) (“First Remand Redetermination ”). In the First Remand Redetermination, Commerce calculated CV profit and ISE using the data of the home-market sales of only two of the six respondents in the previous (eighth) review of the order, including data on sales made outside the ordinary course of trade. Atar II, 34 CIT at -, 703 F.Supp.2d at 1362. Commerce chose those two respondents because they were the only respondents that realized an overall profit on sales of pasta in the home market of Italy for the period of the eighth review. Id. at -, 703 F.Supp.2d at 1362. The CV profit and ISE as recalculated in the First Remand Redetermination lowered Atar’s margin from the 18.18% determined in the Final Results to 14.45%. Id. at -, 703 F.Supp.2d at 1361-62. Before the court is the redetermination (“Second Remand Redetermination”) Commerce issued in response to Atar II, in which Commerce made no change to its CV profit and ISE determinations but concluded that its method of calculating CV profit, which it considered to satisfy the “reasonable method” requirement of the relevant statutory provision, also satisfied the profit cap requirement. Results of Redetermination Pursuant to Ct. Remand Order (Jul. 19, 2010) (“Second Remand Redetermination ”). Also before the court is defendant’s motion to vacate the court’s orders in Atar I and Atar II based on the decision of the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“Court of Appeals”) in Thai I-Mei Frozen Foods Co. v. United States, 616 F.3d 1300 (Fed.Cir. 2010). Def.’s Consol. Mot. for Relief from this Ct.’s Remand Orders & Reply to Pl.’s Cmts. upon the Second Remand Redetermination 1-8 (“Def.’s Consol. Mot.”). That decision, according to defendant, “directly supports” the determinations of CV ISE and profit the court previously held unlawful. Id. at 1-2. The court concludes that the Second Remand Redetermination does not satisfy the profit cap provision in the statute, which requires Commerce to set the profit cap at the “amount [of profit] normally realized” by home-market exporters/producers in sales “of merchandise that is in the same general category of products as the subject merchandise.” Tariff Act of 1930 (“Tariff Act”), § 773,19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii) (2006). The court also concludes that the holding in Thai I-Mei does not require the court to vacate its previous orders. However, the remand the court is ordering does not preclude Commerce from redetermining CV profit by a method that relies only on above-cost sales, provided Commerce subjects its result to a lawful profit cap. I. Background The background of this litigation is discussed in the court’s opinions in Atar I, 33 CIT at -, 637 F.Supp.2d at 1072-73, and Atar II, 34 CIT at -, 703 F.Supp.2d at 1361-62. Additional background is presented below as a summary and to address events that have occurred since Atar II was decided. On June 9, 2010, Commerce requested comments on a draft version of the Second *1372 Remand Redetermination from Atar and defendant-intervenors American Italian Pasta Company, Dakota Growers Pasta Company, and New World Pasta Company. Letter from Program Manager, AD/ CVD Operations to Atar (June 9, 2010) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 6543); Letter from Program Manager, AD/CVD Operations to Defendant-intervenors (June 9, 2010) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 6544). Atar filed comments on the draft results on June 17, 2010. Letter from Atar to the Sec’y of Commerce (June 17, 2010) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 6530). The Second Remand Redetermination is essentially identical to the draft version, with the addition of a section addressing comments submitted by Atar. Draft Results of Redetermination (June 9, 2010) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 6542). On July 19, 2010, Commerce filed the Second Remand Redetermination, which assigned Atar the same weighted-average dumping margin, 14.45%, as did the First Remand Redetermination. Second Remand Redetermination 12; First Remand Redetermination 15. On August 18, 2010, Atar filed comments in opposition to the Second Remand Redetermination. Cmts. on Remand Determination. On August 12, 2010, the Court of Appeals issued its opinion in Thai I-Mei, which overturned a decision of the United States Court of International Trade (“Court of International Trade”) and upheld the Department’s determination of CV profit by a method that excluded non-ordinary-course sales made in a third-country comparison market. Thai I-Mei, 616 F.3d at 1308-09. On September 27, 2010, defendant filed a consolidated motion requesting relief from the court’s orders in Atar I and Atar II pursuant to USCIT Rule 60(b) or in the alternative that the court affirm the Second Remand Redetermination. Def.’s Consol. Mot. Plaintiff opposes defendant’s motion. Resp. to Def.’s Consol. Mot. for Relief from this Ct.’s Remand Orders & Reply to Pl.’s Cmts. upon the Second Remand Redetermination. Defendant-intervenors responded neither to the Second Remand Redetermination nor to defendant’s motion for relief. II. Discussion The court exercises jurisdiction under section 201 of the Customs Courts Act of 1980, 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2006), which pertains to actions commenced under section 516A of the Tariff Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1516a, including those contesting the final results of an administrative review issued under section 751 of the Tariff Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1675(a). The court will sustain the Department’s determination upon remand if it complies with the court’s remand order, is supported by substantial evidence on the record, and is otherwise in accordance with law. See Tariff Act, § 516A, 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(1)(B)(i). Rejecting certain of plaintiffs claims, the court in Atar I upheld the Department’s determination that Atar, which made no home-market sales during the POR, did not have a viable third-country comparison market. Atar I, 33 CIT at -, 637 F.Supp.2d at 1074-81. Atar I did not uphold the Department’s determinations of constructed value profit and ISE, which the Final Results calculated using profit and ISE data obtained from home-market sales made by the six Italian pasta producers (not including Atar) that were respondents in the previous (eighth) administrative review of the order. Id. at -, 637 F.Supp.2d at 1081-82. In the Final Results, Commerce included in the constructed value ISE and profit calculations only the data on the six producers’ home-market sales that Commerce deter *1373 mined to be “above cost” and therefore in the ordinary course of trade. 2 Id. at-, 637 F.Supp.2d at 1085. Atar I held that Commerce did not explain adequately how constructed value ISE and profit were determined by a “reasonable method” as required by the third clause of subsection (e)(2)(B) of section 773 of the Tariff Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii) (“clause (in)”). Id. at-, 637 F.Supp.2d at 1088. The court concluded that Commerce did not ground its decision to base constructed value ISE and profit only on above-cost sales in findings of fact, supported by substantial record evidence, that were pertinent to Atar’s situation. Id. In the First Remand Redetermination, Commerce determined constructed value profit using the data from the home-market sales (both within and outside of the ordinary course of trade) of the two of the six eighth-review respondents that realized an overall profit on sales subject to the eighth review, citing a practice of considering unprofitable companies unsuitable for determining constructed value profit. First Remand Redetermination 6-7. Commerce also used the data of those two companies to determine constructed value ISE, reasoning that a company’s profit is a function of its indirect selling expenses. Id. at 10. In Atar II, the court concluded that Commerce acted contrary to law by failing to adhere to the profit cap requirement contained within clause (iii) when determining an amount for constructed value profit. Atar II, 34 CIT at-, 703 F.Supp.2d at 1370. The court ordered a second remand, directing Commerce to reconsider its determination of constructed value profit and recalculate this amount in a way that satisfies both the profit cap and reasonable method requirements of the statutory provision. Id. at -, 703 F.Supp.2d 1370. The remand order permitted Commerce “to redetermine the constructed value indirect selling expense at that time.” Id. at-, 703 F.Supp.2d at 1370. In the Second Remand Redetermination, Commerce made no change in its determinations of constructed value profit and ISE for Atar, again using the data from the home-market sales of the two eighth-review respondents that realized an overall profit. Second Remand Redetermination 2. As the Second Remand Redetermination acknowledges, the First Remand Redetermination did not include a profit cap calculation. Id. at 2 n. 2 (“[T]he Department *1374 only addressed the profit cap calculation in the Preliminary Results of this proceeding.”). In response to the court’s remand order in Atar II, Commerce determined a profit cap, stating in the Second Remand Redetermination that “the weighted-average profit rate of the two respondents that earned a profit in the Eighth Administrative Review, after including sales made both within and outside the ordinary course of trade, establishes a reasonable profit cap.” Id. at 7. A. The Department’s Profit Cap Determination Cannot Be Sustained on Remand Read in pertinent part and in context with clauses (i) and (ii), clause (iii) of 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B) allows Commerce to determine the amount realized for profits based on any “other” reasonable method, i.e., any method other than the methods prescribed by clauses (i) and (ii), and expressly limits the Department’s determination of CV profit, as follows: the amount allowed for profits may not exceed the amount normally realized by exporters or producers (other than the exporter or producer described in clause (i) [the specific exporter or producer being examined]) in connection with the sale, for consumption in the foreign country, of merchandise that is in the same general category of products as the subject merchandise.... 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii). 3 As recognized by the Statement of Administrative Action (“SAA”) accompanying passage of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act, which contained the provision in question, the express limitation is identified as the “profit cap.” Uruguay Round Agreements Act, Statement of Administrative Action, H.R. Doc. No. 103-316, Vol. 1, at 840 (1994), reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. 4040, 4176 (“SAA ”). The data of record from which a profit cap could be calculated, i.e., home-market profit data, consist of data from the home-market pasta sales of Corticella, which was the only respondent other than Atar in the ninth review, and data from the home-market pasta sales of the six respondents in the eighth review. From these data, Commerce chose profit data for the home-market sales of only two of the six eighth-review respondents. Second Remand Re-determination 6. Commerce decided against using the home-market profit data of the other four eighth-review respondents because those respondents did not realize an overall profit from their home-market sales in that review. Id. The language of the Second Remand Redetermination, although not entirely clear, appears to base the Department’s profit cap decision on a statutory construction of clause (iii) that required Commerce to consider only the sales data of *1375 the profitable home-market exporters and producers. Commerce reasoned that “the general usage of the term ‘profit’ explicitly refers to a positive figure,” id. at 10 (citing Barron’s Financial Guides: Dictionary of Finance and Investment Terms (New York 1987)), and cited the SAA for the proposition that “if a company has no home market profit or has incurred losses in the home market, the Department is not instructed to ignore the profit element, include a zero profit, or even consider the inclusion of the loss; rather, the Department is directed to find an alternative home market profit,” id. (citing SAA at 840, reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4176). Commerce concluded that “a reasonable interpretation of the statute indicates that a positive amount for profit must be included in CV” and that “it reasonably follows that a ‘profit cap’ should include only positive amounts because Commerce reasonably interprets ‘profit’ to be a positive amount and in its profit cap calculation the Department is determining the ‘profit’ normally realized by other producers.” Id. at 10-11. Rejecting Atar’s argument that basing the profit cap on the sales of all six of the eighth-review respondents still would have produced a positive profit rate, Commerce further stated, without explanation, that “[t]he reasonableness of Commerce’s interpretation of ‘profit’ and use of data from only profitable companies in its profit cap calculation is not negated by the fact that including data from companies that did not earn a profit could or does result in a positive profit figure.” Id. at 11. Commerce claimed it is owed deference for its statutory construction. Id. at 10 (“In circumstances in which Congress has expressly delegated authority to the Department to interpret a provision in the statute, as is the case here, this court should accord such an interpretation a great deal of deference.”) (citing Pesquera Mares Australes Ltda. v. United States, 266 F.3d 1372, 1380 (Fed.Cir.2001)). Elsewhere in the Second Remand Redetermination, Commerce appears to rely on grounds other than its statutory construction for its decision to determine a profit cap based on the data of only the two eighth-review respondents that realized an overall profit on home-market sales subject to the eighth review. Commerce stated as follows: Because we require that CV profit be a positive amount, where the Court is requiring the Department to include sales that are made both within and outside the ordinary course of trade in its CV profit calculations, it is reasonable to determine that rates from only profitable companies here should constitute the “amount [of profit] normally realized by exporters or producers ... in connection with the sale, for consumption in the foreign country, of merchandise that is in the same general category of products as the subject merchandise.” Second Remand Redetermination 6-7 (quoting 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii)) (alterations in original). Thus, the Second Remand Redetermination appears to offer two justifications to support its decision to exclude the data of the four nonprofitable respondents: a justification based on a construction of the word “profit,” as used in clause (iii), under which the Department must base a profit cap on “positive amounts,” and a justification based on the Department’s conclusion that, on this record, it is reasonable to base the profit cap on the sales of the two profitable eighth-review respondents. The former justification necessarily involves a question of law; the latter, a question of whether substan *1376 tial record evidence supported the profit cap the Department determined on remand in this case. The court considers both justifications. The court reviews the Department’s statutory construction of clause (iii) according to the principles of Chevron, U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc., 467 U.S. 837, 842-44, 104 S.Ct. 2778, 81 L.Ed.2d 694 (1984). In so doing, the court first considers “whether Congress has directly spoken to the precise question at issue,” id. at 842, 104 S.Ct. 2778; if so, the court “must give effect to the unambiguously expressed intent of Congress,” id. at 843, 104 S.Ct. 2778. If not, and “the statute is silent or ambiguous with respect to the specific issue, the question for the court is whether the agency’s answer is based on a permissible construction of the statute.” Id. The statute does not speak directly to the question of how Commerce is to determine the “profit cap,” i.e., “the amount [of profit] normally realized by exporters or producers ... in connection with the sale, for consumption in the foreign country, of merchandise that is in the same general category of products as the subject merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii). It does not direct that this amount be based on data from administrative reviews — current or previous — nor does it direct that data on unprofitable sales be included or excluded. Cf. Thai I-Mei, 616 F.3d at 1306-07. Because the statute is silent on these points, the court considers the Department’s apparent construction of clause (iii) according to the second step of the analysis prescribed by Chevron. Thus, the court considers whether Commerce reasonably interpreted the clause (iii) reference to “profit” such that Commerce was required to consider only the sales data of the profitable home-market exporters and producers. The Department’s construction of the statute is not reasonable. Only a strained reading of the broad language of clause (iii), which contains references to “the amount[ ] ... realized for ... profits,” “the amount allowed for profit,” and “the amount normally realized by exporters and producers,” could require Commerce to limit its profit cap calculation to the data of those producers or exporters who realized a home-market profit over a significant time period (such as the one-year period of the eighth review). Any such construction, even if considered plausible, would confine the Department’s discretion drastically. Had Congress intended to limit the Department’s discretion in so specific a way, it would have expressed that intent in the language of clause (iii). Further, the SAA does not support the Department’s reading, stating that Commerce should choose the data for the profit cap “on a case-by-case basis” and that Commerce will not request from respondents data on which to analyze whether sales in the same general category as the subject merchandise, which form the statutory basis of the profit cap, are above-cost or below-cost sales. SAA at 841, reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4176-77. The SAA goes on to instruct that “[likewise, the Administration does not intend that Commerce would engage in an analysis of whether sales in the same general category are above-cost or otherwise in the ordinary course of trade.” Id. at 841, reprinted in 1994 U.S.C.C.A.N. at 4177. Commerce, therefore, erred to whatever extent it based its exclusion of the data of the four non-profitable eighth-review respondents on a statutory construction under which it lacked the discretion to do otherwise. *1377 The court next considers whether the Department’s profit cap was permissible on the factual record of this case and concludes to the contrary. Substantial evidence does not support the Department’s determination that the profit cap amount reflected the “amount normally realized by exporters or producers ... in connection with the sale, for consumption in the foreign country, of merchandise that is in the same general category of products as the subject merchandise____” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii). As explained above, record data pertaining to the home-market profit experience consisted principally of data from the home-market pasta sales of the six respondents in the eighth review. Rather than calculate a profit cap based on all such data, Commerce determined a profit cap according to a weighted average of the profit rates of two of the six eighth-review respondents. 4 Second Remand Redetermination 6-7; Mem. from Int’l Trade Compliance Analyst to the File attachment 1 (Aug. 20, 2009) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 6309) (“First Remand Analysis Mem.”). This calculation method ignored home-market sales data that were material and probative of the general conditions in the home market of Italy affecting the profitability of domestic pasta producers operating there. Although this record data cannot fairly be seen as insignificant, by excluding it Commerce left itself with the data of only two eighth-review respondents for use in its profit cap determination. 5 One of those respondents was atypical in that it earned a substantial profit and accounted for practically all of the quantities in the home-market database obtained from that review. First Remand Analysis Mem. attachment 1. The data from the other eighth-review respondent represented a much lower quantity and a profit rate that was only a fraction of that realized by the larger respondent. 6 The calculated profit cap thus reflects, to a large extent, the profit experience of only one Italian exporter/producer and ignores entirely the eighth-review data of four home-market exporter/producers. Substantial record evidence, therefore, does not support the Department’s determination that the profit cap in the Second Remand Redetermination is the “amount normally realized” by exporters and producers in Italy on sales for consumption in Italy of merchandise in the same general category of products as the subject merchandise. *1378 Because substantial evidence does not support the profit cap determination, the court need not decide whether Commerce was correct in concluding that it was reasonable to ignore the sales of the other four respondents because “CV profit should be a positive amount.” Second Remand Redetermination 6. The court observes, however, that the Department’s conclusion that CV profit should be a positive amount is inconsistent with the holding of the Court of International Trade in Floral Trade Council v. United States, under which the profit cap was determined to be zero in a case in which the home-market producers of merchandise in the same general category of products as the subject merchandise did not realize a profit. 23 CIT 20, 30, 41 F.Supp.2d 319, 329 (1999). Moreover, as the Court of International Trade has recognized, “the goal in calculating CV profit is to approximate the home market profit experience.” Geum Poong Corp. v. United States, 26 CIT 322, 327, 193 F.Supp.2d 1363, 1370 (2002). Here, Commerce determined a profit cap using an incomplete set of data that could not reflect the actual conditions affecting profitability in the home market. In conclusion, the Department’s profit cap determination is unlawful to the extent that it was based on an impermissible construction of clause (iii), and it is also unlawful because it is not supported by substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole. On remand, Commerce must redetermine the profit cap according to a lawful method. B. The Court Will Not Sustain the Final Results in Response to the Holding in Thai I-Mei Defendant moves under USCIT Rule 60(b) for the court to vacate the orders in Atar I and Atar II and sustain the Final Results based on the intervening legal decision in Thai I-Mei, 616 F.3d 1300. 7 Def.’s Consol. Mot. 1-2. In its motion, defendant characterizes Thai I-Mei as “holding that, under 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii), Commerce may exclude sales outside the ordinary course of trade in calculating constructed value profit rate.” Id. at 1. According to defendant, “[t]he appellate court held that Commerce’s statement of a general preference for exclusion of sales outside the ordinary course of trade when the data were for like products sold by other respondents, was reasonable.” Id. at 5. Defendant argues that “[a]s it had done in Thai I-Mei, Commerce, in the final results in this case, limited the data it used to calculate Atar’s constructed value profit to sales of pasta made within the ordinary course of trade” and that “Thai I-Mei establishes that this methodology is reasonable, and the Court should, therefore, vacate its First Remand Order.” Id. at 6. In Thai I-Mei, the Court of Appeals upheld the Department’s determining the CV profit of plaintiff Thai I-Mei Frozen Foods Co., Ltd., a frozen shrimp producer in Thailand, based on data from sales of the foreign like product (i.e., frozen *1379 shrimp) that the other two mandatory respondents in the review had made in Canada, which Commerce used as the third-country comparison market for the sales of subject merchandise by those two respondents. Thai I-Mei, 616 F.3d at 1302. Commerce excluded from its CV profit determination data on the Canadian sales that were made outside the ordinary course of trade. Id. at 1302. The Court of Appeals concluded that Commerce reasonably interpreted the antidumping statute and permissibly excluded the non-ordinary-course sales in the circumstances of that case. Id. at 1309. The Court of Appeals accepted the Department’s rationale that available data allowed Commerce to exclude those sales and that doing so achieved consistency with respect to the other two respondents, for which Commerce excluded non-ordinary-course sales in determining normal value based on the Canadian sales. Id. As the Court of Appeals stated, “Commerce’s statement of a general preference for exclusion of sales outside the ordinary course of trade where, as here, the data are for like products sold by other respondents, is reasonable.” Id. This case presents a different factual circumstance than did Thai I-Mei. In Atar I, the court reviewed the Department’s determination, as described in an issues and decision memorandum, to calculate Atar’s constructed value profit and indirect selling expenses based on data from the previous administrative review of the antidumping duty order on pasta from Italy. Atar I, 33 CIT at -, 637 F.Supp.2d at 1085-89; Issues & Decision Mem., A-475-818, ARP 6-05, at 21 (Feb. 14, 2007) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 5615). In this case, the availability of data is a factor as it was in Thai I-Mei, but Commerce did not exclude data on non-ordinary-course sales to achieve consistency with other respondents in the ninth review. Nor did Commerce ground its determination to exclude non-ordinary-course sales on specific circumstances other than the availability of data,' as Commerce indicated it would do in the preamble to the antidumping regulations. Atar I, 33 CIT at -, 637 F.Supp.2d at 1085; see Antidumping Duties; Countervailing Duties, 62 Fed. Reg. 27,296, 27,358-59 (May 19, 1997) (“[Depending on the circumstances and the availability of data, there may be instances in which the Department would consider it necessary to exclude certain home market sales that are outside the ordinary course of trade ....”) (emphasis added). Due to the differences in the two cases, the court does not agree with defendant that the holding in Thai I-Mei requires affirmance of the Final Results in this proceeding. Also, this case, unlike Thai I-Mei, presents the issue of compliance with the profit cap requirement of clause (iii). 8 Although the court discussed the profit cap requirement in its opinion in Atar I, the court’s holding in Atar I that the Department had failed to justify its CV profit determination under the “reasonable method” requirement of clause (iii) made it unnecessary at that time for the court to decide specifically whether the Department’s profit calculation complied with profit cap requirement in that provision. See Atar I, 33 CIT at-, 637 F.Supp.2d at 1089. For pur *1380 poses of explaining its remand order, the court reaches that question now. In the Final Results, “Commerce used the same data set, and the same methodology, to calculate the profit cap that it used to calculate Atar’s constructed value profit.” Id. at-, 637 F.Supp.2d at 1088. Thus, the Department’s profit cap was the weighted average of the profit realized by respondents during the eighth administrative review on home-market sales in the ordinary course of trade. The reasoning by which the court is rejecting the profit cap in Second Remand Redetermination also applies to the profit cap Commerce incorporated into the Final Results. As demonstrated by the record evidence that four of the six respondents failed to realize an overall profit, below-cost sales were a significant feature of the home-market conditions affecting the marketing of pasta in Italy. As a result, substantial evidence does not support a determination that the profit cap incorporated into the Final Results reflected the “amount normally realized by exporters or producers ... in connection with the sale, for consumption in the foreign country, of merchandise that is in the same general category of products as the subject merchandise....” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B)(iii). As the court has emphasized, a profit cap determination must be supported by substantial evidence present on the administrative record considered as a whole. And as the court discussed previously, a determination is not supported by substantial evidence if it disregards record data that is probative of the general conditions in the home market affecting the profitability of domestic pasta producers who operate in that market. The profit cap determined for the Final Results, therefore, would not satisfy the remand order the court now issues in this case. In sum, the court will not grant defendant’s motion for relief from the court’s prior orders in this case. However, based on the general principle of deference on which the Court of Appeals based its decision in Thai I-Mei, the court considers that Commerce, on remand, may be able to explain adequately why a CV profit amount that is redetermined by a method excluding non-ordinary-course sales satisfies the “reasonable method” requirement of clause (iii). As required by the statute, the result of any such redetermination still must be tested according to the profit cap requirement. III. Conclusion The court concludes that the Second Remand Redetermination does not subject the determination of a CV profit amount to a lawful profit cap and therefore cannot be affirmed. The court also denies relief on defendant’s motion requesting that the court affirm the Final Results. The court will order Commerce to reconsider the constructed value profit as determined in the Second Remand Redetermination and to redetermine constructed value profit in a way that imposes a lawful profit cap. In preparing a remand redetermination, the Department may redetermine constructed value ISE. Order Upon review of the Results of Redetermination pursuant to Court Remand, as filed on July 19, 2010 (“Second Remand Redetermination”), the parties’ comments, and all other papers and proceedings herein, and upon due deliberation, it is hereby ORDERED that the Second Remand Redetermination be, and hereby is, set aside as contrary to law; it is further ORDERED that Commerce will submit to the court a third remand redetermina *1381 tion that complies with 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e) (2) (B) (iii) and related statutory-provisions in all respects, that specifically incorporates a lawfully-determined profit cap, and that is in accordance with all directives and conclusions set forth in this Opinion and Order; it is further ORDERED that Commerce shall submit its third remand redetermination within ninety (90) days of the date of this Opinion and Order; it is further ORDERED that plaintiff may submit to the court comments on the third remand redetermination within thirty (30) days of the date on which the third remand redetermination is filed with the court; it is further ORDERED that defendant and defendant-intervenor may submit comments on the third remand redetermination, and on plaintiffs comments thereon, within twenty (20) days of the date on which plaintiff files its comments with the court; and it is further ORDERED that Defendant’s Consolidated Motion for Relief from this Court’s Remand Orders & Reply to Plaintiffs Comments upon the Second Remand Re-determination be, and hereby is, DENIED to the extent it seeks affirmance of the Notice of Final Results of the Ninth Admin. Review of the Antidumping Duty Order on Certain Pasta from Italy, 72 Fed.Reg. 7,011 (Feb. 14, 2007). Footnotes [1] The scope of the antidumping duty order is defined as [S]hipments of certain non-egg dry pasta in packages of five pounds four ounces or less, whether or not enriched or fortified or containing milk or other optional ingredients such as chopped vegetables, vegetable purees, milk, gluten, diastasis, vitamins, coloring and flavorings, and up to two percent egg white. The pasta covered by this scope is typically sold in the retail market, in. fiberboard or cardboard cartons, or polyethylene or polypropylene bags of varying dimensions. Notice of Pinal Results of the Ninth Admin. Review of the Antidumping Duty Order on Certain Pasta from Italy, 72 Fed.Reg. 7,011, 7,012 (Feb. 14, 2007). [2] The statute defines “ordinary course of trade” as follows: The conditions and practices which, for a reasonable time prior to the exportation of the subject merchandise, have been normal in the trade under consideration with respect to merchandise of the same class or kind. The administering authority shall consider the following sales and transactions, among others, to be outside the ordinary course of trade: (A) Sales disregarded under section 1677b(b)(l) of this title. Tariff Act of 1930, § 771, 19 U.S.C. § 1677(15) (2006). Section 1677b(b)(l) provides: If the administering authority determines that sales made at less than the cost of production— (A) have been made within an extended period of time in substantial quantities, and (B) were not at prices which permit recovery of all costs within a reasonable period of time, such sales may be disregarded in the determination of normal value. Id., § 1677b(b)(l). Below cost sales were made in "substantial quantities” if “the weighted average per unit price of the sales under consideration for the determination of normal value is less than the weighted average per unit cost of production for such sales.” Id., § 1677b(b)(2)(C)(ii). [3] Clauses (i) and (ii) of 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(e)(2)(B) provide two methods of determining constructed value amounts: (i) the actual amounts incurred and realized by the specific exporter or producer being examined in the investigation or review for selling, general, and administrative expenses, and for profits, in connection with the production and sale, for consumption in the foreign country, of merchandise that is in the same general category of products as the subject merchandise, (ii) the weighted average of the actual amounts incurred and realized by exporters or producers that are subject to the investigation or review (other than the exporter or producer described in clause (i)) for selling, general, and administrative expenses, and for profits, in connection with the production and sale of a foreign like product, in the ordinary course of trade, for consumption in the foreign country.... [4] Also on record were ninth-review data from the home-market pasta sales of Corticella, the only exporter or producer other than plaintiff Atar S.r.l. in the ninth review. The court does not reach the question of whether the International Trade Administration, United States Department of Commerce ("Commerce”) erred in excluding from its calculation the Corticella data from the ninth review. Corticella was also a respondent in the eighth review. Mem. from Int'l Trade Compliance Analyst to the File attachment 1 (Aug. 20, 2009) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 6309). [5] The court does not hold or imply that Commerce may never set aside home-market sales data in determining a profit cap. In some cases, Commerce might be able to justify excluding from the profit cap calculation data it found to be aberrational and thus not reflective of the amount of profit "normally realized.” Commerce made no finding that any data it excluded were aberrational. Moreover, the record reveals that unprofitable home-market sales were so common that four of the six eighth-review respondents failed to earn an overall profit on home-market sales subject to the eighth review. [6] Because Commerce used a weighted average rather than a simple average, the inclusion of home-market sales data from the smaller of the two eighth-review respondents had relatively little effect on the profit cap determination. [7] Defendant moved for reconsideration pursuant to USCIT Rule 60(b), which does not apply in the circumstances of this case because the remand orders in Atar, S.r.l. v. United States, 33 CIT -, -, 637 F.Supp.2d 1068, 1092-93 (2009) and Atar, S.r.l. v. United States, 34 CIT-, -, 703 F.Supp.2d 1359, 1364 (2010) were not final orders. As the advisory notes to the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure make clear, the analogous Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b) applies only to final decisions. Fed.R.Civ.P. 60(b), advisory notes ("[I]nterlocutory judgments are not brought within the restrictions of the rule [i.e., 60(b)]”). The court, therefore, considers defendant's motion under its equitable power to modify its prior orders. [8] The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit did not address the profit cap requirement in Thai I-Mei Frozen Foods Co. v. United States because the plaintiff failed to exhaust its administrative remedies on that issue. 616 F.3d 1300, 1302 n. 1 (Fed.Cir. 2010).