Sichuan Changhong Electric Co. v. United States

OPINION EATON, Judge. Before the court is a consolidated action for judgment upon the agency record. 1 Plaintiff Sichuan Changhong Electric Co., Ltd., (“Changhong” or “plaintiff’), and defendant-intervenor International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, (“IBEW” or “defendant-intervenors”) et. ah, challenge aspects of the United States Department of Commerce’s (“Commerce” or “the Department”) Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value and Negative Final Determination of Critical Circumstances: Certain Color Television Receivers From the People’s Republic of China. See Certain Color Televisions from the People’s Republic of China, 69 Fed.Reg. 20,594 (Apr. 16, 2004) (“Final Determination”), as amended by Notice of Amended Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value: Certain Color Television Receivers from the People’s Republic of China, 69 Fed.Reg. 28,879 (May 19, 2004) (“Amended Final Determination”). The court has jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) (2000) and 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(iii) (2000). For the following reasons, the court sustains the Final Determination in part, and remands it in part. BACKGROUND On May 2, 2003, petitioners IBEW, Industrial Division of the Communication Workers of America (“IUE-CWA”), and Five Rivers Electronics Innovation LLC (“Five Rivers LLC”), filed an antidumping duty petition with Commerce alleging that imports of color television receivers (“CTRs”) from the People’s Republic of China (“PRC”) were, or were likely to be sold at less than fair value in the United States. See Pet. for the Imposition of Antidumping Duties (ITA May 2, 2003). On May 29, 2003, Commerce initiated an antidumping investigation. See Notice of Initiation of Antidumping Duty Investigations: Certain Color Television Receivers from Malaysia 2 and the People’s Republic of China, 68 Fed.Reg. 32,013 (May 29, 2003). The period of investigation (“POI”) was October 1, 2002 through March 31, 2003. 3 Id. On June 16, 2003, Commerce issued an-tidumping questionnaires to multiple Chinese companies and the Chinese Ministry of Commerce. Because of the substantial number of respondents, Commerce thereafter chose to limit its investigation to the four largest (“the mandatory respondents”): Changhong; Konka Group Company, Ltd.; Philips Consumer Electronics Co. of Suzhou Ltd. (“Philips”); TCL Holding Company Ltd.; and Xiamen Overseas Chinese Electronic Co., Ltd. See generally 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-l(c)(2) (“If it is not *1342 practicable to make individual weighted average dumping margin determinations ... because of the large number of exporters or producers involved in the investigation or review, the administering authority may determine the weighted average dumping margins for a reasonable number of exporters or producers by limiting its examination to ... exporters and producers accounting for the largest volume of the subject merchandise from the exporting country that can be reasonably examined.”). Petitioners thereafter filed their “Critical Circumstances Allegations” with Commerce, alleging that critical circumstances 4 existed with respect to imports of CTRs from Malaysia 5 and the PRC. See Letter from Mary T. Staley to Lou Apple, et. al. of Oct. 16, 2003. On November 28, 2003, Commerce published its affirmative preliminary determination. See Notice of Preliminary Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, Postponement of Final Determination, and Affirmative Preliminary Determination of Critical Circumstances: Certain Color Television Receivers from the People’s Republic of China, 68 Fed.Reg. 66,800 (ITA Nov. 28, 2003) (“Preliminary Determination”). On April 16, 2004, Commerce published its Final Determination. See Final Determination, 69 Fed.Reg. 20,594. In its Final Determination, Commerce reaffirmed its finding that all of the Chinese respondents had sold merchandise in the United States at less than fair value. Id. Commerce also found, however, that “for purposes of the final determination, critical circumstances do not exist with regard to imports of CTVs from the PRC.” See Id. at 20,596. STANDARD OF REVIEW When reviewing a final determination in an antidumping or countervailing duty investigation, “[t]he court shall hold unlawful any determination, finding, or conclusion found ... to be unsupported by substantial evidence on the record, or otherwise not in accordance with law....” 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(b)(l)(B)(i). “Substantial evidence is ‘such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.’ ” Huaiyin Foreign Trade Corp. (30) v. United States, 322 F.3d 1369, 1374 (Fed.Cir.2003) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229, 59 S.Ct. 206, 83 L.Ed. 126 (1938)). “Substantial evidence is more than a mere scintilla.” Consol. Edison, 305 U.S. at 229, 59 S.Ct. 206. The existence of substantial evidence is determined “by considering the record as a whole, including evidence that supports as well as evidence that ‘fairly detracts from the substantiality of the evidence.’ ” Huaiyin, 322 F.3d at 1374 (quoting A tl. Sugar, Ltd. v. United States, 744 F.2d 1556, 1562 (Fed.Cir.1984)). DISCUSSION I. Plaintiff Changhong’s Challenges A. Commerce’s Selection of Infodri-veindia Data to Derive Surrogate Value for Certain Inputs The first issue presented for review concerns the valuation of 25-inch Curved Pie- *1343 ture Tubes (“CPTs”), and television Speakers (“Speakers”). With the exception of these two inputs, Commerce valued respondents’ factors of production, using import statistics published, in the Monthly Statistics of the Foreign Trade of India (“MSFTI”), and the World Trade Atlas Trade Information System (“World Trade Atlas”). 6 Although noting that import data from MSFTI was the Department’s usual source of surrogate value data, Commerce valued the CPTs and the Speakers using data obtained from Infodriveindia, a fee-based website reporting Indian customs data. Changhong contests Commerce’s use of this data. 7 a. Relevant Law In an antidumping investigation, Commerce must determine whether the subject merchandise is being, or is likely to be sold, at less than fair value in the United States by comparing the export price, 8 with the normal value (“NV”) of the merchandise. See 19 U.S.C. 1677b(a). The NV of subject merchandise is “the price at which the foreign like product is first sold ... for consumption ... in the usual commercial quantities and in the ordinary course of trade ... at the same level of trade as the export price.... ” See § 1677b (a)(1)(B)®. It is usually determined by examining sales of the subject merchandise in the exporter’s home market, or in a third country. Id. In cases involving exports from a non-market economy country (“NME”), 9 however, where “available information does not permit” the calculation of NV using prices paid for factors of production, 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c) instructs Commerce to determine normal value “on the basis of the value of the factors of production 10 *1344 utilized in producing the merchandise . 11 § 1677b(c)(l). In most investigations involving NMEs, the factors of production are valued using surrogate values from a market economy country. See Shakeproof Assembly Components, Div. Of Ill. Tool Works, Inc. v. United States, 268 F.3d 1376, 1381 (Fed.Cir.2001). The Federal Circuit, however, has recognized that surrogate country values are “at best, an estimate” of “what a non-market economy manufacturer might pay in a market-economy setting.” See id. at 1382 (citing Lasko Metal Prods., Inc. v. United States, 43 F.3d 1442, 1445-46 (Fed.Cir.1994)). Section 1677(b)(c) further requires that the valuation of factors of production “be based on the best available information regarding the values of such factors in a market economy country ....” § 1677(b)(c)(l). The words “best available information” are not statutorily defined. See Allied Pac. Food (Dalian) Co., Ltd. v. United States, 30 CIT -, -, 435 F.Supp.2d 1295, 1313 (2006) (“Congress did not define the term ‘best available information’ ... [however,] [t]he Department’s exercise of discretion ... must be guided by the larger purpose of the anti-dumping law. The [Tariff] Act sets forth procedures in an effort to determine margins as accurately as possible.”) (internal citations and quotations omitted). Commerce’s exercise of discretion is, of course, subject to judicial review. Where a question arises concerning the time period from which surrogate prices have been obtained, this Court has found: While accuracy is of utmost importance, 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c) fails to indicate the time periods from which surrogate values are supposed to be taken. This court, however, has repeatedly recognized that Commerce’s practice is to use surrogate prices from a period contemporaneous with the period of investigation. Accordingly, while the standard of review precludes the court from determining whether Department’s choice of surrogate values was the best available on an absolute scale, the court may determine the reasonableness of Commerce’s selection of surrogate prices. See CITIC Trading Co. Ltd. v. United States, 2003 WL 1587093, *14 (Mar. 4, 2003) (not published in the Federal Supplement)(footnotes omitted). b. Commerce’s Valuation of 25-inch CPTs As an initial matter, Changhong argues that Commerce has “explicitly rejected the use of Infodriveindia as a source of information” in other investigations. Br. PI. Sichuan Changhong Electronic Co., Ltd. Supp. Rule 56.2 Mot. J. Ag. Rec. (“PL’s Br.”) at 8. In response, the Department insists that “simply because Commerce determines not to use a particular data source in one administrative proceeding does not preclude it from using that same data source in another administrative proceeding involving a different product and a different administrative record.” Def.’s Mem. Opp. Mot. For J. Ag. Rec. (“Def.’s Resp.”) at 15. Commerce further maintains that “selection of a data source in a particular determination” does not “constitute[] a ‘practice’ forever binding Commerce to use that data source or requiring explanation to justify use of any other data source.” Id. at 15. *1345 Here, plaintiff has produced no evidence demonstrating that Commerce has an established practice of not using Infodriveindia data. See Ranchers-Cattlemen Action Legal Foundation v. United States, 23 CIT 861, 884-85, 74 F.Supp.2d 1353, 1374 (1999)(“An action ... becomes an ‘agency practice’ when a uniform and established procedure exists that would lead a party, in the absence of notification of change, reasonably to expect adherence to the established practice or procedure.”). Therefore, while Commerce may have passed up opportunities to use Infodriveindia information in the past, this alone is not a bar to its use to value CPTs in this case. Next, Changhong argues that Commerce erred in its use of the Infodriveindia data because there is “no sound reason” for Commerce’s departure from, what Changhong characterizes as, its “past practice of using official [MSFTI] import statistics as the basis for surrogate values for 25-inch CPTs.” Pl.’s Br. at 7. In support of its position, Changhong contends that not only has Commerce consistently used MSFTI data in past determinations, but it has used these statistics “even where the import categories involved were basket categories containing a range of items.” Id. at 9-10. It further argues that Commerce should have valued all CPTs using a single value derived from merchandise imported under Indian HTS number 8540.11.00, which it claims is “not even truly a basket category as it contained only color picture tubes,” and is therefore specific to the input to the 25-inch CPTs. PL’s Br. at 11. The court finds Changhong’s contentions unconvincing. As an initial matter, despite Chan-ghong’s arguments to the contrary, information on the record indicates that Indian HTS category 8540.11.00 includes not only 25-ineh curved CPTs, but also other types of picture tubes in other sizes. See Pet.’s Addt’l Factual Info. (“IBEW Submission”) at 24. A review of MSFTI data indicates that reported within category 8540.11.00, are values reflecting curved and flat-screened, 14, 21, 24, 28, and 29-inch CPTs, none of which are within the scope of this investigation. See id. at Attachment 3 (listing CPT import data for category 8540.11.00). Indeed, an examination of this data reveals that the majority of imports under HTS number 8540.11.00 are of 14-inch and 21-inch CPTs. Id. Thus, Changhong’s proposed source is not specific to the merchandise at issue. The Infodriveindia data, on the other hand, was disaggregated into individual imports of specific size and type of color picture tube. See Factors Valuation Mem. at Attachment 3 (displaying size-specific and type-specific examples of In-fodriveindia data for 29-inch flat CTRs). Commerce explained that the product specificity of the data for this input was particularly important in its source selection “because, as Changhong concedes, color picture tubes ... are important parts of color televisions, and they constitute a [significant] percent of the total value of materials used to produce televisions.” Def.’s Resp. at 18 (citing PL’s Br. at 8.). In addition, although the Department maintains preferences for using particular data sources, courts have held that no one source will always provide the best available information. See Peer Bearing Co. v. United States, 22 CIT 472, 480, 12 F.Supp.2d 445, 455 (1998) (“Although Commerce expresses a strong preference for obtaining all factor values from a single surrogate source, both case law and Commerce’s determinations are filled with instances in which Commerce used a blend of sources and surrogates to determine FMV”). Thus, Commerce is not bound by its preference for a particular source, rath *1346 er its charge is to use the best available information. Based on the foregoing, the court finds reasonable Commerce’s preference for Infodriveindia data because that information was more product and size specific than that preferred by plaintiff. Next, Changhong contends that the In-fodriveindia data “was unreliable because Commerce lacked such basic information as: where Infodriveindia obtained the underlying data; how the information was collected; what was included and what was left out,” inter alia. See PL’s Br. at 14. Plaintiffs contentions lack merit. First, to verify the reliability of the data collection and the authenticity of the information, 12 Commerce contacted Infodrive India Pvt. Ltd., the company responsible for maintaining the Infodriveindia website. Following this inquiry, the Department placed on the record, email correspondence between one of its analysts and a representative from Infodriveindia, reflecting that the company: “(1) obtains the information in question from official Indian customs data; (2) receives daily customs data transmitted each month from the Indian customs department; and (3) presents the Indian customs data exactly as it is received, without additions or deletions.” See Issues & Decision Mem. at 43. 13 Plaintiff has made no showing that seriously calls these representations into question. Thus, the court finds that Commerce has adequately addressed Changhong’s initial allegations of unreliability. Plaintiff next objects to what it calls the “unreliability of the Infodriveindia data ... [that] is highlighted by the mystery regarding the country of origin of the tubes in question. For 25"" curved tubes ... 538 of the 858 units reported by Info-driveindia were shown as coming from Austria and France. Yet ... there was no production of curved picture tubes in either ... countrfy].” PL’s Br. at 14. Commerce, however, insists that the country of origin is not relevant to its inquiry. Rather, what matters for Commerce is that the CPTs were the subject of a market economy sale. The Department cites 19 C.F.R. § 351.408 to bolster its argument. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(1) (“[W]here a factor is purchased from a market economy supplier and paid for in market economy currency, the Secretary normally will use the price paid to the market economy supplier.”). Thus, for Commerce, § 351.408(c)(1) directs the use of prices derived from market economy transactions, not that the merchandise be produced in a market economy country. See Polyethylene Retail Carrier Bag Comm. v. United States, 29 CIT -, -, 2005 WL 3555812, *24 (CIT 2005) (not published in the Federal Supplement) (“In past cases, Commerce has interpreted 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(1) as not disqualifying *1347 transactions based on the goods’ country of origin.”). On this record it is reasonable to assume that any price anomaly resulting from a sale by a nonmarket economy producer in its home country has been corrected by the subsequent market economy sale. Commerce was, therefore, within its discretion in finding that even if Austria and France did not produce CPTs, because they are market economy countries, imports into the United States that have been the subject of a sale in these countries are legitimate sources of surrogate value data. Issues & Dec. Mem. at 51. Changhong further contests the reliability of the Infodriveindia data claiming that “none [of it] concerned imports during the [POI],” and that the “imports reported by Infodriveindia entered India up to eight months before the beginning of the investigation.” Pl.’s Br. at 16 (“All of the information upon which Commerce relied for surrogate values for 25"" curved picture tubes was dated before the period of investigation.”). In defense of its findings, Commerce states that it considered it sufficient that the Infodriveindia data was “contemporaneous,” or from “a period very close to the beginning or end of the [period of investigation] .... ” Def.’s Resp. at 21 (citing to Issues & Decision Mem. at 51). Specifically, Commerce states that “the Infodrivein-dia data reflected data beginning six months 14 before the start of the [POI], but ending one month before the close of the POI.” Although the Department states that there was near contemporaneity between the POI and the data contained in Infodriveindia, it does not point to any record evidence supporting its claim — nor has the court found any. In order for the court to assess Commerce’s statements as to contemporaneity, it must examine record evidence supporting them. Here, so far as can be determined, absent from the record is any evidence indicating if the Infodriveindia data fell within, or near the POI. On remand, Commerce must provide record evidence indicating when the imports reported in the Infodriveindia data entered India. If indeed the imports entered before the beginning of the POI, and Commerce wishes to continue to rely on these values, it must explain how this information is most contemporaneous with the POI, or why the non-contemporaneity is outweighed by other aspects of the data making it the best available information. See Int’l Imaging Materials, Inc. v. United States, 30 CIT -, -, 2006 WL 270156, *4 (CIT 2006) (not published in the Federal Supplement) (“[An] agency must explain its rationale ... such that a court may follow and review its line of analysis, its reasonable assumptions, and other relevant considerations.”)(quoting Allegheny Ludlum Corp. v. United States, 29 CIT ---,-358 F.Supp.2d 1334, 1344 (2005) (alterations in original)). Changhong also contends that the Info-driveindia data did not reflect “usable commercially significant entries,” and thus was unreliable. Pl.’s Br. at 15. The Infodri-veindia data at issue consisted of four entries, comprised of sales of 858 units. See Prelim. Factors Mem. at Attachment 6. In response to plaintiffs assertions, Commerce’s sole argument is that “there is no information on the record ... to show that the quantities shown in the Infodriveindia-data do not represent commercial quantities.” Issues & Decision Mem. at 51. *1348 The Court has previously found that Commerce can rely on import statistics as a basis for surrogate values only “after [reasonably] concluding that [the import statistics] are based on commercially and statistically significant quantities.” Polyethylene, 29 CIT at 43, 2005 WL 3555812, *24 (internal quotations and citations omitted). While Commerce has stated its conclusion, it has neither explained why its conclusion is reasonable, nor supported its conclusion with record evidence. In order to rely on the Infodriveindia statistics, on remand, Commerce must point to record evidence supporting its conclusion that the quantities shown in the Infodriveindia data represent commercial quantities, and explain why its conclusion is valid. See, e.g., Shanghai Foreign Trade Enters. Co. v. United States, 28 CIT -, -, 318 F.Supp.2d 1339, 1352-53 (2004). c. Commerce’s Valuation of Speakers Changhong also contests Commerce’s valuation of Speakers using the Infodri-veindia data. In reaching its determination, Commerce placed on the record surrogate value information for Speakers obtained from Infodriveindia for September 2002 and April 2003 (“March 17th Infodriveindia data”). Commerce invited, and Changhong submitted, comments on the use of this information. See Issues & Decision Mem. at 57. Changhong and other Chinese producers subsequently placed four invoices for purchases of Speakers by television producers in India on the record. See Issues & Decision Mem. at 57-58. Changhong urged Commerce to rely upon its January 2003 invoice submission as the best available information as to price. In an ancillary argument, plaintiff further insists that the invoice is the best available information because the January 2003 invoice is within the POI. See Pl.’s Br. at 19-20. This invoice reflected the sale of 100,000 speakers 15 by an Indian company, Woodstock Electronics, to Philips, a producer of color televisions in both India and China in a purchase unrelated to the present investigation. See Pl.’s Br. at 18 (citing Changhong Final PAI Submission, at 5 and Exhibit 5). The date of the invoice was January 8, 2003; within the October 1, 2002 — March 31, 2002 POI. Id. In its Final Determination, Commerce considered Changhong’s alternative data source, but concluded that it has a “clear preference to use publicly-available prices, as opposed to specific price quotes (or invoices), unless there is evidence on the record of the [specific price quotes/invoices] demonstrating that the input used in the production of subject merchandise is of a specific type, which would not be accurately represented by the more public data.” Issues & Decision Mem. at 62 (citing PVA from the PRC at Comment 5). The Department then stated that it relied upon the Infodriveindia data because it was “publicly-available, representative of a range of prices, non-export values, and tax-exclusive.” Id. Commerce concluded that “this data represents the best information available for speakers,” and further found “no persuasive evidence on the record demonstrating that the speakers shown on Changhong’s invoices are more representative of the speakers used by the respondents than those referenced in the Infodriveindia data.” Id. at 63, 62. Commerce also considered Changhong’s POI argument, weighed this aspect of the proposed data source, but found it outweighed *1349 by the fact that it was not publicly available and not indicative of the industry as a whole. In its response, Commerce reiterates its preference for publicly-available prices by referencing the following language contained in 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(1): “The Secretary normally will use publicly available information to value its factors.” The next sentence of this provision further provides: “However, where a factor is purchased from a market economy supplier and paid for in a market economy currency, the Secretary normally will use the price paid to the market economy supplier.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(1). The import of this provision is that, when a respondent itself makes a market economy purchase of an actual input, that price is to be preferred as the best- available information. Here, however, Changhong merely placed upon the record a non-public invoice for a market economy purchase consummated between strangers to plaintiffs transactions. The Court has consistently sustained Commerce’s preference for publicly-available information representative of the industry norm. See Zhejiang Native Produce & Animal By-Products Imp. & Exp. Corp. v. United States, 28 CIT-, ——, 2004 WL 1918933, *5 (CIT Aug. 20, 2004) (not published in the Federal Supplement) (affirming Commerce’s selection of surrogate data because it represented, inter alia, published, publicly-available data); see also Peer Bearing Co., 25 CIT at 1217, 182 F.Supp.2d at 1307 (“Commerce’s goal is to use surrogate values that represent the industry norm of the surrogate country, not company-specific surrogate values .... ”). The invoice submitted by Changhong is representative only of the price paid by a single producer, and has not been shown to be indicative of the entire industry. See Zhejiang, 28 CIT at -, 2004 WL 1918933, *5 (sustaining Commerce’s decision to “reject the ... price calculated from [the processor’s] financial statement, on the grounds that the value for [the subject merchandise] represents the value ... as experienced by a single processor [of the subject merchandise] in a particular region of India.”). Commerce was, therefore, justified in not considering plaintiffs proffered data as sufficient to constitute the best available information, when it had available public information representing a range of prices and transactions. See, e.g., See Polyethylene Retail Carrier Bag Comm. v. United States, 30 CIT -, -, 2006 WL 1709822, *3-4 (June 21, 2006) (not published in the Federal Supplement). B. Commerce’s Determination to Disregard Certain Market Economy Purchases from Korea and Thailand The next issue before the court is whether Commerce erred in disregarding Changhong’s market economy purchases of certain inputs used in the production of its CTVs. In Changhong’s Third Supplemental Response, it stated that it had purchased numerous inputs from the market economy countries of Korea and Thailand, and that therefore, prices paid for these inputs should be used to value the factors of production. See Pl.’s Br. at 24 (citing Supplemental Response, at Exhibit SD3-1). Although Commerce may rely on surrogate values, its regulations provide that values based on actual purchases made by a respondent from market-economy suppliers, paid for in market economy currency, are to be preferred in valuing the factors of production. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(1). Thus, in its Preliminary Determination, Commerce indicated that, in valuing inputs purchased from market economy suppliers, in most circumstances, it would use the actual price paid for these inputs. See Preliminary Determination, 68 Fed.Reg. 66,807-08. Commerce also stated, however, that where it has reason to *1350 believe or suspect that the price of an input is subsidized, it would select a surrogate value rather than use a price that might be distorted. See 19 U.S.C. § 1677b. As a result, in its calculations, the Department declined to use Chan-ghong’s market economy purchase prices for inputs purchased from Korea and Thailand because it found that those countries maintained broadly-available, non-industry specific subsidies. See Issues & Decision Mem. at 36-37. In its Final Determination, Commerce affirmed its position. See id. at 38 (stating that Commerce will disregard market economy purchases where they were made from “countries [that] maintain broadly-available, nonindustry-specific subsidies which may benefit all exports to all export markets.”). Changhong argues that in declining to use its purchases from the market economy countries of Korea and Thailand in the calculation of normal value, Commerce did not act in accordance with the precedent of this Court, or Commerce’s own practices. See Pl.’s Br. at 25-27. Specifically, Changhong argues that Commerce may disregard purchases made in market economy countries only if there is “particularized evidence showing that the prices paid ... have been distorted by subsidies,” and that the record did not support such findings in this case. Id. at 25. In support of this claim, plaintiff cites Fuyao Glass Industrial Group Co., Ltd. v. United States, 27 CIT-,-, 2003 WL 22996904 (Dec. 18, 2003) (not published in the Federal Supplement)(“Fuyao I”), and Fuyao Glass Industrial Group Co. v. United States, 30 CIT-,-, 2005 WL 280437 (Jan. 25, 2005) (not published in the Federal Supplement) (“Fuyao II”). Id. at 25-28. The “reason to believe or suspect” standard first appeared in the legislative history for 19 U.S.C. § 1677b, which states that “in valuing such [nonmarket economy] factors, [Commerce] shall avoid using any prices which it has reason to believe or suspect may be dumped or subsidized prices.” See Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988, H.R. Conf. Rep. No. 100-576 at 590 (1988), reprinted in 1988 U.S.C.C.A.N. 1547,1623. In Fuyao II, the Court found that Commerce has a reason to believe or suspect that an input may be subsidized if it can demonstrate by specific and objective evidence that: (1) subsidies of the industry in question existed in the supplier countries during the period of investigation (“POI”); (2) the supplier in question is a member of the subsidized industry or otherwise could have taken advantage of any available subsidies; and (3) it would have been unnatural for a supplier to not have taken advantage of such subsidies. Fuyao II, 29 CIT at ---, 2005 WL 280437, *4. Commerce purported to apply this three-prong test in declining to use Changhong’s market economy purchases. See Def.’s Resp. at 26 (“[I]n accordance with Fuyao, Commerce placed upon the record ‘particular, specific, and objective evidence’ of generally-available non-specific export subsidies that the Thai [and] Korean ... governments provide all exporters, regardless of the product.”). Commerce’s justification 16 for excluding the market economy purchases consists of *1351 selected portions of the Fuyao Glass Remand Determination listing the export subsidy programs it found to be available in Korea and Thailand: “For Korea the identified programs include: Duty Drawback, Export Credit and Short-Term Export Financing programs. For Thailand, the identified programs include: Export Packing Credits, Duty Exemption for Raw Materials, and Tax Certificate for Exporters subsidy programs.” See Def.’s Resp. at 37 (citing Fuyao Glass Remand Rede-termination at 29~32)(indicating that “[b]e-cause this list equally applies here, we have placed it on the record of the instant investigation.”) (internal citations omitted). A corresponding memorandum is also referenced, in which Commerce provided a brief description of each of the listed programs. See, e.g., Memorandum from Elizabeth Eastwood, Placing Information on the Record Regarding Subsidy Programs In the Investigation of Certain Color Television Receivers from the People’s Republic of China (Apr. 12, 2004) (P.R. 544) (“Eastwood Memorandum”) at 29. 17 Assuming that Commerce is able, on remand, to satisfy prong-1 of the Fuyao test, the court finds that Commerce has provided sufficient evidence to meet *1352 prong-2 of the test, i.e., “the supplier in question is a member of the industry or otherwise could have taken advantage of any available subsidies.” See Fuyao II, 29 CIT at-, 2005 WL 280437, *4. In the Eastwood Memorandum, Commerce pointed to record evidence indicating that the programs listed were non-product specific and non-industry specific. See Eastwood Mem. at 31, 32 (“None of these programs in any of these three countries are specific to any particular type of product.... Further, each of these programs are available to any company engaged in export activities.”). The contents of the memorandum, i.e., the listed subsidy programs and their description and corresponding explanation, are sufficient to demonstrate that the supplier in question could have taken advantage of available subsidies. In other words, because the described subsidy programs were non-industry specific, they fulfill the requirements of prong-two. Although being generally available and non-industry specific provides some support of Commerce’s reasonable belief or suspicion that the inputs may be subsidized in the instant matter, this information alone is insufficient to demonstrate the specific and objective evidence that the inputs may have been subsidized. First, Commerce has failed to show that the subsidies existed in the supplier countries during the period of investigation, as is demanded by prong one. Instead, Commerce has established the existence, at some point in time, of the subsidy programs in the subject countries. With respect to Korea, Commerce indicated only that certain of the subsidy programs were established prior to the POI. See, e.g., id. at 30 (“The National Investment Fund (NIF) ... was established by the Government of Korea in 1973....”). No date information at all was provided as to Thailand. Id. It is simply not reasonable to assume that subsidy programs, once established, exist in perpetuity. Because Commerce failed to indicate that the subsidies existed during the October 1, 2002 — March 31, 2003 POI, it did not provide the specific and objective evidence required under prong-one of the Fuyao test. Second, the court finds that Commerce failed to establish the third-prong of the Fuyao test. The third prong requires a relatively minimal showing by Commerce, i.e., that it “would have been unnatural for a supplier not to have taken advantage of any available subsidies.” See Fuyao II, 29 CIT at-, 2005 WL 280437, *4. Previously, this Court has found this prong satisfied by a showing of “the competitive nature of market economy countries.” Id. at 24. Contrary to Commerce’s insistence, however, the burden with respect to this finding is not on plaintiff. See Def.’s Resp. at 25 (“[T]he burden shifts to the respondent to demonstrate that the supplier did not take advantage of those subsidies.”). Indeed, prong three of the Fuyao test specifically requires that “Commerce must demonstrate by specific and objective evidence that ... it would have been unnatural for a supplier to not have taken advantage of such subsidies.” Fuyao II, 29 CIT at -■, 2005 WL 280437, *4. In the instant matter, Commerce has failed to do so. Accordingly, the court finds that Commerce’s determination not to include prices for inputs purchased by Changhong from Korea and Thailand in the calculation of normal value, was unsupported by substantial evidence. The court remands this issue to Commerce with instructions to either use the prices for inputs purchased from Korea and Thailand, or if it continues to find that it has reason to believe or suspect that these prices may be subsidized, to search the record for farther probative evidence; or to re-open the rec *1353 ord and do a literature search 18 to provide, if possible, additional evidence to support its conclusions that: (1) the generally available subsidies were in effect during the POI; and (2) it would be unnatural for a supplier not to take advantage of these subsidies. C. Commerce’s Computation of Financial Ratios The next issue before the court involves Changhong’s challenge to Commerce’s calculation of the financial ratios used to determine normal value. First, Changhong disputes Commerce’s removal of “Managerial Remuneration” from the calculation of one of its relied upon financial ratios. See PL’s Br. at 39. As previously discussed, in constructing normal value in the NME context, Commerce typically employs surrogate values. See § 1677b(e)(l). When relying on surrogate values, Commerce calculates financial ratios for the surrogate companies for the purpose of constructing normal value. 19 Id. In the Final Determination, Commerce removed values for Managerial Remuneration from one of the financial ratios’ denominators. 20 See PL’s Br. at 39. Changhong challenges the adjustment to Managerial Remuneration on two separate grounds. Id. Plaintiff initially claims that Commerce erred by failing to refer to the source from which it derived the subtracted amount. Id. at 39-40 (Commerce has not indicated “where in any of the schedules the value can be found to have been reported.”). It insists that Commerce’s “adjustment for Managerial Remuneration does not appear in any of the schedules, the [surrogate] company’s income statement, statement of cash-flows, or balance sheet. Instead, Commerce appears to have plucked the value from a table....” Id. at 39-40. Changhong further insists that Commerce made the adjustment but “provided no justification for why the total value ... was subtracted from the calculation [of the financial ratio].” Id. at 40. In other words, Changhong maintains that Commerce provided no explanation for the amount of its adjustment. *1354 Finally, Changhong alleges that Commerce’s calculation of its financial ratios resulted in double-counting. See id. at 39-40. Plaintiff asserts that Commerce’s calculation does not properly reflect that “gross remuneration for certain of the [surrogate] companys’ management may include items such as certain managers’ compensation as members of [the surrogate companys’] board of directors.” Id. at 40. Because “at least three” of the surrogate companys’ managers also sit on the board of directors, Changhong insists that “it is likely” that the value for total executive compensation used by Commerce erroneously “includes not only managerial pay, but also director’s pay.” Id. This, Changhong maintains, “represents a double counting of total executive compensation.” Id. Commerce’s sole argument in opposition to Changhong’s claims is that it is too late in raising its objections. Thus, it disagrees with plaintiffs characterization of its allegations. See Def.’s Resp. at 31-33. The Department contends that Changhong is not attacking its methodology, but rather is raising ministerial errors in the application of its methodology. Id. at 33. Commerce insists that any adjustments made (or not made) to its calculations were due to inadvertent clerical errors. Id. Accordingly, it maintains that, because plaintiffs claims were not raised at the agency level, they were waived. See id. (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2637(d)) 21 (“Changhong chose not to object to the deduction of managerial remuneration from labor, or raise how managerial remuneration could overlap with directors’ remuneration or sitting fees, as a ministerial error.”). A ministerial error is “an error in addition, subtraction, or other arithmetic function, clerical error resulting from inaccurate copying, duplication, or the like, and any other similar type of unintentional error which the Secretary considers ministerial.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.224(f) (2004); see also 19 U.S.C. § 1671d(e). The Federal Circuit has defined the term “clerical error” to be an error that “by [its] nature [is] not [an] error in judgment but merely [an] inadvertency].” NTN Bearing Corp. v. United States, 74 F.3d 1204, 1208 (Fed.Cir.1995). Were all of plaintiffs challenges related solely to ministerial error claims, they should have been raised within a reasonable time at the agency level. Any such claims not raised within a reasonable time during the investigation would be waived. See generally IPSCO Inc. v. United States, 965 F.2d 1056, 1062 (Fed.Cir.1992) (citing H.R.Rep. No. 40, 100th Cong., 1st Sess., pt. 1 at 144 (1987)) (“This provision allows for the correction of ministerial errors in final determinations within a limited time period after their issuance .... [As such, the court finds that] appellant did not raise the alleged error within a reasonable time after the original final determination.”). To the extent that Changhong objects to Commerce’s failure to provide the source from which it derived the subtracted amount, it makes a clerical, and thereby ministerial error claim. See 19 C.F.R. § 351.224(f). Indeed, Commerce’s failure to point to the table or schedule reflecting the subtracted value is properly viewed as an inadvertency. Because Changhong did not raise this claim within a reasonable time, it was waived pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1671d(f). Changhong, however, does not take issue solely with Commerce’s clerical errors; it additionally claims that Commerce provided no rationale for excluding certain values from the ratios, and that double *1355 counting may have been included in Commerce’s remuneration calculation. The court finds that both of these objections go to the methodology 22 employed by Commerce, and thus are not waived. See Hebei Metals & Minerals Imp. & Exp. Carp. v. United States, 28 CIT -, -, 2004 WL 1615597, *10 (July 19, 2004) (not published in the Federal Supplement) (“With regard to the methodology Commerce uses to resolve an issue, the exhaustion doctrine is inapplicable where a respondent did not have the opportunity to challenge the methodology because Commerce failed to articulate the methodology....”). In the first instance Changhong claims error in Commerce’s failure to explain why it made the adjustments; and secondly, Changhong contests Commerce’s methodology itself, i.e., why it took action that might lead to double counting. Both of these claims involve a challenge to Commerce’s judgment. As such, Changhong’s challenges are not to ministerial errors, but to Commerce’s methodology. Because these claimed errors were first raised in its Motion for Judgment Upon Agency Record, Changhong had no opportunity to challenge them at the administrative level and so it is proper for this Court to hear them. See Carpenter Technology Carp. v. United States, 30 CIT --, 452 F.Supp.2d 1344 (2006). It is apparent that Commerce has not articulated its methodology with respect to the calculation of the financial ratios. The United States Supreme Court has “frequently reiterated that an agency must cogently explain why it has exercised its discretion in a given manner.” See Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 48, 103 S.Ct. 2856, 77 L.Ed.2d 443 (1983). Accordingly, the issue of financial ratios is remanded to Commerce with instructions to clearly set forth the methodology used in the Final Results, and to justify its conclusions. See Tourus Records, Inc. v. DEA, 259 F.3d 731, 737 (D.C.Cir.2001). D. Commerce’s Determination Not to Exclude Values for Small Quantities of Imports In its Preliminary Determination, with the exception of two inputs, 23 Commerce valued respondents’ factors of production, using import statistics published by the MSFTI. Following the publication of the Preliminary Determination, Changhong claimed that, in calculating the average values from the MSFTI, Commerce departed from its long-standing practice of omitting those import values that were reported either: (1) in small quantities; and/or (2) at aberrational prices. See Changhong Case Brief at 27-28 (“[T]he Department should remove from its import data any aberrational unit values ... and should remove ... any import values that are imported in such small quantities .... ”). In its Final Determination, Commerce stated that it is not its normal practice to “automatically exclude imports of small quantities of merchandise from the calculation of surrogate values.” See Issues & Decision Mem. at 30. Rather, “the Department’s practice is to exclude only data that is deemed to be distortive.” Id. Thus, Commerce agreed that it should remove from its calculations data representing aberrational values, but declined to remove values “merely because certain of *1356 the underlying import quantities were small.” Id. at 31. Commerce then reexamined the surrogate value data on the record to determine if any of the values cited by the respondents in their case briefs appeared to be aberrational. As a result of this examination the Department excluded from its calculations, certain values used in the Preliminary Determination. See id. With respect to Changhong’s small quantities claim, in its Issues and Decision Memorandum, Commerce stated that its practice has not been to exclude all small quantity purchases, but rather “to exclude only data that is deemed distortive.” Id. at 30. The Department then points to several determinations illustrating its adherence to this methodology. See Id. at 30 (citing Notice of Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value Saccharin From the People’s Republic of China, 68 Fed.Reg. 27,530, cmt. 1 (Dep’t of Commerce May 20, 2003)); see also Issues and Decision Memorandum for the Administrative Review of Heavy Forged Hand Tools from the People’s Republic of China at Comment 11, accompanying Heavy Forged Hand Tools from the People’s Republic of China, 66 Fed.Reg. 48,026 (Dep’t of Commerce Sept. 17, 2001)(final results). Indeed, the Court has previously approved Commerce’s established practice “to disregard small-quantity import data when the per-unit value is substantially different from the per-unit values of the larger quantity imports of that product from other countries,” and thereby distortive. See Shakeproof Assembly Components Div. of III. Tool Works, Inc. v. United States, 23 CIT 479 485, 59 F.Supp.2d 1354, 1360 (1999) (citing Heavy Forged Hand Tools, Finished or Unfinished, With or Without Handles, from the People’s Republic of China, Final Administrative Reviews, 62 Fed.Reg. 11813 (Mar. 13, 1997); Tapered Roller Bearings and Parts Thereof, Finished or Unfinished, from Romania, Final Results of Antidumping Duty Administrative Review, 62 Fed.Reg. 37,194 (July 11, 1997)). While Changhong asserts that Commerce has a practice of excluding small quantity purchases from its import data, it has pointed to nothing to prove its case. Thus, it is apparent that, despite plaintiffs arguments, Commerce has not had a longstanding practice of omitting import values merely because they were the product of a small quantity of imported goods. In a related claim, plaintiff challenges Commerce’s methodology on the basis that it was internally inconsistent with its policy with respect to actual market economy purchases. See Pl.’s Br. at 35. Specifically, Changhong argues that Commerce’s inclusion of inputs purchased in small quantities in the calculation of surrogate values is inconsistent with its exclusion of Chan-ghong’s actual small-quantity purchases from market economies. Id. at 33-35. Commerce insists, however, that there is a distinction between a price obtained from a surrogate country that is used to value a factor of production, and the price actually paid by a NME producer to procure a factor of production from a market economy supplier. Commerce states that it employs a different methodology in each of these determinations, and thus, that its behavior is not internally inconsistent. As has been previously noted, where Commerce values a factor of production using a surrogate value, it is its practice to disregard only small quantity values, that are aberrational in price. See generally Luoyang Bearing Corp. v. United States, 28 CIT -, - 347 F.Supp.2d 1326, 1353. Where the Department values a factor of production using actual market economy purchases, however, its practice is to disregard purchases that are not large enough to be representative of the NME producer’s purchases of the input *1357 during the POI. According to defendant, such distinct treatment is reasonable because, with respect to a respondent’s market economy purchases, there is greater potential for manipulation of import data by a respondent. See Defendant-Interve-nors’ Resp. Br. (“Def-Int.’s Resp.”) at 34 (“Such a policy is reasonable. First, as a practical matter, in a market setting, small volume purchases would not generally reflect true commercial values ... and therefore it is appropriate to disregard these transactions. These values for small volume purchases of self-selected market economy purchases could be manipulated by respondent.”). The court finds that Commerce’s behavior is not internally inconsistent because it is based on separate methodologies, i.e., when seeking a surrogate value, Commerce disregards insignificant purchases that are distortive; when using actual prices paid it excludes small quantity purchases as possible subjects of manipulation. Moreover, these two separate methodologies are the past practice of the Department, and have each been upheld as such by the Court. See Shakeproof As sembly Components Div. Of IL Tool Works Inc., v. United States, 24 CIT 485, 491, 102 F.Supp.2d 486, 492 (2000), aff'd, 268 F.3d 1376 (Fed.Cir.2001). Next, Changhong maintains that even if Commerce is allowed to include small volume imports in its surrogate analysis, it failed to revise fully its surrogates to adjust for all aberrational values. See Pl.’s Br. at 35-37. Specifically, Changhong objects to the inclusion of “five transformers valued at Rs. 29,000 ... 20 kilograms of varnish valued at Rs. 29,000” from New Zealand, and “other surrogate values,” which it believes are aberrational. Id. at 37. With respect to this claim, the court finds that because Changhong failed to raise its objection when alleging ministerial errors following the Final Determination it has waived its objection. See IP-SCO, 965 F.2d at 1061-62. Changhong and other respondents specifically complained of Commerce’s inclusion of aberrational small-quantity imports following the Preliminary Determination. Upon reviewing these objections, in its Final Determination, Commerce removed certain aberrational values from its calculation of several surrogate values. These revisions were published in Attachment 2 of its Final Factors Memorandum, and made available to all parties. Following the Final Determination, IBEW, TCL Corp., and Konka Group Co. Ltd., made ministerial error allegations concerning calculation of surrogate values, and where appropriate, Commerce corrected these errors. Changhong too had the opportunity to challenge the inclusion of these quantities at the administrative level, but made no objection. Indeed, Changhong itself indicates that it was aware of what it considered to be errors by Commerce following the publication of the revisions. See Pl.’s Br. at 37 (“[A] review of Commerce’s revision reveals that ... Commerce failed to make several required changes to its surrogate values.”). Unlike its claims with respect to Commerce’s calculation of financial ratios, here, plaintiffs complaint relates to a ministerial error. That is, Changhong complains about Commerce’s failure to make, what it considers to be, required changes. Thus, is alleges ministerial errors. The court finds that Changhong failed to avail itself of the opportunity to raise its objection within a reasonable time, and therefore has waived its objections. See IPSCO, 965 F.2d at 1061-62. Accordingly, the court will not entertain Changhong’s claim that Commerce failed to fully revise its surrogates to adjust for all aberrational values. *1358 E. Commerce’s Valuation of Chan-ghong’s Electricity Utilization The court next addresses whether substantial evidence supports Commerce’s valuation of electricity. In its Preliminary Determination, Commerce valued Chan-ghong’s electricity utilization based upon data from the International Energy Agency’s Key World Energy Statistics 2002 Report (“IEA Report”), adjusted 24 for the POI. See Preliminary Factors Valuation Mem. at 5. Following the preliminary determination, Changhong placed on the record, data obtained from the all-India average electricity rate tariff published by the Power & Energy Division of the Government of India’s Planning Commission (“P & ED Report”). See Changhong Jan. 28, 2004 Factor Values Submission at 6. In its case brief, Changhong argued that Commerce should rely on the P & ED Report because it: (1) was an official government source that has been published on a continuous basis for fourteen years; (2) covered the fiscal year 2001 through 2002; and (3) had been relied upon by Commerce in multiple recent administrative reviews and investigations. See Changhong Case Br. at 29. In its Final Determination, Commerce declined to use the P & ED Report average tariff because it found that “this tariff does not represent the best information available on the record of this investigation because it is not an actual consumption rate, but rather is an estimated or ‘AP’ (i.e., annual plan) rate.” Issues & Decision Mem. at 31. Instead, Commerce based its surrogate value for electricity on the 2000-01 Revised Estimate average rate (“RE”) for industrial consumption published in the IEA Report. See id. Changhong argues that the Department’s decision to value electricity based upon the IEA Report, instead of the P & ED Report, was flawed. See Pl.’s Br. at 42-43. First, Changhong insists that Commerce “failed to take into account deficiencies in the IEA Report,” including that its data was not contemporaneous with the POI. Id. at 42, 43 (“Commerce departed from its normal practice by relying upon surrogate factors that are not contemporaneous with the period under review.”). In support of its decision to use the IEA Report, Commerce states that “[t]he Department consulted a World Bank economist with respect to the differences between ‘AP’ [Annual Plan Rate proposed by Plaintiff] and ‘RE’ [Revised Estimate]. According to the World Bank economist ... [the IEA Report] figures tend to be closer to the actuals as they contain adjustments to AP [Annual Plan] figures [found in the P & ED Report] prepared the year before.” See Placement of Information on Record Re: Surrogate Value (Apr. 12, 2004 Surrogate Value for Electricity Mem.) aMf IV. Based on the economist’s description, the Department determined that the IEA Report 2000-01 rate was “more reliable” than the P & ED Report 2001-02 rate because it updated the estimated rate with actual usage information. See id. Thus, Commerce weighed the non-contemporaneity of the IEA Report data against the evidence indicating that its data was more accurate, and determined that the non-contemporaneity failed to overcome the evidence that the IEA Report was the best available information. Id. (citing administrative review of persulfates from the PRC, for the proposition that the revised estimate were preferable to the annual plan); see also Def.’s Resp. at 37 (IEA Report data is the best available information “even though the an *1359 nual plan [P & ED Report data] was contemporaneous with the period of review.”). Commerce has pointed to record evidence indicating a greater accuracy of the data contained in the IEA Report, i.e., that the data was more accurate because it updated the estimated rate with actual usage information. Because the selected information appears to be more accurate, it cannot be said that Commerce was unreasonable in choosing it over a more contemporaneous, but less accurate alternative. Next, plaintiff maintains that the IEA Report is further flawed because Commerce “did not abide by its statutory requirements [in] utilizing] a ‘fully-loaded’ tax-inclusive electricity price in calculating normal value for Changhong’s merchandise.” Pl.’s Br. at 43. Specifically, Chan-ghong contests the use of the data on the basis that “Commerce failed to note the fact that the Indian electricity pricing that it collected from the IEA Report included various taxes and surcharges.” Id. In earlier determinations, Commerce has expressed a preference to use surrogate price data which is ... tax exclusive. See Taiyuan Heavy Mach. Imp. & Exp. Corp. v. United States, 23 CIT 701, 711, 1999 WL 816108 (1999) (not published in the Federal Supplement). The Court, however, has recognized Commerce’s practice to remove sales and excise taxes from its calculation of normal value only “when there is an affirmative indication of their presence.” Taiyuan, 23 CIT at 711 (emphasis added). To supply this affirmative indication, Changhong states that “[a]c-cording to Footnote (g) of the IEA printout, the electricity for industry pricing is tax exclusive for only Australia and the United States.” See PL’s Br. at 43 (citing Preliminary Factors Mem. at Attachment 7) (emphasis added). An examination of footnote (g), however, reveals no evidence, specific or otherwise, reflecting that the IEA value for electricity is tax exclusive for Australia and the United States. Rather, any information regarding tax inclusion/exclusion is absent from the cited source. See Prelim. Factors Mem. at Attachment 7 (reflecting data concerning HS Codes, product description, quantity, value, AUV, [average unit value] unit, foreign port and country). As such, Changhong has failed to point to specific evidence showing an “affirmative indication” that the IEA Report Consol. Court No. 04-00265 Page 51 surrogate values included tax. Commerce’s decision not to deduct taxes from the surrogate values, therefore, is in accordance with law. See Taiyuan, 23 CIT at 711, 1999 WL 816108 (“Since plaintiff did not present information about a specific surrogate value containing excise and sales tax, Commerce’s decision [not to deduct taxes from its surrogate value] is based on substantial evidence and otherwise is in accordance with law.”). Accordingly, Commerce’s surrogate valuation of electricity is sustained. II. DefendanNIntervenors’ Challenges The court next turns to the issues presented for review in one of the consolidated cases, IBEW v. United States. In their complaint, IBEW, IUE-CWA, and Five Rivers LLC, the defendant-intervenors, contest various aspects of Commerce’s Final Determination. See Compl. of 07/30/04 (“Def.-Int.’s Compl.”). A. Commerce’s Negative Critical Circumstances Determination On October 16, 2003, IBEW alleged that critical circumstances existed. A finding of critical circumstances pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1673b(e), is an emergency measure to “provide prompt relief to domestic industries suffering from large volumes of imports, or a surge over a short period in, imports.” H.R.Rep. No. 96-317 at 63 (1979). Following its investigation, Com *1360 merce published its preliminary affirmative finding that dumping had occurred, and its preliminary affirmative determination of critical circumstances. See Preliminary Determination, 68 Fed.Reg. 66,800, 66,808-10. Because of the affirmative critical circumstances determination, Commerce ordered Customs to “suspend liquidation of all imports of subject merchandise from the PRC entered ... on or after 90 days prior to the date of publication of this notice in the Federal Register.” Id. at 66,810; see also 19 U.S.C. § 1673b(e)(2). 25 Thus, the suspension applied retroactively to entries made from August 30, 2003 through November 27, 2003. In the Final Determination, however, Commerce found that critical circumstances did not exist and therefore issued a negative determination on that issue. See Final Determination, 69 Fed.Reg. 20,-594. Commerce then instructed Customs to terminate the retroactive suspension of liquidation of entries. Thereafter, defendant-intervenors filed their complaint contesting the negative critical circumstances determination. See Def.-Int.’s Compl. ¶¶ 9-13. On August 30, 2004, defendant-interve-nors filed a consent motion for a preliminary injunction to enjoin the liquidation of entries of CTRs produced or exported by Changhong. Defendant-intervenors did not, however, contemporaneously file a motion for a temporary restraining order (“TRO”). The next day, Changhong 26 and Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. (“Wal-Mart”) each filed consent motions to intervene; which motions were granted, respectively, on September 8th and 9th, 2004. On September 2, 2004 defendant-intervenors filed an amended motion for preliminary injunction, but again made no request for a TRO. On September 9, 2004, Changhong filed its opposition to the motion for preliminary injunction. Wal-Mart filed its motion contesting the motion for preliminary injunction on September 14, 2004. On October 25, 2004, the court, sua sponte, issued an order temporarily enjoining Customs from “making or permitting liquidation of any unliquidated entries of certain color television receivers, as defined in the scope of the United States Department of Commerce’s antidumping duty order on certain color television receivers from the People’s Republic of China ... entered by Sichuan Changhong Electric Co., from August 30, 2003 through May 31, 2005....” See TRO of 10/25/2004. On February 11, 2005, following Oral Argument, the court issued a preliminary injunction enjoining Commerce and Customs from “causing or permitting liquidation of the entries” made “on or after August 30, 2003 through May 31, 2005 ... which remain unliquidated” as of the date of service of the order. See Prelim. Inj. Order of 02/11/05. There is controversy, however, as to the effect of the injunction because the United States insists that the entries at issue were deemed liquidated by operation of law, pri- or to the issuance of either the TRO or the preliminary injunction. See Def.’s Resp. Opp. PL’s Mot. J. Ag. Rec. (“Def.’s 04-270 Resp.”) at 18. That is, defendant claims that the suspension of liquidation occasioned by the affirmative preliminary determination of critical circumstances, ceased upon the publication of the negative final determination. As a result, Corn- *1361 merce contends that on October 16, 2004, six months after the April 16, 2004 Final Determination publication date, the entries were liquidated by operation of law pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1504(d), and that the court’s October 25, 2004 TRO and February 11, 2005 preliminary injunction had no effect on the already liquidated merchandise. See id. at 18; see also Prelim. Inj. Order of 02/11/05. Thus, the Department contends that defendant-intervenors’ challenge to Commerce’s negative critical circumstances determination is moot. See Def.’s 04-270 Resp. at 17-19. Liquidation is the “final computation or ascertainment of the duties ... accruing on an entry.” 19 C.F.R. § 159.1; see also Juice Farms, Inc. v. United States, 68 F.3d 1344, 1345-46 (Fed.Cir.1995). In most circumstances, Commerce will order Customs to liquidate entries within one year of the date of entry or withdrawal of the subject merchandise. See 19 U.S.C. § 1504(a). There is, however, a statutory provision specifically directing deemed liquidation (liquidation by operation of law), if certain criteria are met. See 19 U.S.C. § 1504(d). Section 1504(d) provides that, except in circumstances not relevant here, 27 When a suspension [of liquidation] required by statute or court order is removed, 28 the Customs Service shall liquidate the entry ... within 6 months after receiving notice of the removal from the Department of Commerce.... Any entry ... not liquidated by the Customs Service within 6 months after receiving such notice shall be treated as having been liquidated at the rate of duty ... at the time of entry.... 19 U.S.C. § 1504(d). Thus, this section directs the deemed liquidation of unliqui-dated entries six months after the order suspending liquidation has been removed. Id. For this deemed liquidation to occur, however, certain criteria must be met: “(1) the suspension of liquidation that was in place must have been removed; (2) Customs must have received notice of the removal of the suspension; and (3) Customs must not liquidate the entry at issue within six months of receiving such notice.” Koyo Corp. of U.S.A. v. United States, 29 CIT —,—, 403 F.Supp.2d 1305, 1308 (2005) (citing Fujitsu v. United States, 283 F.3d 1364, 1376 (Fed.Cir.2002)). Pursuant to § 1504, if these criteria are met, the entry is liquidated at the entered rate six months after the suspension order is removed. 29 See § 1504(d) (stating that entries meeting the requirements of this subsection “shall be treated as having been liquidated at the rate of duty, value, quantity, and amount of duty asserted at the time of entry by the importer of record.”). Unsurprisingly, defendant-intervenors disagree with Commerce’s position that the entries were liquidated by operation of law and that their claims with respect to critical circumstances are moot. Defendant-intervenors argue that “the court has jurisdiction to hear this claim because the preliminary injunction cur *1362 rently in place prevented liquidation of the entries regardless of whether the liquidation would be through actual liquidation or liquidation by operation of law.” Pl.’s Reply Br. Supp. Pl.’s R. 56.2 Mot. J. Ag. Rec. (“Def.-Int.’s Reply”) at 2. Thus they contend that “the court-ordered injunction prevents the liquidation of these entries regardless of the type of liquidation. That is, the injunction prevents the actual liquidation of these entries and prevents liquidation of these entries by operation of law.” Def.-Int.’s Reply at 4. The court finds defendant-intervenors’ argument unconvincing. The TRO issued on October 25, 2004, halted the liquidation of unliquidated entries from that date forward. In like manner, the preliminary injunction entered on February 11, 2005, by its terms, had no effect on entries liquidated before the date of its issuance. See Prelim. Inj. Order of 02/11/2005 (“This Order applies to any and all of the following entries. (1) Entries ... that were; (2) entered ... on or after August 30, 2003 through May 31, 2005; and (3) remain unliquidated ... after the date on which this order is ... served.”) (emphasis added). This is the case whether liquidation is made by action of the Customs Service or by operation of law. Because defendant-intervenors did not make an application for a TRO when they filed their motion for a preliminary injunction, no order was entered to stop the impending deemed liquidation. Therefore, on October 16, 2004, pursuant to § 1504(d), the entries were deemed liquidated — not by some action of the Customs Service, but rather by statute. 30 See Gerdau Ameristeel Corp. v. United States, 30 CIT-, -, 442 F.Supp.2d 1367, 1369 (2006) (finding that “without an injunction [covering the unliquidated entries] liquidation means an interested party will forever lose its statutory right to challenge an administrative review.”) (internal citations and quotations omitted). The preliminary injunction, upon which defendant-intervenors rely, cannot undo the deemed liquidation of the subject entries. Once liquidation occurs, it moots the underlying agency decision because “the statutory scheme does not authorize this court to order a reliquidation of entries once they are liquidated.... ” Chr. Bjelland Seafoods A/S v. United States, 19 CIT 35, 46, 1995 WL 25327 (Jan. 18 1995)(not published in the Federal Supplement). Indeed, “the statutory scheme has no provision permitting reliquidation and once liquidation occurs, a subsequent decision by the trial court on the merits ... can have no effect on the dumping duties assessed on [subject] entries. ” Mitsubishi Elecs. Am. v. United States, 18 CIT 167, 180, 848 F.Supp. 193, 203 (1994)(citing Zenith Radio Corp. v. United States, 710 F.2d 806, 810 (Fed.Cir.1983))(internal quotations omitted). In the instant matter, the entries at issue meet the requirements of § 1504(d) and therefore, were liquidated by operation of law. The April 16, 2004 publication of Commerce’s negative final determination removed the suspension of liquidation resulting from the preliminary affirmative determination. See Final Determination *1363 69 Fed.Reg. at 20,597 (“[B]ecause we find that critical circumstances do not exist ... we will instruct the CBP [Customs & Border Protection] to terminate the retroactive suspension of liquidation ... instituted due to the preliminary affirmative critical circumstances finding.”); see also Int’l Trading Co. v. United States, 412 F.3d 1303, 1308 (Fed.Cir.2005) (“[t]he date of publication provides an unambiguous and public starting point for the six-month liquidation period.... ”). During this six-month period, Customs did not liquidate the entries at issue. Accordingly, this court finds that the entries at issue were liquidated by operation of law on October 16, 2004, six months from the date of publication of the notice of removal of the suspension of liquidation order. Because of this deemed liquidation, the court concludes that any dispute over Commerce’s negative critical circumstances determination is moot. See Gerdau Ameristeel, 30 CIT at -, 442 F.Supp.2d at 1368 (2006) (“Because all of the subject entries at issue have been liquidated this Court lacks jurisdiction to hear this matter.”). Mootness has been described as “the doctrine of standing set in a time frame: The requisite personal interest that must exist at the commencement of litigation (standing) must continue throughout its existence (mootness).” United States Parole Comm’n v. Geraghty, 445 U.S. 388, 397, 100 S.Ct. 1202, 63 L.Ed.2d 479 (1980) (internal quotations and citations omitted). “Simply stated, a case is moot when the issues presented are no longer live or the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome.” Powell v. McCormack, 395 U.S. 486, 496, 89 S.Ct. 1944, 23 L.Ed.2d 491 (1969) (internal quotation marks omitted). This Court has held that “liquidation renders moot any pending court challenge to the underlying agency determinations regarding those entries.... ” Chr. Bjelland Seafoods, 19 CIT at 46. It has long been settled that a federal court has no authority “to give opinions upon moot questions----” Church of Scientology v. United States, 506 U.S. 9, 12, 113 S.Ct. 447, 121 L.Ed.2d 313 (1992); see also Mills v. Green, 159 U.S. 651, 653, 16 S.Ct. 132, 40 L.Ed. 293 (1895). Accordingly, defendant-intervenors’ challenge to Commerce’s negative critical circumstances determination in its Final Determination is dismissed as moot. B. Valuation of 29-inch CPTs In its Preliminary Determination, Commerce valued Changhong’s production of 29-inch CPTs using import data reported on Infodriveindia. See Preliminary Determination, 68 Fed.Reg. 66,808. In its Final Determination, however, Commerce found that it was no longer appropriate to value CPTs using this data based on its examination of information relating to Chan-ghong’s market economy purchases of CPT’s. See Issues & Decision Mem. at 52, 56. At verification, Commerce confirmed that Changhong purchased a significant quantity of CPTs from Mexico, a market economy country, approximately three weeks after the POI. Thus, in the Final Determination, Commerce valued the 29-inch CPTs using Changhong’s market economy purchases. Id. at 56. Defendant-intervenors contend that in the Final Determination, the “Department inexplicably amended the value assigned to Changhong’s consumption of 29-inch, curved color picture tubes in the preliminary determination”. See Def.-Int.’s Mem. at 28. They argue that the Department committed error in relying on post-POI purchases and, in doing so, deviated from “Commerce’s longstanding policy of not relying on ... purchases ... that occur outside of the POI”. 31 Id. *1364 Plaintiffs’ contentions are without merit. First, unlike Changhong’s claims concerning contemporaneity, infra, here there is no question as to the actual dates of the transactions. In addition, while preferring information that is contemporaneous with the POI, Commerce also has a longstanding preference for using prices paid by NME producers for inputs purchased from a market economy country. See Sparklers from the People’s Republic of China, 56 Fed.Reg. 20,588, 20,590 (ITA May 6, 1991)(final determination)(listing in preferential order, information used to value factors of production in NME cases: “(1) prices paid by the NME manufacturer for items imported from a market economy; (2) prices in the primary surrogate country of domestically produces or imported materials .... ”); see also Oscillating Fans and Ceiling Fans from the People’s Republic of China, 56 Fed.Reg. 55,271 (1991) (final determination) (“Where an input was sourced from a market economy country and paid for in a market economy currency, we have used the actual price paid for the input in calculating FMV.”). Indeed, when valuing factors of production in an NME country, like China, “[t]he cost for raw materials from a market economy supplier, paid in convertible currencies, provides Commerce with the closest approximation of the cost of producing the goods in a market economy country.” Lasko Metal Prods. v. United States, 16 CIT 1079, 1081, 810 F.Supp. 314, 317 (1992). In determining which value to base its final determination upon, Commerce had two options: (1) value factors of production using surrogate import values during the POI; or (2) value factors based upon actual market economy purchases made by respondent approximately three weeks outside of the POI. In its Issues and Decision Memorandum, Commerce explained why it no longer found it appropriate to base the value for 29-inch CPT’s on data from Infodriveindia. See Issues & Decision Mem. at 56. Commerce indicated that “at verification we examined information related to Changhong’s market-economy purchases of this input from Thomson Mexico.” Id. As a result, the Department determined that the market economy purchases represented “a significant quantity of Changhong’s overall purchases of this input, and thus found that they were significant” and consequently “meaningful” as is required by law, and the Department’s practice. See Issues and Decision Mem. at 56; accord Shakeproof, 268 F.3d at 1382. Thus, Commerce took into account the circumstances of the purchases, i.e.,: (1) the volume of the purchase; (2) that the supplier was a market economy entity; and (3) that the purchase was in market economy currency. See id. at 55. Given Corn- *1365 merce’s justifiable preference for market economy purchases, it determined that these aspects overcame the fact that purchases were modestly outside of the POI. It is apparent that no fault can be found with the Department’s choice of market prices when valuing 29-inch CPTs. Commerce properly preferred the post-POI, market economy purchases over NME import data within the POI. That these purchases were slightly outside the POI cannot be said to materially diminish their reliability. CONCLUSION In accordance with the foregoing, the court sustains in part, and remands in part, Commerce’s Final Results. Commerce’s remand results are due on December 13, 2006, comments are due on January 12, 2007, and replies to such comments are due on January 23, 2007. Footnotes [1] On September 19, 2005, the court ordered the consolidation of Sichuan Changhong Electric Co., Ltd., et. al., v. United States, number 04-00265 and IBEW v. United States, number 04-00270 under the lead case, Sichuan Changhong Electric Co., Ltd., et. al., v. United States, consolidated court number 04-00265. Prior to consolidation, IBEW, Industrial Division of the Communication Workers of America, and Five-Rivers Electronics Innovation, LLC, were plaintiffs to the action, IBEW v. United States, number 04-00270. Upon consolidation, however, the original plaintiff-parties were designated as defendant-intervenors. [2] Although part of the initial investigation, merchandise from Malaysia is not the subject of this consolidated action. [3] Pursuant to 19 C.F.R. § 351.204(b)(l)(2005), the POI for an investigation involving merchandise from a non-market economy is the two most recent fiscal quarters prior to the month of the filing of the petition, i.e., May 2002. [4] A finding of critical circumstances pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1673b(e), is an emergency measure to "provide prompt relief to domestic industries suffering from large volumes of, or a surge over a short period of imports.” H.R.Rep. No. 96-317 at 63 (1979). It is designed to deter "exporters whose merchandise is subject to an investigation from circumventing the intent of the law by increasing their exports to the United States during the period between initiation of an investigation and a preliminary determination by [Commerce].” Id; see Coalition for the Preservation of Am. Brake Drum and Rotor Aftermarket Mfrs. v. United States, 23 CIT 88, 112 n. 38, 44 F.Supp.2d 229, 252 n. 38 (1999) (quoting S.Rep. No. 103-412) (1994). [5] On April 16, 2004, Commerce terminated its investigation with respect to Malaysia. [6] These sources compile and disseminate official import statistics collected by the Government of India. The MSFTI is published by the Directorate General of Commercial Intelligence and Statistics of the Ministry of Commerce and Industry by the Government of India, and is available in the World Trade Atlas. See http://www.gtis.com/wta.htm (last visited August 18, 2006). [7] As a producer and exporter of CTRs covered by the antidumping duty order, Changhong is an “interested party” within the meaning of 19 U.S.C. § 1677(9)(A), and is thus entitled to challenge Commerce's determination. See 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2). [8] The statute defines export price as: "the price at which the subject merchandise is first sold (or agreed to be sold) before the date of importation by the producer or exporter of the subject merchandise outside of the United States to an unaffiliated purchaser in the United States or to an unaffiliated purchaser for exportation to the United States, as adjusted by subsection (c) of this section.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677a(a). [9] 19 U.S.C. § 1677(18)(A) defines a nonmark-et economy country as "any foreign country that the administering authority determines does not operate on market principles of cost or pricing structure, so that sales of merchandise in such country do not reflect the fair value of the merchandise.” In a market economy, prices are generally the result of competitive forces of supply and demand. In a nonmarket economy, however, supply and demand forces do not influence producers’ business decisions to the same extent. Costs, prices and allocation of resources are frequently determined by government-controlled entities, without regard to market forces. As a result, NME prices do not reflect the fair value of the merchandise. See Georgetown Steel Corp. v. United States, 801 F.2d 1308, 1315 (Fed.Cir.1986). [10] The factors of production used in producing the subject merchandise include, but are not limited to: (1) hours of labor required; (2) quantities of raw materials employed; (3) amounts of energy and other utilities consumed; and (4) representative capital cost. See § 1677b (c)(3). Subsection 1677b (c)(1) further directs Commerce to add to this value, an amount for general expenses and profit plus the cost of containers, coverings, and other expenses. See § 1677(b)(c)(l). [11] Commerce has treated the PRC as an NME in all past antidumping investigations. See, e.g., Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value and Critical Circumstances: Certain Malleable Iron Pipe Fittings From the People's Republic of China, 68 Fed.Reg. 61,-395, 61,396 (ITA Oct. 28, 2003). A country's designation as an NME remains in effect until it is revoked by the Department. See 19 U.S.C. § 167 7(18)(c)(i). [12] After a petitioner [¶] ]] submitted a proposal to use import statistics from Infodriveindia to derive surrogate values, Changhong argued that the source was unreliable. See IBEW Oct. 6, 2003 Submission at 4, 10; Changhong Nov. 6, 2003 Submission at 9. [13] An example of the content of these emails is as follows: 1) Does the information on infodriveindia consist of any other source besides official import statistics from the Indian government (i.e., customs)? ... No this covers only official source.... 2) Do you delete/omit any information from the data you receive from Indian customs before making it available on your website? We don’t delete and add any information which Indian Gov’t Publishes, we relicate [sic] exactly the same information. Memo to File regarding ''Placing Information on the Record Regarding Infodriveindia in the Antidumping Duty Investigation on Color Television Receivers from the People's Republic of China” (''Infodriveindia Verification Letter”) at 1-2. [14] Defendant itself is unclear as to whether the data is six, seven, or eight months before the POI. While in its response defendant claims that the data is six months before the POI, Commerce, in its Issues and Decision Memorandum, indicates that the data is seven months before the POI. Neither document provides any citation establishing the actual dates for the information. [15] According to plaintiff, the largest quantity of units reported in Infodriveindia was 9,000 units. During the POI, Changhong produced [¶] ]] units of the subject CTVs for export to the United States alone. See PL's Br. at 20. [16] Commerce also relied upon what it calls its general policy, and a supporting memorandum, for disregarding subsidized factor input prices from Korea and Thailand. See Issues & Decision Mem. at 36-37; see also Def.’s Resp. at 25-27. In its Issues and Decision Memorandum, Commerce stated that it has a general policy of not including prices paid for inputs from Korea and Thailand because it has reason to believe or suspect that those countries maintain subsidy programs which distort export price. See Issues & Decision Mem. at 36. As a basis for this, Commerce pointed to a February 2002, memorandum entitled, "NME Investigations: procedures *1351 for disregarding subsidized factor input prices.” Id. Therein, Commerce stated the policy advising that for "all non-market economy investigations, factor input prices from Korea, [and] Thailand ... should be disregarded. ... Each of these countries maintain broadly available, non-industiy specific export subsidies. In prior decisions, we have found that the existence of these subsidies provides sufficient reason to believe or suspect that export prices from these countries are distorted.” Id. The policy relied upon by Commerce includes general findings regarding broadly available, non-industiy specific export subsidies in the countries, but does not explain the findings in any way. The court notes that Commerce’s reliance on this general policy in the context of a lawsuit is misplaced. This "general policy” does not provide the court with the specific and objective evidence necessary for Commerce to meet its burden. Indeed, Commerce’s findings based on its policy appear to suffer from the infirmities identified in Fuyao. See e.g., Fuyao II, 29 CIT at-, 2005 WL 280437, *9. [17] An example of the information provided in Commerce's memorandum regarding the Korean subsidy program is presented in full: 1) Korea Among the many Korean subsidy programs listed were Duty Drawback on Non-Physically Incorporated Items and Excessive Loss Rates ("Duty Drawback”), Export Credit Financing from the Export Import Bank of Korea ("Korean Export Credit"), and Short-Term Export Financing. The Duty Drawback subsidy program is described in part, as: "The Government of Korea establishes an authorized loss rate for raw materials used in the manufacture of exported goods.... The Government of Korea reduces the amount of duty drawback received on the exported product to account for the sales of by-products produced from the excess raw materials used in the production of exported goods.” The Export Credit program is described, in part, as: “The National Investment Fund (NIF), which was established by the Government of Korea in 1973, is a source of funds for banks to loan. NIF funds are used to finance development or to finance exports on a deferred payment basis ... Because the loans are contingent upon export and the rates of interest charged are less than that on comparable financing, these loans confer benefits which constitute export subsidies.” The Short-term Export Financing program is described, in part, as: "Under Article 16 of the Tax Exemption and Reduction Control Act (TERCL), a domestic person engaged in a foreign currency earning business can establish a reserve amounting to the lesser of one percent of foreign exchange earnings or 50 percent of net income for the respective tax year.... This program constitutes an export subsidy because the use of the program is contingent upon export performance”. See Eastwood Mem. at 29-30 (omissions in original). Similar descriptions were also included for Thailand. See id. at 30-32. [18] Commerce is not required to conduct a full-scale investigation to determine that prices are subsidized. See Peer Bearing Co. v. United States, 27 CIT -, - 298 F.Supp.2d 1328, 1337 (2003)("[T]he statute does not require Commerce to conduct a formal investigation.”). Indeed, Commerce need only conduct a search using the reference materials available to it. [19] Once Commerce calculates these ratios, the results are used in a formula aimed at deriving normal value. Specifically, [f]inan-cial ratios are used to determine overhead, financial and selling, general and administrative factors ("E”). The denominator consists of the surrogate’s material, labor, and energy costs ("Y”). Consequently, if (1/Y x (surrogate value)) = E, and (E + (surrogate value)) = normal value ("NV”), then the greater Y is, the smaller NV becomes. Anshan Iron & Steel Co., Ltd. v. United States, 27 CIT-, 2003 WL 22018898, *7 n. 5 (July 16, 2003) (not published in the Federal Supplement). [20] In its Final Determination, Commerce also removed certain values for “Sitting Fees to Directors,” and "Remuneration to Directors.” See Final Determination Factors Mem. at Attachment 5 (BPL calculation) (P.R. 545); see also PL’s Br. at 39. Changhong, however, does not contest the source of the value used for the adjustment to Director's Remuneration. Rather, it states that "Commerce identified the removal of the line item for director’s remuneration and referred to the particular schedule where the ... value [used] was obtained.” See Pl.'s Br. at 39. This action taken by Commerce is precisely what Chan-ghong maintains as error with respect to managerial remuneration. Similarly, Changhong does not dispute the adjustment to "Sitting Fees to Directors.” See id. at 39-40. [21] "[T]he Court of International Trade shall, where appropriate, require the exhaustion of administrative remedies.” 28 U.S.C. § 2637(d). [22] It is possible that plaintiff's double counting claim could have been corrected as a ministerial error at the agency level. However, since Commerce makes no effort to explain its actions, the court finds that they were the result of its methodology. [23] As has been previously discussed, Commerce valued 25-inch CPTs and Speakers using import data from Infodriveindia. See Preliminary Determination, 68 Fed.Reg. at 66,808. [24] Commerce revised the reported price [[]] See Preliminary Factors Valuation Mem. at 5, & Attachment 7. [25] Pursuant to § 1673b(e)(2), if Commerce determines that affirmative critical circumstances exist, Commerce may order a retroactive suspension of liquidation, applicable to imports of subject merchandise, made 90 days prior to the publication of the prelimi-naiy determination. [26] Changhong's motion was filed prior to the consolidation of the member cases addressed herein. See generally Order of 09/19/2005. [27] Specifically, "unless liquidation is extended under subsection (b) [the provision allowing for extension by request, for good cause shown, by the importer of record] of this section....” See § 1504(d). [28] Pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1671d(c)(2)(A), if Commerce’s final determination is negative, Commerce must terminate the suspension of liquidation required by § 167lb(d)(2). [29] At oral argument, counsel for defendant-intervenors argued that if this court finds that the subject entries are deemed liquidated, the court should, nonetheless, order liquidation at "the bonding rate of 57 percent.” Oral Arg. Trans, at 58. The court finds that, having found the entries to be deemed liquidated, § 1504(d) clearly directs that the entries be liquidated at the "rate of duty ... asserted at the time of entry by the importer of record." § 1504(d). [30] The TRO enjoining liquidation was not issued until after the expiration of this date, i.e., on October 25, 2004, and was entered sua sponte. See TRO. This TRO was a measure taken by the court, and covered all "unliqui-dated” entries. Id, At the time of issuance, however, the entries at issue here had been liquidated by operation of law, and thus were outside the purview of the order. Although the entries are deemed liquidated by operation of law as of October 16, 2004, pursuant to the preliminary injunction, the United States has not performed the ministerial functions related to that liquidation. Nonetheless, the entries have been deemed liquidated. [31] In its reply, defendant-intervenors contend that the "Department has an established prac *1364 tice of not relying on an NME producer's purchases from market economy suppliers that occur outside of the POI....” Def.-Int.'s Reply at 16. Although defendant-intervenors maintain that Commerce "has discussed this approach and applied it in numerous cases,” they point to only one example: Certain Automotive Replacement Glass Windshields from the People’s Republic of China, 67 Fed.Reg. 6482, 6485 (Dep’t Commerce Feb. 12, 2002)(final determination). Id. This determination is not on point. Although, in that investigation, Commerce indicated that "consistent with its practice,” it would continue not to use market economy inputs "if they are insignificant or purchased outside of the period of investigation” the matter itself did not involve pre- or post-POI inputs. 67 Fed.Reg. at 6485. Instead, the issue there was whether the purchase of market economy inputs was "meaningful.” See e.g., Shakeproof Assembly Components Div. of Ill. Tool Works Inc. v. United States, 268 F.3d 1376, 1382 (Fed.Cir.2001) (recognizing that the "factors of production for domestically purchased merchandise may be obtained by extrapolating the market economy import price only when a 'meaningful amount' of merchandise is imported.”).