Baroque Timber Indus. (Zhongshan) Co., Ltd. v. United States

OPINION AND ORDER POGUE, Chief Judge: This is a consolidated action seeking review of determinations made by the Department of Commerce (“the Department” or “Commerce”) in the antidumping duty investigation of multilayered wood flooring from the People’s Republic of China (“China”). 2 Currently before the court is Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs Complaint for Lack of Jurisdiction, ECF No. 52 (docketed under Ct. No. 11-00452) (“Motion to Dismiss”). In the Motion to Dismiss, Defendant alleges that Plaintiff Coalition for American Hardwood Parity (“CAHP”) Complaint failed to comply with jurisdictional timing requirements established by § 516A(a)(2) of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2), 3 because CAHP filed its Summons, ECF No. 1 (docketed under Ct. No. 11-00452), in advance of Commerce’s publication in the Federal Register, of the antidumping duty order. In Baroque Timber Industries (Zhongshan) Co. v. United States, 36 CIT —, 853 F.Supp.2d 1290 (2012) (“Baroque Timber I ”), the court held that CAHP’s Summons was untimely filed pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2). However, the court reserved decision on whether the untimely filing required dismissal of the Complaint on jurisdictional grounds and requested further briefing to determine whether the timing requirements in § 1516a(a)(2) are jurisdictional and, if not, whether they are subject to equitable tolling. Baroque Timber I, 36 CIT at —, 853 F.Supp.2d at 1299-300. Having considered the additional briefing submitted by the parties, the court concludes that recent Supreme Court precedent has cast doubt on the jurisdictional nature of § 1516a(a)(2)’s timing requirements; however, because the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has historically treated those timing requirements as jurisdictional requisites, the court is obligated to follow circuit precedent unless it is reversed. Therefore, CAHP’s Complaint will be dismissed for lack of jurisdiction. BACKGROUND 4 In Baroque Timber I, the court recognized that 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2) contains two potential time lines for a party to challenge the exclusion of a company from an antidumping duty order: (1) as a negative part of an affirmative determination, pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(A)(i)(II) (requiring filing within thirty days of publication of the antidumping duty order), or (2) as a nega *1304 five determination, pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(A)(i)(I) (requiring filing -within thirty days of publication of the final determination). Baroque Timber I, 36 CIT at —, 853 F.Supp.2d at 1295-96. We held, however, that a challenge to the exclusion of a company must be filed as a negative part of an affirmative determination, i.e., within thirty days after publication of the antidumping duty order, if filed alongside other challenges to an affirmative determination. Id. at 1297. Because CAHP challenged both the exclusion of Zhejiang Yuhua Timber Co., Ltd. (“Yuhua”) and other aspects of the affirmative determination, its Summons, filed prior to publication of the antidumping duty order, was untimely. Id. However, having reserved decision regarding the jurisdictional nature of § 1516a(a)(2) and the possibility that the filing deadline is subject to equitable tolling, the court directed the parties to submit further briefing addressing the reserved issues. Id. at 1299-300. We now turn to these issues. DISCUSSION I. Jurisdiction In Kontrick v. Ryan, 540 U.S. 443, 124 S.Ct. 906, 157 L.Ed.2d 867 (2004), the Supreme Court noted that “[cjourts, including this Court, it is true, have been less than meticulous ...; they have more than occasionally used the term ‘jurisdictional’ to describe emphatic time prescriptions in rules of court. ‘Jurisdiction,’ the Court has aptly observed, ‘is a word of many, too many, meanings.’ ” Kontrick, 540 U.S. at 454, 124 S.Ct. 906 (quoting Steel Co. v. Citizens for a Better Env’t, 523 U.S. 83, 90, 118 S.Ct. 1003, 140 L.Ed.2d 210 (1998)). Following Kontrick, the Court has attempted to bring greater clarity to consideration of what restrictions are properly classed as jurisdictional. 5 The Court has also directed: “Clarity would be facilitated if courts and litigants used the label ‘jurisdictional’ not for claim-processing rules, but only for prescriptions delineating the classes of cases (subject-matter jurisdiction) and the persons (personal jurisdiction) falling within a court’s adjudicatory authority.” Kontrick, 540 U.S. at 455, 124 S.Ct. 906; see also Eberhart, 546 U.S. at 16, 126 S.Ct. 403; Scarborough, 541 U.S. at 413-14, 124 S.Ct. 1856. 6 While further clarity is needed, “ ‘[c]lassify[ing] time prescriptions, even rigid *1305 ones, under the heading “subject matter jurisdiction” ’ can be confounding.” Kontrick, 540 U.S. at 455, 124 S.Ct. 906 (quoting Carlisle v. United States, 517 U.S. 416, 434, 116 S.Ct. 1460, 134 L.Ed.2d 613 (1996)). To provide guidance in this determination, the Supreme Court, in Arbaugh, applied a “readily administrable bright line” for distinguishing between jurisdictional requisites and claim-processing rules: If the legislature clearly states that a threshold limitation on a statute’s scope shall count as jurisdictional, then courts and litigants will be duly instructed and will not be left to wrestle with the issue. But when Congress does not rank a statutory limitation on coverage as jurisdictional, courts should treat the restriction as nonjurisdictional in character. 546 U.S. at 515-16, 126 S.Ct. 1235 (footnote omitted) (citation omitted). 7 When determining whether Congress has ranked a statutory time limit as jurisdictional, courts are to consider text, context, and historical treatment. Reed Elsevier, 130 S.Ct. at 1246 (citing Zipes v. Trans World Airlines, Inc., 455 U.S. 385, 393-95, 102 S.Ct. 1127, 71 L.Ed.2d 234 (1982)). Textual factors weighing in favor of jurisdiction include explicit jurisdictional terms, implicit references to a court’s jurisdiction, and location in the same provision as the court’s grant of subject-matter jurisdiction. See Henderson, 131 S.Ct. at 1204 (noting that 38 U.S.C. § 7266(a) 8 “does not speak in jurisdictional terms or refer in any way to the jurisdiction of the [Veterans Court]” (quoting Zipes, 455 U.S. at 394, 102 S.Ct. 1127)); Id. at 1205 (noting that the timing requirements in 38 U.S.C. § 7266(a) are in a separate statutory provision from the grant of subject-matter jurisdiction). Context and historical treatment are often considered together. Reed Elsevier, 130 S.Ct. at 1248 (“[C]ontext, including this Court’s interpretation of similar provisions in many years past, is relevant----”). Therefore, context includes the background and framework of the statutory scheme, see Henderson, 131 S.Ct. at 1205 (noting that “what is most telling here are the singular characteristics of the review scheme that Congress created for the adjudication of veterans’ benefits claims”), as well as prior treatment of a statutory provision by the Supreme Court, see Union Pac. R.R., 130 S.Ct. at 597 (holding the 28 U.S.C. § 2107(a) time limits for filing an appeal jurisdictional based on “a long line of [Supreme Court] decisions left undisturbed by Congress” (citing Bowles, 551 U.S. at 209-11, 127 S.Ct. 2360)). Following these instructions, and toning to the case at hand, we initially note that “[fjiling deadlines ... are quintessential claim-processing rules.” Henderson, 131 S.Ct. at 1203. Therefore, “[a filing deadline] falls outside the class of limitations on subject-matter jurisdiction unless Congress says otherwise.” Bowles, 551 U.S. at 218, 127 S.Ct. 2360 (Souter, J., dissenting) (footnote omitted); see also John R. Sand & Gravel Co. v. United *1306 States, 552 U.S. 130, 133, 128 S.Ct. 750, 169 L.Ed.2d 591 (2008). Looking first to the text of the statute for Congressional intent we see that 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2) contains no indication that it is jurisdictional in nature. The statute does not contain express jurisdictional language or language implying that its timing requirements are jurisdictional. Rather, § 1516a(a)(2) states that a summons and complaint are to be filed in accordance with the rules of the Court of International Trade, thereby indicating that Congress did not intend for these timing provisions to be jurisdictional requisites. Cf. Henderson, 131 S.Ct. at 1204-05 (examining 38 U.S.C. § 7266(a)); Reed Elsevier, 130 S.Ct. at 1245 (examining 17 U.S.C. § 411(a)); Arbaugh, 546 U.S. at 515-16, 126 S.Ct. 1235. Furthermore, the timing requirement in § 1516a(a)(2) is separate from the Court’s grant of subject-matter jurisdiction in 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c), also indicating that the requirement should not be treated as jurisdictional. See Henderson, 131 S.Ct. at 1205; Reed Elsevier, 130 S.Ct. at 1245-46. Commerce contends that 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c) incorporates 19 U.S.C. § 1516a when it references § 1516a in making the jurisdictional grant and further argues that this renders § 1516a, including the timing requirements, jurisdictional. Def.’s Br. in Resp. to the Questions Presented in the Court’s June 27, 2012 Order at 3-4, ECF No. 48. This argument is not persuasive. Jurisdiction refers to the “classes of cases (subject-matter jurisdiction) and the persons (personal jurisdiction) falling within a court’s adjudicatory authority.” Kontrick, 540 U.S. at 455, 124 S.Ct. 906. Section 1581(e) states that “[t]he Court of International Trade shall have exclusive jurisdiction of any civil action commenced under [19 U.S.C. § 1516a].” Section 1516a does not grant jurisdiction; rather, it sets out the parameters of the jurisdiction granted in § 1581(c) by defining which determinations may be challenged and the procedures for such challenges under the authority established by § 1581(c). In other words, § 1581(c) defines the Court of International Trade’s jurisdiction as the class of eases commenced pursuant to § 1516a. But, defining the scope of subject-matter jurisdiction by reference to § 1516a does not render § 1516a jurisdictional. Rather, § 1516a contains a quintessential example of claim-processing rules that describe for plaintiffs the necessary — but not jurisdictional' — -requirements for filing a challenge over which the Court of International Trade will have jurisdiction pursuant to § 1581(c). 9 *1307 While consideration of the text of 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2) weighs in favor of the conclusion that Congress intended its timing requirements not to be jurisdictional, consideration of the context of those requirements creates a more complicated picture because it is partially analogous to both the context that the Supreme Court found jurisdictional in Bowles and that it found not jurisdictional in Henderson. In Bowles, the Supreme Court interpreted the filing requirements of 28 U.S.C. § 2107(a), 10 governing appeals from federal district courts to federal circuit courts, to be jurisdictional because appeal requirements in civil litigation between Article III courts had been historically treated as jurisdictional. Bowles, 551 U.S. at 209-11, 127 S.Ct. 2360. By contrast, in Henderson the Supreme Court held that the appeal requirements of 38 U.S.C. § 7266(a), 11 governing appeals from the Board of Veterans’ Appeals to the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims, were not jurisdictional. 131 S.Ct. at 1204-06. The Court based its holding in large part on the context' of the veterans’ benefits review scheme. Id. at 1205. First, unlike the timing requirements held jurisdictional in Bowles, § 7266(a) does not concern an'appeal between Article III courts; rather, it governs appeals from an administrative agency to an Article I court. Id. at 1204-05. Furthermore, the process is informal, non-adversarial, and conducted in a context intended to evidence a solicitude for veterans. Id. at 1205-06. As an Article III court reviewing agency determinations, this Court’s review of Commerce action pursuant to § 1516a falls between those two examples. Like Henderson, § 1516a(a)(2) imposes requirements on the filing of a summons and complaint for the review of determinations by an administrative agency. Unlike Henderson, the Court of International Trade is an Article III court, and the process for determining an antidumping duty is adversarial. In that regard, § 1516a review is more akin to ordinary civil litigation than the procedure for review of Board of Veterans’ Appeals’ decisions. Section 1516a(a)(2) does not, however, impose requirements on reviews between Article III courts; therefore, the Bowles context is not fully analogous to the context at issue here. Though the context of § 1516a(a)(2) cannot be fully analogized to Bowles, the Bowles decision is additionally relevant when considering the historical treatment of ’ § 1516a(a)(2). Historically, § 1516a(a)(2)’s timing requirements have been treated as jurisdictional by the Court of Appeals and this Court. See NEC *1308 Corp. v. United States, 806 F.2d 247, 248-49 (Fed.Cir.1986) (affirming dismissal for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction when a summons was untimely filed outside the thirty day period due to insufficient postage); Georgetown Steel Corp. v. United States, 801 F.2d 1308, 1311-13 (Fed.Cir.1986) (vacating and ordering dismissal, in part, for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction when a complaint was filed outside the thirty day time period for review); British Steel Corp. v. United States, 6 CIT 200, 202-04, 573 F.Supp. 1145, 1147-49 (1983) (dismissing for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction when plaintiff commenced a challenge to an affirmative countervailing duty determination within thirty days after publication of the final determination but before publication of the countervailing duty order); Advanced Tech. & Materials Co. v. United States, 33 CIT —, Slip Op. 09-115, *4-7, 2009 WL 3320509 (Oct. 15, 2009) (dismissing for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction a challenge to an affirmative antidumping determination filed prior to publication of the antidumping duty order). The Court of Appeals has held § 1516a(a)(2)’s timing requirements jurisdictional on the grounds that the manner and method for filing a summons and complaint with the Court of International Trade constitute terms and conditions upon which the United States has waived its sovereign immunity. See NEC Corp., 806 F.2d at 248; Georgetown Steel, 801 F.2d at 1312. Considered in light of the Supreme Court’s holding in Bowles, and in light of our conclusion that the statutory context at issue in this case is not completely in line with that considered in Henderson, we conclude that we are obligated to follow the precedential opinions of the Court of Appeals in NEC Corp. and Georgetown Steel and hold that the timing requirements of 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2) are jurisdictional requisites. NEC Corp. and Georgetown Steel were both decided prior to the recent developments in Supreme Court jurisprudence focused on delimiting the boundaries of jurisdiction, and, as such, they were not based on a consideration of the Arbaugh standard. Nonetheless, we are bound by the precedential opinions of the Court of Appeals, Nat’l Org. of Veterans’ Advocates, Inc. v. Sec’y of Veterans Affairs, 260 F.3d 1365, 1373-74 (Fed.Cir.2001), especially where, as here, the historical treatment of the statute may be reason to maintain its position as a jurisdictional requisite, see Bowles, 551 U.S. at 209-11, 127 S.Ct. 2360. 12 While it appears that the timing requirements of 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2) should be reconsidered in light of the Arbaugh standard and its progeny, such a reconsideration is not the province of this court where *1309 the Supreme Court has not extended further its own analysis. As we noted in Baroque Timber I, we do not find the Complaint severable by the Court, sua sponte. 36 CIT at —, 853 F.Supp.2d at 1297-99. However, CAHP may amend its Complaint to remove the untimely counts. 13 Therefore, unless CAHP amends its Complaint consistent with Baroque Timber I by the date specified in the Conclusion to this opinion, the court will enter an order of final judgment dismissing the Complaint in its entirety for lack of jurisdiction. II. Equitable Tolling In Baroque Timber I, we also requested additional briefing from the parties on the question of equitable tolling in light of the Court of Appeals decision in Former Employees of Sonoco Products Co. v. Chao, 372 F.3d 1291 (Fed.Cir.2004) (holding that 19 U.S.C. § 2636(d) is subject to equitable tolling). 14 Baroque Timber I, 36 CIT at —, 853 F.Supp.2d at 1299-300. Because we have determined that the court lacks jurisdiction due to CAHP’s untimely filing, we cannot reach the question of equitable tolling. See Bowles, 551 U.S. at 214, 127 S.Ct. 2360 (noting that courts cannot create equitable exceptions to jurisdictional requirements). While we will not decide whether - the time limits set out at 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2) would be subject to equitable tolling, we note that the questions raised above regarding the continuing validity of holding the § 1516a(a)(2) timing requirements to be jurisdictional requisites could render the equitable tolling question equally imperative. As with the issue of § 1516a(a)(2)’s jurisdictional character, there is good reason to believe that, in light of recent precedent, § 1516a(a)(2) 15 may be subject to equitable tolling were it found, upon reconsideration, not to be a jurisdictional requisite. See Irwin v. Dep’t of Veterans Af *1310 fairs, 498 U.S. 89, 95, 111 S.Ct. 458, 112 L.Ed.2d 435 (1990) (noting that “[o]nee Congress has made such a waiver [of sovereign immunity] ... making the rule of equitable tolling applicable to suits against the Government, in the same way that it is applicable to private suits, amounts to little, if any, broadening of the congressional waiver”); see also Former Emps. of Sonoco, 372 F.3d at 1296-98 (holding 28 U.S.C. § 2636(d) subject to equitable tolling). Furthermore, the facts of this case present a good case for equitable tolling. CAHP’s summons was untimely because it was filed early — not late — due to CAHP’s misinterpretation of a complicated statute. Moreover, there was no prior judicial guidance for interpreting the statute in light of the particular facts of CAHP’s case. Together these facts suggest that CAHP filed its summons out of time in an attempt to preserve its rights, a basis upon which courts have found it appropriate to toll a statutory timing requirement. See Irwin, 498 U.S. at 96, 111 S.Ct. 453 (“We have allowed equitable tolling in situations where the claimant has actively pursued his judicial remedies by filing a defective pleading during the statutory time period... .”). Nor does it seem that CAHP’s early filing would prejudice the interests of the Defendant. However, such a decision is not for this court to make today; it rests either with the Court of Appeals or with this court at some later date. III. Certification for Interlocutory Appeal Consistent with the prior discussion, we believe that the statutory issues discussed in this opinion are appropriate for interlocutory appeal. This Court may certify an issue for interlocutory appeal to the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit when “a controlling question of law is involved with respect to which there is a substantial ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate appeal ... may materially advance the ultimate determination of the litigation.... ” 28 U.S.C. § 1292(d)(1). This case meets the three part test set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1292(d)(1): (1) it presents controlling questions of law, namely whether the timing requirements of 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2) should be interpreted to render CAHP’s Complaint untimely and, if so, whether such timing requirements should be interpreted as jurisdictional requisites or claim-processing rules; (2) there is a substantial ground for difference of opinion given the intervening Supreme Court precedent that has not yet been considered in analyzing the nature of the § 1516a(a)(2) timing requirements; and (3) an immediate appeal may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation because an incorrect disposition of this issue would require reversal of a final judgment based thereon. Cf. USEC Inc. v. United States, 27 CIT 1925, 1928-29, 2003 WL 23009264 (2003). Therefore, we find, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(d)(1), that interlocutory appeal of the court’s interpretation of 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2) and its decision that 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2) may be a jurisdictional requisite is appropriate. Upon request by the parties, the court will order certification of the following issues for interlocutory appeal to the Court of Appeals: (1) Whether, pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2), a challenge to the exclusion of a company must be filed as a negative part of an affirmative determination, i.e., within thirty days after publication of the antidumping duty order, if filed alongside other challenges to an affirmative determi *1311 nation. Baroque Timber I, 36 CIT at —, 853 F.Supp.2d at 1297. (2) Whether the timing requirements of 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2) should continue to be considered jurisdictional requisites in light of recent Supreme Court precedent delimiting the boundaries of what is properly considered a jurisdictional requirement. (3) Whether, if the timing requirements of 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2) are not jurisdictional requisites, those timing requirements are subject to equitable tolling. CONCLUSION Consistent with this opinion and the court’s prior opinion in Baroque Timber I, the Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss Plaintiffs Complaint for Lack of Jurisdiction is hereby granted. The parties are directed to consult on whether the court should certify the issues discussed above for interlocutory appeal and to inform the court of their decision by October 10, 2012. If the parties do not seek interlocutory appeal, the court will enter final judgment dismissing this case unless CAHP files an amended complaint consistent with this opinion and the court’s opinion in Baroque Timber I by October 31, 2012. It is SO ORDERED. Footnotes [2] Multilayered Wood Flooring from the People’s Republic of China, 76 Fed.Reg. 64,318 (Dep't Commerce Oct. 18, 2011) (final determination of sales at less than fair value) ('Final Determination ”)and accompanying Issues & Decision Memorandum, A-570-970, POI Apr. 1, 2010-Sept. 30, 2010 (Oct. 11, 2011) Admin. R. Pt. 2 Pub. Doc. 31, 32, available at http://ia.ita.doc.gov/frn/summary/PRC/201126932-l.pdf (“I & D Mem.'')(adopted in Final Determination, 76 Fed.Reg. at 64,318). [3] All subsequent citations to the Tariff Act of 1930 will be to Title 19 of the U.S. Code, 2006 edition, unless otherwise noted. [4] Familiarity with the court's prior opinion is presumed, and only interim developments not included in the prior opinion are provided here by way of background. [5] See Gonzalez v. Thaler, — U.S. —, 132 S.Ct. 641, 181 L.Ed.2d 619 (2012); Henderson ex rel. Henderson v. Shinseki, — U.S. —, 131 S.Ct. 1197, 179 L.Ed.2d 159 (2011); Union Pac. R.R. v. Bhd. of Locomotive Eng’rs & Trainmen, 558 U.S. 67, 130 S.Ct. 584, 175 L.Ed.2d 428 (2009); Reed Elsevier, Inc. v. Muchnick, — U.S. —, 130 S.Ct. 1237, 176 L.Ed.2d 18 (2010); Bowles v. Russell, 551 U.S. 205, 127 S.Ct. 2360, 168 L.Ed.2d 96 (2007); Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., 546 U.S. 500, 126 S.Ct. 1235, 163 L.Ed.2d 1097 (2006); Eberhart v. United States, 546 U.S. 12, 126 S.Ct. 403, 163 L.Ed.2d 14 (2005); Scarborough v. Principi, 541 U.S. 401, 124 S.Ct. 1856, 158 L.Ed.2d 674 (2004). [6] As the Supreme Court has pointed out, proper delineation of jurisdiction is not an academic exercise. See Henderson, 131 S.Ct. at 1202 (“Because the consequences that attach to the jurisdictional label may be so drastic, we have tried in recent cases to bring some discipline to the use of this term.”). “While a mandatory but nonjurisdictional limit is enforceable at the insistence of a party claiming its benefit or by a judge concerned with moving the docket,” that limitation can be altered through equitable means. Bowles, 551 U.S. at 216, 127 S.Ct. 2360 (Souter, J., dissenting). A jurisdictional limitation, however, cannot be tolled. Id. at 214, 127 S.Ct. 2360 (majority opinion). Furthermore, a mandatory, but non-jurisdictional, limitation may be waived if not timely raised; however, a jurisdictional limitation may be raised at any time, and the court is obligated to raise jurisdictional limitations sua sponte. Id. at 216-17, 127 S.Ct. 2360 (Souter, J., dissenting) *1305 (citing Arbaugh, 546 U.S. at 514, 126 S.Ct. 1235). [7] The Supreme Court has endorsed this standard in subsequent cases. See Gonzalez, 132 S.Ct. at 648-49; Henderson, 131 S.Ct. at 1203; Reed Elsevier, 130 S.Ct. at 1244. [8] In order to obtain review by the Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims of a final decision of the Board of Veterans’ Appeals, a person adversely affected by such decision shall file a notice of appeal with the Court within 120 days after the date on which notice of the decision is mailed pursuant to section 7104(e) of this title. 38 U.S.C. § 7266(a). [9] The Court of International Trade was established by the Customs Courts Act of 1980, Pub.L. No. 96-417, 94 Stat. 1727. Title II of the Customs Courts Act of 1980 is titled "Jurisdiction of the Court of International Trade” and was codified as 28 U.S.C. §§ 1581-85. 94 Stat. at 1728-30. Title III of the Customs Courts Act of 1980 is titled "Court of International Trade Procedures” and was codified as 28 U.S.C. §§ 1876, 2631-47. 94 Stat. 1730-39. Included in “Court of International Trade Procedures” is 28 U.S.C. § 2636, "Time for commencement of action.” 94 Stat. at 1734-35. Section 2636(c), which sets forth the timing requirements for commencing an action pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1516a, was intended to substantially restate the timing requirements already set forth in § 1516a. See Bethlehem Steel Corp. v. United States, 742 F.2d 1405, 1412 (Fed.Cir.1984). When the foregoing background is compared to the Supreme Court’s discussion of the Veteran's Judicial Review Act ("VJRA”) in Henderson, it is clear that the statutory structure of the Customs Courts Act does not indicate that the timing requirements in 19 U.S.C. § 1516a are jurisdictional. As the Supreme Court noted in Henderson, [n]or does § 7266’s placement within the VJRA provide such an indication [of jurisdictional attributes]. Congress placed § 7266, numbered § 4066 in the enacting legislation, in a subchapter entitled "Proce *1307 dure.” That placement suggests that Congress regarded the 120-day limit as a claim-processing rule. Congress elected not to place the 120-day limit in the VJRA sub-chapter entitled "Organization and Jurisdiction.” 131 S.Ct. at 1205 (citations omitted). As with the VJRA, the Customs Courts Act of 1980 separated procedure and jurisdiction, placing the timing requirements for filing under procedure. Furthermore, while the jurisdictional provision, 28 U.S.C. § 1581(c), references 19 U.S.C. § 1516a to establish the class of cases subject to review, the timing requirements laid out in § 1516a were substantially restated in the procedural provision, 28 U.S.C. § 2636(c). Bethlehem Steel, 742 F.2d at 1412. [10] "Except as otherwise provided in this section, no appeal shall bring any judgment, order or decree in an action, suit or proceeding of a civil nature before a court of appeals for review unless notice of appeal is filed, within thirty days after the entry of such judgment, order or decree.” 28 U.S.C. § 2107(a). [11] For the text of 38 U.S.C. § 7266(a), see supra note 8. [12] In her concurring opinion in Reed Elsevier, Justice Ginsburg suggested that the Bowles decision rested solely on the precedential effect of rulings from the Supreme Court, and that historical rulings from lower courts may not carry the same weight, particularly opinions that have not considered the issue in light of the Arbaugh standard. Reed Elsevier, 130 S.Ct. at 1250-51 (Ginsburg, J., concurring). However, we find that Bowles provides reason to maintain the jurisdictional nature of a statute historically held to be jurisdictional where, as here, we are bound by the precedential opinions of the Court of Appeals. Cf. Eberhart, 546 U.S. at 19-20, 126 S.Ct. 403 ("Convinced, therefore, that [U.S. v.] Robinson [, 361 U.S. 220, 80 S.Ct. 282, 4 L.Ed.2d 259 (1960)] and [U.S. v.] Smith[, 331 U.S. 469, 67 S.Ct. 1330, 91 L.Ed. 1610 (1947)] governed this case, the Seventh Circuit felt bound to apply them, even though it expressed grave doubts in light of Kontrick. This was a prudent course. It neither forced the issue by upsetting what the Court of Appeals took to be our settled precedents, nor buried the issue by proceeding in a summary fashion.”). [13] CAHP’s challenge to the exclusion of Yuhua would have been timely filed pursuant to 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(A)(i)(I) and 19 U.S.C. § 1516a(a)(2)(B)(ii), if not filed alongside other challenges to the affirmative antidumping duty determination. See Baroque Timber I, 36 CIT at —, 853 F.Supp.2d at 1297. Therefore, CAHP may amend its complaint, pursuant to USCIT R. 15(a)(2), to eliminate all counts of the Complaint that do not pertain to the exclusion of Yuhua and proceed with only that challenge. In Baroque Timber I, the court suggested that CAHP could seek voluntary dismissal of the untimely portions of its Complaint, pursuant to USCIT R. 41(a)(2). 36 CIT at —, 853 F.Supp.2d at 1299. While the effect of dismissing the untimely portion of the Complaint is the same as amending the Complaint, the court recognizes the proper procedure in this case would be to amend the Complaint. Cf. Nilssen v. Motorola, Inc., 203 F.3d 782, 784 (Fed.Cir.2000) ("Although we agree with Nilssen that an involuntary dismissal of a claim is technically not an amendment, that distinction is not controlling. The true state of affairs is more critical than mere labels. The fact that a voluntary dismissal of a claim under Rule 41(a) is properly labeled an amendment under Rule 15 is a technical, not a substantive, distinction.” (footnote omitted)). [14] There is a dearth of clarity regarding the applicability of equitable tolling to the various sections of 28 U.S.C. § 2636. See Former Emps. of Sonoco, 372 F.3d at 1298 (holding that § 2636(d) is subject to-equitable tolling); but see SKF USA Inc. v. U.S. Customs & Border Protection, 556 F.3d 1337, 1348 (Fed.Cir.2009) (assuming, but not deciding, that § 2636(i) was jurisdictional); Autoalliance Int'l, Inc. v. United States, 357 F.3d 1290, 1294 (Fed.Cir.2004) (rejecting the applicability of equitable tolling to § 2636(a)). [15] Given that 28 U.S.C. § 2636(c) was intended to substantially restate the timing requirements already set forth in § 1516a, see Bethlehem Steel, 742 F.2d at 1412, it stands to reason that if either statutory provision is subject to equitable tolling the other provision would likewise be subject to equitable tolling.