Shantou Red Garden Foodstuff Co., Ltd. v. United States

OPINION AND ORDER STANCEU, Judge: Shantou Red Garden Foodstuff Co., Ltd. (“Red Garden”) challenges the final determination (“Final Determination”), and its amendment (“Amended Final Determination”), issued by the International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce” or the “Department”) to conclude an investigation of sales at less than fair value of certain frozen warmwater shrimp (“subject merchandise”) imported from the People’s Republic of China (“PRC” or “China”) from April 1, 2003 to September 30, 2003 (the “period of investigation” or “POI”). Compl. ¶ 1 (Mar. 1, 2005), ECF No. 7; see Notice of Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value: Certain Frozen & Canned Warm-water Shrimp From the People’s Republic of China, 69 Fed.Reg. 70,997 (Dec. 8, 2004) (“Final Determination”); Notice of Amended Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value & Antidumping Duty Order: Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from the People’s Republic of China, 70 Fed.Reg. 5,149 (Feb. 1, 2005) (“Amended Final Determination ”) 1 Be *1314 fore the court is plaintiffs USCIT Rule 56.2 motion for judgment on the agency record and supporting memorandum, which bring seven claims: (1) that Commerce unlawfully drew an adverse inference in selecting from among the “facts otherwise available” for certain sales by Red Garden in the United States, Mem. in Supp. of PI. Shantou Red Garden Foodstuff Co., Ltd.’s Rule 56.2 Mot. for J. upon the Agency R. 22 (June 23, 2005), ECF No. 25 (“Pl.’s Mem.”); (2) that the Department’s selection of a surrogate value for fresh, raw, head-on, shell-on shrimp was unlawful, id. at 35; (3) that the Department’s selection of a surrogate value for shrimp feed was unlawful, id. at 52; (4) that the Department’s selection of surrogate financial ratios was unlawful, id. at 54; (5) that Commerce unlawfully used inaccurate production volume data for one of Red Garden’s suppliers despite the presence of accurate data on the record, id. at 57; (6) that the Department’s selection of a surrogate value for labor expenses was unlawful, id. at 49; and (7) that Commerce unlawfully refused to allow Red Garden to correct a miscalculation submitted prior to verification, id. at 59-60. Defendant requests a voluntary remand as to the final two claims but opposes plaintiffs position on each of the other claims. Def.’s Mem. in Resp. to PL’s Rule 56.2 Mot. for J. upon the Agency R. (Sept. 26, 2005), ECF No. 35 (“Def.’s Resp.”). The court concludes that Commerce erred in applying an adverse inference when selecting from among the facts otherwise available to determine factors of production for certain of Red Garden’s sales, that Commerce must reconsider its determination of the surrogate value for fresh, raw, head-on, shell-on shrimp, that plaintiff is not entitled to relief on its challenges to the surrogate value of shrimp feed and the surrogate financial ratios, and that Commerce must recalculate Red Garden’s margin using correct production volume for a certain Red Garden supplier. On the issues for which defendant requests a voluntary remand, the court will direct Commerce to redetermine the valuation of labor expenses and to reconsider the decision not to incorporate certain corrected data. I. Background After initiating the antidumping investigation of Chinese exports of subject merchandise, Commerce selected four “mandatory respondents,” 2 Allied Pacific Group (“Allied Pacific”), Yelin, Zhanjian Guolian Aquatic Products Co., Ltd. (“Guolian”), and Red Garden. 3 Notice of Initiation of Antidumping Duty Investigations: Certain Frozen & Canned Warmwater Shrimp From Brazil, Ecuador, India, *1315 Thailand, the People’s Republic of China & the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 69 Fed.Reg. 3,876 (Jan. 27, 2004) (“Initiation Notice”); Notice of Prelim. Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value, Partial Affirmative Prelim. Determination of Critical Circumstances & Postponement of Final Determination: Certain Frozen & Canned Warmwater Shrimp From the People’s Republic of China, 69 Fed.Reg. 42,654, 42,656 (Jul. 16, 2004) (“Prelim. Determination ”). In the preliminary determination issued in this investigation (“Preliminary Determination”) Commerce found that goods were being sold in the United States at less than fair value and assigned Red Garden a preliminary weighted-average dumping margin of 7.67%. Prelim. Determination, 69 Fed.Reg. at 42,654 & 42,-671. 4 The Final Determination assigned Red Garden a weighted-average dumping margin of 27.89%. Final Determination, 69 Fed.Reg. at 71,003. Commerce then issued an Amended Final Determination that responded to ministerial error allegations but left Red Garden’s margin unchanged. Amended Final Determination, 70 Fed.Reg. at 5,151. Plaintiff initiated this action by filing its summons on February 2, 2005 and its complaint on March 1, 2005. Summons (Feb. 2, 2005), ECF No. 1; Compl. On June 22, 2005, plaintiff moved for judgment on the agency record under USCIT Rule 56.2 and filed a memorandum in support of its motion. Pl.’s Mem. The court heard oral argument on January 11, 2006. Subsequently, the parties filed supplemental briefs addressing specific questions from the court. Letter from Red Garden to the Ct. (Mar. 3, 2006), ECF No. 46; Def.’s Supplemental Br. in Resp. to the Ct.’s Questions of Jan. 31, 2006 (Mar. 3, 2006), ECF No. 47. On February 14, 2007, the court stayed this action pending a final decision in the related case Allied Pacific Food (Dalian) Co. v. United States (Consol.Court No. 05-00056). Order (Feb. 14, 2007), ECF No. 50. This stay was lifted by the final decision in that case, which was issued on July 29, 2010. Allied Pacific Food (Dalian) Co. v. United States, 34 CIT -, 716 F.Supp.2d 1339 (2010). The court conducted a telephone conference with the parties in July 2011 to address questions that had arisen on various matters, including the questions of whether additional submissions were appropriate pertaining to defendant’s request for a voluntary remand on redetermining a surrogate labor rate and the wording that would be appropriate for a remand order addressing that redetermination. The conference concluded in the concurrence of all parties that the court should consider the case to be under submission. II. Discussion The court exercises jurisdiction under section 201 of the Customs Courts Act of 1980 (“Customs Courts Act”), 28 U.S.C. 1581(c) (2000), pursuant to which the court reviews actions commenced under section 516A of the Tariff Act of 1930 (“Tariff Act”), 19 U.S.C. § 1516a (2000), including an action contesting a final determination of sales at less than fair value that Commerce issues under section 735 of the Tariff Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1673d(a). The court will uphold the Department’s findings, conclusions, and determinations unless they are unsupported by substantial evidence on the record or otherwise not in accordance with law. Id. § 1516a(b)(l)(B)(i). *1316 A For Red Garden’s Sales of Merchandise from a Certain Supplier, Commerce Unlawfully Used an Adverse Inference in Selecting from Among the Facts Otherwise Available Commerce ordinarily determines the normal value of subject merchandise of an exporter or producer from a non-market economy (“NME”) country “on the basis of the value of the factors of production utilized in producing the merchandise.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(l). For a non-producing exporter, Commerce typically will determine normal value using the factors of production (“FOPs”) pertaining to the exporter’s suppliers. See id. § 1677(28). Because Red Garden was not a producer during the POI and instead was an exporter of subject merchandise produced by others, Commerce required Red Garden to weight-average the factors of production of its various shrimp-producing suppliers using a database consisting of the FOP data of each supplier. For this purpose, Commerce directed Red Garden to obtain completed Section D (“Factors of Production”) questionnaires from each supplier. Three of Red Garden’s suppliers did not provide Red Garden with completed Section D questionnaires. Commerce accepted Red Garden’s explanation that two of those suppliers, each of which supplied only a negligible portion of Red Garden’s subject merchandise, each had informed Red Garden that due to size and limited administrative staff it could not provide the information requested. The third noncomplying supplier, Meizhou Aquatic Products Quick-Frozen Industry Co., Ltd. (“Meizhou”), which also was a party in the investigation, had supplied Red Garden more than a negligible quantity of subject merchandise during the POI. Meizhou informed Red Garden that, due to the company’s having changed hands and due to a shareholder dispute, Meizhou could not provide the completed Section D response because Meizhou’s former owners had removed books and records necessary for preparation of that response. Invoking its authority under section 776 of the Tariff Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1677e, Commerce, concluding that Red Garden failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with the information request, decided to assign as facts otherwise available, and with an adverse inference, a margin of 112.81%, which it described as the “PRC-wide rate,” to all of Red Garden’s sales of subject merchandise supplied by Meizhou. Final Determination, 69 Fed. Reg. at 71,002-03. Commerce based its decision to use an adverse inference on findings that Red Garden, after being informed by the current Meizhou ownership that the former owners had removed the necessary records, did not contact or attempt to contact Meizhou’s former owners. Issues & Decision Mem., A-570-893, at 26-27 (Nov. 29, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 1126) (“Decision Mem.”) Plaintiff claims that the use of an adverse inference was contrary to law on the grounds that: (1) the Department failed to give Red Garden proper notice that it would use an adverse inference, Pl.’s Mem. 22-25; (2) contrary to the Department’s finding, Red Garden did all it could to comply with the request for Meizhou’s FOP information, id. at 26-29; (3) any further efforts by Red Garden to obtain the Section D response from Meizhou would have been futile, id. at 29-31; and (4) Commerce improperly refused to accept affidavits Red Garden submitted with ministerial error allegations establishing Red Garden’s attempts to contact the former owners of Meizhou, id. at 31-32. The court concludes that Commerce, on this record, was justified in using “facts otherwise available” but that the record lacks substantial evidence to support the *1317 finding of a failure to cooperate upon which Commerce drew an adverse inference. 1. Commerce Was Justified in Resorting to “Facts Otherwise Available” Under section 776(a)(2) of the Tariff Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2), Commerce is directed generally to use facts otherwise available “in reaching the applicable determination under this subtitle” if an interested party “withholds information” that Commerce has requested or “provides such information but the information cannot be verified as provided in section 1677m(i) of this title [title 19].” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(A), (D). In the Final Determination, Commerce found as facts that “Red Garden withheld information that had been requested by the Department and provided unverifiable information.” Final Determination, 69 Fed.Reg. at 71,002. Commerce based these findings on what it considered to be an inconsistency between information Meizhou’s ownership provided at Meizhou’s verification and an exhibit to Red Garden’s August 5, 2004 questionnaire response. Id. (citing Letter from Red Garden to the Sec’y of Commerce exhibit 1 (Aug. 5, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 960) {“Aug. 5 Questionnaire Resp.”)). The two findings Commerce made under § 1677e(a)(2) are unsupported by record evidence. First, despite what Commerce alleges as an inconsistency, there is no record evidence that Red Garden ever .possessed the Meizhou FOP data that Commerce sought. Red Garden could not have withheld information it did not possess. Second, with respect to the issues surrounding the Meizhou FOP data, Commerce failed to identify what, if any, information Red Garden provided that was “unverifiable.” If Commerce was referring to the Meizhou FOP data, the finding would be invalid because the information was never submitted. The two findings, although plainly wrong, are harmless errors. In an “Issues and Decision Memorandum” incorporated by reference into the Final Determination (“Decision Memorandum”), the Department stated that it “finds applying facts available is warranted for the portion of Red Garden’s sales produced by Meizhou because Red Garden failed to provide the FOP data that the Department had requested.” Decision Mem. 26-27. Under section 776(a)(1) of the Tariff Act, Commerce is directed to use facts otherwise available where, as here, “necessary information is not available on the record.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(l). Commerce was authorized to use facts otherwise available to substitute for the missing FOP information. 2. Substantial Evidence Does Not Support the Finding that Red Garden Failed to Cooperate by Not Acting to the Best of its Ability to-Comply with the Department’s Information Request In both the Final Determination and the Decision Memorandum, Commerce stated its finding that Red Garden, for purposes of 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b), had failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with the request for the Meizhou FOP data. Final Determination, 69 Fed.Reg. at 71,002; Decision Mem. 26-27. In support of its ultimate finding of a failure to cooperate, Commerce relied on a subordinate factual finding that it modified upon issuing the Amended Final Determination, in response to a ministerial error allegation by Red Garden. The finding that Commerce modified was contained.in the second sentence of the following text from the Final Determination: *1318 During the time period that Meizhou completed its own responses, company-officials had access to the records needed by Red Garden---- Thus, we find that Red Garden, despite its information to the contrary, by not contacting current ownership of Meizhou, or the ownership that was in place when Red Garden was responding to the Department’s questionnaires, did not act to the best of its ability to obtain the FOP information from Meizhou. Final Determination, 69 Fed.Reg. at 71,-002 (citing Mem. from Import Compliance Specialist to the File 2 (Sept. 22, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 1012) (“Meizhou Verification Rept.”)). In a memorandum that responded to the ministerial error allegation, which Commerce referenced in the Amended Final Determination, Commerce conceded that it had “incorrectly stated that Red Garden did not contact the current ownership” and recognized that there were “several instances where Red Garden contacted the current ownership.” Mem. from Case Analysts to Office Dir., AD/CVD Enforcement Office 9, at 12-13 (Feb. 1, 2005) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 1178) (“Resp. to Ministerial Error Claims ”). In that memorandum, Commerce restated as follows the second sentence from the Final Determination that is quoted above: Thus, we find that Red Garden, despite its information to the contrary, by not contacting the former ownership of Meizhou after the current ownership notified Red Garden that it did not have the FOP information requested by Red Garden, did not act to the best of its ability to obtain the FOP information from Meizhou. Id. at 12. The memorandum further stated that “[we] continue to find that Red Garden did not cooperate to the best of its ability in obtaining Meizhou’s FOP information as it did not contact Meizhou’s previous ownership after it was informed as early as March 5, 2004, that the new owners did not have the requested FOP information.” Id. at 13-14. In responding to the ministerial error allegations, Commerce did not withdraw or alter a finding it had made in the Decision Memorandum, which was that “[t]here is no information on the record demonstrating Red Garden’s attempt to contact the former owners, even after Meizhou’s current owners repeated their notification to Red Garden that the former owners possessed the information.” Decision Mem. 26-27 (citing Aug. 5 Questionnaire Resp. exhibit 1; Meizhou Verification Rept. 2.) Summarizing the finding, the Decision Memorandum states that “[t]hus, we find that Red Garden did not act to the best of its ability to obtain the FOP information from Meizhou because Red Garden knew that Meizhou’s former owners possessed the relevant information and Red Garden did not provide any evidence of its attempts to obtain that information from the former ownership.” Id. at 27. The statute authorizes Commerce to use an adverse inference if an interested party fails to “cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with a request for information from the administering au thority____”19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) (emphasis added). After analyzing the relevant record documents, and in particular the Department’s questionnaires and Red Garden’s responses, the court concludes that the Department erred when it decided to use an adverse inference. In the Decision Memorandum, the Final Determination, and the Amended Final Determination, Commerce construed its “request[s] for information,” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b), differently than those requests actually were communicated to Red Garden. When the Section D questionnaire and three supplemental questionnaires Commerce submitted to Red Garden are read together, *1319 these documents reveal that the requests for information were more limited than Commerce later assumed. As discussed in further detail below, the questionnaires charged Red Garden with the specific tasks of sending Section D of the Department’s initial questionnaire to Meizhou, attempting to convince Meizhou to complete that questionnaire with Meizhou’s verifiable FOP data, and weight-averaging Meizhou’s FOP data with FOP data of other producers in a revised Section D database. The various questionnaires never directed Red Garden to obtain or attempt to obtain business records, or information in business records, from the previous owners or from any party other than Meizhou. The record reveals that the Department identified the issue of Red Garden’s contacting Meizhou’s former owners only in hindsight, not during the questionnaire process. Commerce knew on June 8, 2004 that verifiable data for Meizhou’s factors of production were in the hands of Meizhou’s former owners and not available to Meizhou. Even so, Commerce still was focusing on Meizhou’s completing the Section D questionnaire seven weeks later, stating in its third and final supplemental questionnaire that it had taken it upon itself to “put Meizhou on notice that it must provide verifiable factors of production to Red Garden’s counsel, such that you may weight-average those factors per CON-NUM [i.e., individual “control number”] in a revised Section D database.” Letter from Program Manager to Red Garden 1 (Jul. 26, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 806) {“Third Supplemental Questionnaire ”). The same supplemental questionnaire directed Red Garden to “provide the revised database in response to this questionnaire” and to “explain Red Garden’s efforts and attempts to persuade Meizhou to respond to the Section D Questionnaire.” Because of the way Commerce defined its information requests, Commerce could not lawfully use an adverse inference under § 1677e(b) based on its irrelevant finding that Red Garden, in responding to those requests, did not attempt to contact the previous owners of Meizhou after Red Garden was informed that the new owners lacked the FOP information. The record does not support a finding that Red Garden failed to act to the best of its ability to comply with the information requests in the form in which Commerce actually communicated those requests. The court concludes, therefore, that the application of the PRC-wide rate to the merchandise Meizhou supplied Red Garden was unlawful. Below, the court reviews the relevant documents from the record and addresses the arguments defendant makes in support of the Department’s decision. The record shows that Commerce sent to Red Garden Sections C (“Sales to the United States”), D (“Factors of Production”), and E (“Cost of Further Manufacturing or Assembly Performed in the United States”) of its “antidumping duty NME questionnaire” with a cover letter dated March 1, 2004. Letter from Program Manager to Red Garden 1 (Mar. 1, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 121) {“Section D Questionnaire ”). Section D, the section of the questionnaire at issue here, is directed almost entirely to the submission of factor-of-production information of producers of subject merchandise. For a non-producing trading company such as Red Garden, the pertinent instruction in the Section D questionnaire, contained in part I (“General Explanation of Section D”) is as follows: “If your company did not produce the subject merchandise, we request that this section be immediately forwarded to the company that produces the subject merchandise and supplies it to you or to your customers.” Id. at D-2. *1320 In responding to the March 1 questionnaire, Red Garden reported FOP information for two major suppliers, 5 “Mingfeng” and “Longfeng,” and also informed Commerce that three other suppliers, Meizhou, “Hengchang,” and “Longfa,” did not provide Red Garden FOP data. Letter from, Red Garden to the Sec’y of Commerce D~ l-D-2 (Apr. 21, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 308) (“Apr. 21 Questionnaire Resp.”). 6 Red Garden stated that Meizhou “did not cooperate with Red Garden to provide its FOP data,” and Red Garden requested, “given the minuscule amount of supply from Hengchang and Longfa, that the Department not require the factors of production for these companies.” Id. Commerce sent Red Garden’s counsel a supplemental questionnaire (“First Supplemental Questionnaire”) with a cover letter dated May 17, 2004, in which Commerce noted “numerous serious deficiencies in your Section C and D questionnaire.” Letter from Program Manager to Red Garden 1 (May 17, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 351) (“First Supplemental Questionnaire ”). Two paragraphs in the “Section D” portion of the supplemental questionnaire, numbered as paragraphs 1 and 4, are relevant to Red Garden’s claim challenging the Department’s use of an adverse inference. Paragraph 1, after noting that Red Garden stated that it did not provide factors of production from certain suppliers, requested that Red Garden report factors of production for the following three suppliers: Hengchang, Longfa, and Red Garden Food Processing Co., Ltd. (“RGFP”). 7 Id. at 10. The paragraph concludes with the directive that “[i]f any of these suppliers declines to provide Section D information, please clearly state so.” Id. The paragraph makes no mention of Meizhou or the missing FOP information of Meizhou. As discussed previously, Red Garden already had identified Meizhou as a supplier that declined to provide Section D information. Paragraph 4 of the Section D portion of the supplemental questionnaire covers the same topic as paragraph 1 and, like paragraph 1, mentions Hengcheng, Longfa, and RGFP but does not mention Meizhou. Id. at ll. 8 The paragraph instructs Red *1321 Garden that “[y]ou must provide FOPs for each of Red Garden’s suppliers which sold subject merchandise during the POI.” However, the entire context of paragraph 4 is confined to obtaining FOP information from Hengcheng, Longfa, and RGFP. Id. Read as a whole, the First Supplemental Questionnaire, which addressed the topic of suppliers’ FOP data in paragraphs 1 and 4 as discussed above, did not inform Red Garden that the Department was dissatisfied with Red Garden’s response to the Department’s request for Meizhou’s Section D information on factors of production. Instead, it directed Red Garden’s attention to the missing FOP data of Hengcheng, Longfa, and RGFP. Red Garden responded to the first supplemental questionnaire with a submission Commerce received on June 8, 2004. Letter from Red Garden to the Sec’y of Commerce (June 8, 2004) (Admin.R.Doe. No. 595) (“June 8 Questionnaire Resp.”). The June 8, 2004 response included the FOP data for RGFP. Id. exhibit SD-1. Regarding the Hengcheng and Longfa data, Red Garden informed Commerce in the response that both Hengcheng and Longfa declined to provide the Section D information and that “[djespite the best efforts by Red Garde[n] to obtain their cooperation, these companies simply find that they are too small and have such limited administrative staffs that they cannot provide the information requested.” Id. at 18. Red Garden included in its June 8, 2004 response to the supplemental questionnaire additional information on the failure of Meizhou to cooperate, even though the First Supplemental Questionnaire did not contain a specific request that Red Garden address this matter. Red Garden told the Department that “even though after much effort on the part of Red Garden to convince Meizhou to cooperate in this investigation, Meizhou finds that it simply does not have adequate verifiable documents in the POI to satisfy the Department’s requirements” because a group of stockholders had left the company and taken with them “many of the accounting books, including many covering the POI.” Id. Red Garden offered the Department the following option: “If the Department decides that it will accept less than verifiable data, please let Red Garden know and Meizhou will be willing to provide it.” Id. Red Garden included as an exhibit a letter on Meizhou’s' letterhead certifying Meizhou’s inability to provide “the factors of production information required by the Department of Commerce in connection with the response of Red Garden Food Company.” Id. exhibit SD-9 (“In the beginning of year 2004 shareholder and their management have left our company because of disputes between our shareholders. They have also brought our company’s files with them. We therefore cannot trace any original documents on our sales and costs at the moment.”). Commerce sent a second supplemental questionnaire on June 28, 2004 (“Second Supplemental Questionnaire”) that consisted of seven questions on a variety of topics. Letter from Program Manager to Red Garden 2 (June 23, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 662) (“Second Supplemental Questionnaire ”). Only question 2 pertained to the topic of Meizhou’s FOP data. In question 2, Commerce did not make even a general request that Red Garden attempt again to obtain the missing Section D information of Meizhou, either from Meizhou or from the former owners. The question focused only on Red Garden’s past attempts to obtain Meizhou’s FOP information. Quoted in its entirety, question 2 was as follows: “Please explain what measures you have taken to obtain Meizhou’s factors of production for subject merchandise during the POI, and provide *1322 evidence of your actions {e.g. copies of faxes, emails, phone records, letters, etc.).” Id. Red Garden submitted its response to the Second Supplemental Questionnaire on June 30, 2004, responding to question 2 as follows: Mr. Lin, the vice general manager of Red Garden Foodstuff Co., Ltd., called Meizhou numerous times and met with Meizhou several times both alone and with Red Garden’s legal counsel and accountant to try to find ways that Meizhou could report verifiable data. Due to the situation previously reported, Meizhou simply no longer has any verifiable data capable of meeting the Department’s strict requirements. There are no written records of these phone calls or meetings. However, as a result of such meetings and discussions, Meizhou did agree to write to DOC the letter submitted in our June 8, 2004 submission. Letter from Red Garden to the Sec’y of Commerce 2 (June 30, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 676) {“June SO Questionnaire Resp.”). In the Preliminary Determination, published July 16, 2004, Commerce stated its intention to use facts otherwise available— specifically, FOP data from Mingfeng and Longfeng — as a substitute for the Meizhou FOP data. Prelim. Determination, 69 Fed.Reg. at 42,665-66. Commerce made no mention in the Preliminary Determination of an intention to use an adverse inference and, here also, expressed no discontent with Red Garden’s efforts to date to obtain Meizhou’s FOP data. Commerce sent its third and final supplemental questionnaire on July 26, 2004 (“Third Supplemental Questionnaire”). In this questionnaire, Commerce addressed the matter of Meizhou’s FOP information as follows: Red Garden has previously indicated that Meizhou could not provide verifiable factors of production. In the preliminary determination, we substituted Mingfeng’s and Longfeng’s factors of production to determine the normal value for sales produced by Meizhou. Please attempt again to obtain Meizhou’s factors of production. We have put Meizhou on notice that it must provide verifiable factors of production to Red Garden’s counsel, such that you may weight-average those factors per CONNUM in a revised Section D database. Please provide the revised database in response to this questionnaire. Finally, please explain Red Garden’s efforts and attempts to persuade Meizhou to respond to the Section D Questionnaire. In addition, provide the Department with all documentation regarding Red Garden’s effor[ts] and persuasions requesting that Meizhou respond to the Department’s Section D questionnaire {e.g. letters, fax logs, phone records etc.). Third Supplemental Questionnaire. Although the Department asked that Red Garden “[p]lease attempt again to obtain Meizhou’s factors of production,” the context of the paragraph is Red Garden’s responsibility to use its efforts and persuasions to induce Meizhou to complete Section D of the Department’s questionnaire using Meizhou’s FOP information and Red Garden’s use of that information in providing the Department a revised Section D database with weight-averaged FOPs. Read in that context, the topic of the paragraph is Red Garden’s endeavoring to influence Meizhou to complete Section D. There is no general directive to seek the business records from any person who might possess them, and the paragraph, read in context, does not suggest that Commerce contemplated that Red Garden would do so. To the contrary, the para *1323 graph suggests that Commerce fully expected that Meizhou, after receiving the communication from Commerce, would provide the FOP information to Red Garden’s counsel. In answering the Third Supplemental Questionnaire, Red Garden stated that -it had “attempted again to obtain cooperation from Meizhou” and attached a list of the attempts to obtain Meizhou’s factors of production. August 5 Questionnaire Resp. 2 & exhibit l. 9 In a case brief that Commerce received on October 20, 2004, the petitioners in the investigation urged Commerce to find that Red Garden did not act to the best of its ability in obtaining Meizhou’s FOP information because, petitioners alleged, Red Garden did not contact the previous owners of Meizhou to seek that information. Letter from Petitioners to the Sec’y of Commerce 23-26 (Oct. 19, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 1049). Petitioners advocated that Commerce apply facts available with an adverse inference to all sales made by Red Garden from subject merchandise produced by Meizhou. Id. In summary, the court concludes, from the questionnaires considered as a whole and read in the proper context, that the Department’s information requests were that Red Garden: (1) provide Meizhou with Section D of the Department’s questionnaire; (2) use its “efforts and persuasions” to induce Meizhou to complete that questionnaire; (3) again attempt to obtain Meizhou’s FOP information in the wake of the Department’s having “put Meizhou on notice that it must provide verifiable factors of production to Red Garden’s counsel,” Third Supplemental Questionnaire 1; and (4) using that verifiable FOP information, provide a revised Section D database with weight-averaged FOPs, in response to the Third Supplemental Questionnaire, id. The record does not contain substantial evidence that Red Garden faded to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with these information requests. Defendant attempts to support the Department’s decision to use an adverse inference by raising several arguments. Defendant argues, inter alia, that Red Garden did not meet the “best of its ability” standard in complying with the Department’s requests for Meizhou’s FOP data because Red Garden did not, as required by the decision of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit (“Court of Appeals”) in Nippon Steel Corp. v. United States, 337 F.3d 1373, 1382 (Fed.Cir.2003), “put forth its maximum effort to provide Commerce with full and complete answers to all inquiries in an investigation.” Def.’s Resp. 20-25. Defendant asserts, specifically, that after Red Garden told Commerce in Red Garden’s Section D response that Meizhou did not cooperate with Red *1324 Garden to provide the FOP data, “Commerce subsequently issued a supplemental questionnaire notifying Red Garden of its deficiency and instructing that Red Garden ‘must provide’ factors of production for its suppliers who sold subject merchandise during the period of investigation.” Id. at 21 (citing First Supplemental Questionnaire 11). Defendant’s argument mischaracterizes the relevant language in the Department’s First Supplemental Questionnaire. As the court discussed previously, the language cited by defendant, which was contained in the aforementioned paragraph 4, did not inform Red Garden that Commerce was dissatisfied with the efforts Red Garden had made up to that time in responding to the request for Meizhou’s Section D information. Defendant would have the court conclude, erroneously, that in the First Supplemental Questionnaire Commerce notified Red Garden “of its deficiency” as to the Meizhou FOP data. Id. at 21. To the contrary, the First Supplemental Questionnaire directed Red Garden’s attention to the missing FOP data of Hengcheng, Longfa, and RGFP. Defendant has quoted out of context a sentence that, when read in the proper context, did not refer to Meizhou’s FOP information. Defendant also argues that Commerce was justified in using an adverse inference because, in responding to the Second Supplemental Questionnaire, “Red Garden provided no documentation” to support the recollections that its vice general manager had of communications with Meizhou. Id. at 23. This argument is directed to an irrelevant point. In issuing the Amended Final Determination, Commerce revised the Final Determination to base its adverse inference on the finding that Red Garden failed to contact Meizhou’s former owners. Defendant’s argument overlooks the critical record fact that Commerce reversed the finding, which had been stated in the Final Determination, that Red Garden had not contacted the present ownership of Meizhou. Replacing that finding with a finding that Red Garden had made a number of such contacts, Commerce shifted its focus to the topic of contacts with the former owners. Defendant also emphasizes that Commerce, at Meizhou’s verification, found “that, contrary to Red Garden’s assertions, there was a period of time, overlapping with the time Red Garden was completing its questionnaire responses, when employees at Meizhou did have access to the required information.” Id. at 23 (citing Meizhou Verification Report 2). Regardless of whether the cited finding is correct, that finding cannot support the use of an adverse inference on the record of this case. As the court concluded previously, the record does not support a finding that Red Garden failed to cooperate by not acting to the best of its ability to comply with the information requests as those requests were communicated in the questionnaires. In addressing plaintiffs argument that the Department’s actions were inconsistent with 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d), defendant argues, further, that the Third Supplemental Questionnaire “again instructed Red Garden to attempt to obtain the data and again asked for documentary proof of its efforts” and that “[t]hus, Commerce plainly notified Red Garden that it was unsatisfied with Red Garden’s previous efforts.” 10 Def.’s Resp. 26 (citing Third Supplemental *1325 Questionnaire 1). Here again, defendant mischaracterizes a record document. The Third Supplemental Questionnaire, as the court discussed previously, asked Red Garden to document Red Garden’s efforts to get Meizhou to complete the Section D questionnaire. Although the relevant paragraph contained the sentence, “[pjlease attempt again to obtain Meizhou’s factors of production,” the context was Red Garden’s using its efforts and persuasions to have Meizhou fill out Section D. Nothing in the Third Supplemental Questionnaire or any of the other questionnaires communicated an expectation that Red Garden would attempt to obtain business records from the former owners. Knowing of the situation involving the former owners as of June 8, 2004, Commerce had multiple opportunities to communicate such an expectation to Red Garden but never did so. Finally, the court concludes that defendant’s reliance on Nippon Steel Corp. is misplaced. Nothing in the holding of Nippon Steel Corp. excuses Commerce from the obligation to ensure that any findings made under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) are grounded in the language Commerce chose to communicate its information requests to an interested party. In the circumstances disclosed by the record information considered as a whole, and specifically the questionnaires and responses, Commerce was not justified in using an adverse inference in selecting from among the facts otherwise available as substitutes for the Meizhou FOP data. On remand, Commerce must redetermine the rate it applied to Red Garden’s sales of subject merchandise obtained from Meizhou and may not use an adverse inference. B. Commerce Must Reconsider its Choice of Surrogate Value for Shrimp Commerce valued fresh, raw, head-on, shell-on shrimp at $5.97 per kilogram using a value derived from the financial statement of an Indian seafood processor, Nekkanti Sea Foods Ltd. (“Nekkanti”) for the period April 2002 through March 2003. Prelim. Determination, 69 Fed.Reg. at 42,668; Mem. from Case Analyst to the File 3 (Nov. 29, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 1118) (“Red Garden Analysis Mem.”) (indicating no change from Preliminary Determination). Commerce chose this value over four other data sets on the administrative record: (1) data compiled by the Seafood Exporters’ Association of India (“SEAI”) pertaining to the price of head-on shell-on shrimp in two regions of India during the POI; 11 (2) the results of surveys of Indian shrimp processors compiled by the Aquaculture Certification Council (“ACC”) pertaining to the price of head-on shell-ón shrimp in India during the POI; (3) data from two Indian shrimp processors, Nekkanti and Devi Sea Foods, Ltd. (“Devi”), compiled for a parallel anti-dumping investigation pertaining to the price of head-on shell-on shrimp during the POI; and (4) data from the government of Ecuador pertaining to the price of head-on shell-on shrimp during the POI. Decision Mem. 12-13; Prelim. Determination, 69 Fed.Reg. at 42,667-68. When determining normal value using factors of production, Commerce must use the “best available information regarding the values of such factors in a market economy country or countries *1326 considered to be appropriate by the administering authority.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(l). The best available information, according to the Department’s policy as described in the Decision Memorandum, is information reflecting “review period-wide price averages, prices specific to the input in question, prices that are net of taxes and import duties, prices that are contemporaneous with the period of investigation or review, and publicly available data.” Decision Mem. 14 (emphasis omitted). The SEAI prices were contained in several documents on the record, prepared by the SEAI. Prelim. Determination, 69 Fed. Reg. at 42,668; Letter from Allied Pacific & Yelin to Sec’y of Commerce 3-4, exhibit 3 (May 21, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 356) (“SEAI Data ”). Four of these documents were “Circulars” showing the price of head-on shell-on shrimp in one of India’s shrimp producing regions, Andrha Pradesh, on specific dates during the POI. Another document was untitled and showed the average prices of shrimp in another of India’s shrimp producing regions, Tamil Nadu, during each month of the POI. SEAI Data. Commerce cited five concerns in rejecting the SEAI data: that these data were not publicly available, that the data on Andhra Pradesh were not sufficiently contemporaneous with the POI because they represent prices from only four dates, that “it is unclear as to how the average was derived” for the Tamil Nadu data, that the SEAI data were reported using weight measurements different from those used in the data reported by respondents, and that the record did not make clear the extent to which the data on these two regions were representative of India. Prelim. Determination, 69 Fed.Reg. at 42,668. Regarding the last concern, Commerce noted that information it obtained directly from the SEAI indicated that Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu accounted for 10-11% of India’s shrimp purchases, a percentage that disagreed with statements by the respondents that submitted the SEAI data that these two regions accounted for more than 55% of India’s shrimp purchases. Id. Commerce also rejected the ACC data, which consisted of a table showing “average monthly farm gate price data for raw, whole, unprocessed black tiger shrimp based on weekly purchase invoices of packers in the states of Andhra Pradesh and Tamilnadu” during each month of 2003. Letter from Allied Pacific & Yelin to the Sec’y of Commerce exhibit 3 (Sept. 8, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 982) (“ACC Data”). Commerce based its rejection on its finding that the ACC was “not sufficiently insulated from conflict of interest.” Decision Mem. 13. Although Commerce stated no findings of fact in support of this rejection, it apparently found persuasive the petitioners’ argument that a conflict of interest existed because the “the membership and leadership of the ACC is composed of interests adverse to the Petitioners in the instant proceeding,” as the ACC was “founded by and shares members, directors, officers, and its U.S. location with the Global Aquacultural Alliance, some of whose members are subject to the Department’s companion investigations.” Id. at 10. The third alternative data set rejected by Commerce consisted of “quantity and value data for the POI for raw shrimp purchases of Nekkanti and Devi, two respondents in the companion Indian investigation, that have been ranged for public release.” Id. at 13. 12 The Department *1327 rejected these data (the “ranged Nekkanti/Devi data”) because “the record of this proceeding does not indicate how the data was ranged,” so that “[if] the Department were to rely on the data from Nekkanti and Devi, it may be relying on figures that deviate substantially from the actual data.” Id. at 13-14. The fourth alternative data set rejected by Commerce showed prices for exports of head-on shell-on shrimp from Ecuador during the POI. Id. at 13. Commerce acknowledged that the “Ecuadorean data [were] obtained by requesting the data from the Ecuadorean Central Bank” and that the official who provided these data stated that this “information is already publicly available, but we hope to have them up in our website soon for public viewing....” Id. at 15 (internal quotation omitted). Commerce nevertheless rejected the Ecuadorean data, stating that they were “not a reliable source for valuing the Respondents’ raw shrimp input because they are not publicly available, consistent with the Department’s long-established practice regarding the selection of surrogate values.” Id. at 14 (citing 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(1)). Commerce stated that it “cannot consider this [sic] data publicly available, as it is not available to the public without making a specific request to the Central Bank of Ecuador, who ultimately determine whether to provide the data to the public.” Id. at 15. Red Garden argues that Commerce inadequately explained the conclusion that the Nekkanti financial statement data were the best available information relative to other record data and, specifically, relative to the Ecuadorean export data, Pl.’s Mem. 36-42, unlawfully failed to adjust the price reflected by the Nekkanti financial statement to remove purchases of products other than head-on shell-on shrimp, id. at 44-47, and unlawfully refused to calculate count-size specific surrogate values for the purchases of Red Garden’s suppliers, id. at 44. 13 Red Garden is justified in objecting that Commerce failed to adjust the price reflected by the Nekkanti financial statement to remove purchases of products other than head-on shell-on shrimp. In Allied Pacific Food (Dalian) Co. v. United States, 30 CIT 736, 435 F.Supp.2d 1295 (2006), the Court of International Trade resolved claims brought by two other respondents in this investigation that pertained to the same administrative record. In Allied Pacific, the court held unlawful the Department’s using the price reflected by the Nekkanti financial statement as the basis for the surrogate value of head-on shell-on shrimp for the plaintiffs in that case. Id. at 751-52, 435 F.Supp.2d at *1328 1309. The court noted the Department’s failing to explain how the Nekkanti financial statement data were superior to the other record information and the Department’s relying on several unlawful findings. Id. at 751-52, 435 F.Supp.2d at 1309. Among the unlawful findings was that the Nekkanti financial statement data referred exclusively to purchases of raw head-on shell-on shrimp. Id. at 754-55, 435 F.Supp.2d at 1311. The Department relied on the same unlawful finding in using the Nekkanti financial statement data to value the raw shrimp input of Red Garden’s suppliers. Commerce obtained the $5.97-per-kilo-gram surrogate value from a heading in a table in Nekkanti’s financial statement, “Raw Material Consumed for Processing.” Mem. from Case Analyst to the File exhibit 3 (Jul. 2, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 692) (“Prelim. Factor Valuation Mem.”). An excerpt from Nekkanti’s questionnaire response in the parallel investigation on Indian exports states that “[w]hile many raw material purchases were of headless shell on raw shrimp, certain purchases were of head on shrimp or peeled and undeveined.” Letter from Allied Pacific & Yelin to the Sec’y of Commerce 700 (Sept. 8, 2004) (Admin.R.Doe. No. 982) (“Nekkanti’s Questionnaire Resp.”). Nekkanti also submitted quantitative data in the companion investigation showing substantial purchases of partially-processed shrimp. Id. at 1553 (exhibit SD-3). The court concludes that substantial evidence did not support the Department’s finding that the heading in the Nekkanti financial statement, “Raw Material Consumed for Processing,” referred only to head-on shell-on shrimp. As the court explained in Allied Pacific, the “record evidence instead establishes that some of Nekkanti’s purchases were of shrimp that had been partially processed.” 30 CIT at 754, 435 F.Supp.2d at 1311; Nekkanti’s Questionnaire Resp. 700 (indicating that Nekkanti purchased, in part, partially processed shrimp); id. at 1553 (quantitative data showing purchases of partially-processed shrimp). After the remand ordered in Allied Pacific, Commerce agreed that the Nekkanti financial statement was not limited to purchases of head-on shell-on shrimp and attempted .to adjust the price reflected by the Nekkanti financial statement to remove distortions to the price caused by the processed shrimp, which are typically more expensive than head-on shell-on shrimp. Allied Pacific Food (Dalian) Co. v. United States, 32 CIT-,-, 587 F.Supp.2d 1330, 1337 (2008) (“Allied II ”) (“Commerce explained that ‘upon careful re-examination, we agree with the Court’s observation that this value includes processed shrimp.’ ”). The court must reject the Department’s choice of a surrogate value that rests on an invalid finding, the more so where, as here, that finding is fundamental to the identity of the merchandise being valued and alternatives existed on the record that did not suffer from this critical flaw. The Department’s error with respect to processed shrimp contained within the Nekkanti financial statement data undermines its ultimate finding that these data were the best available data, such that this ultimate finding lacks support in the record. The Department rejected each alternative data set on the record as not meeting one or more of the Department’s criteria. However, the Nekkanti financial statement data fail to satisfy two of those criteria. Because these data were not confined to raw head-on shell-on shrimp, they were not specific to the input in question. Nor were they contemporaneous: the Nekkanti financial statement covered the twelve-month period immediately preceding the POI. *1329 As an example of the flaws in the Department’s comparisons, the court notes that the Department rejected the SEAI data in part because it found these data insufficiently contemporaneous with the POI, even though the SEAI data from the Tamil Nadu region were fully contemporaneous with the POI and the data from the Andhra Pradesh region pertained to four dates during the POI (June 6, 2003, June 21, 2003, July 26, 2003, and August 9, 2003). Decision Mem. 13-14. As a second example, Commerce rejected the ranged Nekkanti/Devi data because the method by which these data were ranged was unknown. Decision Mem. 13-14. That objection does not “support a conclusion that the surrogate values derived from the inherently flawed Nekkanti financial statement data are superior....” Allied Pacific, 30 CIT at 767, 435 F.Supp.2d at 1322. The ranged Nekkanti/Devi data satisfy at least some of the Department’s criteria for choosing surrogate values, in that they are specific to head-on shell-on shrimp and apply to at least part of the POI, covering the period October 1, 2002 through September 30, 2003. See Allied Pacific II, 32 CIT at-, 587 F.Supp.2d at 1345. Red Garden objects that Commerce unlawfully refused to calculate count-size specific surrogate values for the unprocessed shrimp purchases of Red Garden’s suppliers. PL’s Mem. 44. The court concludes this refusal is inadequately explained in the Decision Memorandum. What is clear is that Commerce applied a single raw head-on shell-on shrimp surrogate value for all of Red Garden’s subject shrimp rather than determining individual values for the different count-sizes of shrimp Red Garden sold. Red Garden Analysis Mem. 3 (“Unlike the shrimp surrogate values applied to [two other respondents] where the Department used a count size specific surrogate value, the Department is not applying a count size specific surrogate value to the portion of Red Garden’s sales that use the whole shrimp input.”). The reasoning for the Department’s doing so, however, is less clear. Commerce stated that it was “not using the whole shrimp input based on our findings at verification where we found that Red Garden did not purchase shrimp on a count-size specific basis,” id., and cited an exhibit to the verification Commerce conducted of one of Red Garden’s suppliers, Mingfeng, Mem. from Case Analysts to the File exhibit 17 (Sept. 22, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 1001) (“Red Garden/Mingfeng Verification Rept”). This exhibit consists of a summary table entitled “Worksheet for Shrimps Inputs,” which includes a monthly recording of the quantities of shrimp Mingfeng processed, in the categories of “Self-farmed Shrimps,” “Farmed Shrimps-Purchased,” and “Ocean Shrimps,” and also includes copies of Mingfeng’s internal inventory control documents. Id. It is difficult for the court to reconcile the first part of the Department’s reasoning, that it was “not using the whole shrimp input,” with statements in the Decision Memorandum that shrimp was the “main input accounting for a significant portion of normal value” and the “most important factor of production....” Decision Mem. 14. The relevance of the second part of the Department’s reasoning, that “Red Garden did not purchase shrimp on a count-size specific basis,” needs further explanation. For a respondent such as Red Garden, which does not produce the subject merchandise, Commerce calculates normal value based on the factors of production of the producing companies. Section D Questionnaire D-2. Commerce does not explain why it is not significant that. Red Garden’s suppliers purchased their unprocessed shrimp input by count *1330 size. Though citing a record document pertaining to one supplier, Commerce did not find that any of Red Garden’s suppliers did not purchase shrimp by count size. Red Garden Analysis Mem. 3. The record appears to contain evidence that Red Garden sold shrimp by count size, which at least suggests that the Department apparently considered Red Garden’s sales to have been count-size-specific. Red Garden/Mingfeng Verification Rept. 6 (“All sales made by Red Garden were based on a per-pound basis segregated by the size of the shrimp ... ”). If, on remand, the Department again decides not to determine Red Garden’s margin using count-size specific surrogate values, it must support that decision with an adequate explanation. Moreover, the Department’s finding that the Ecuadorean data were not publicly available was not supported by substantial evidence. In support of this determination, Commerce cited a letter from the Central Bank of Ecuador, which supplied the Ecuadorean data to Red Garden, stating that “these reports are not yet available in Banco Central website.” Decision Mem. 15. Commerce reasoned from this letter that these data were not publicly available because they are “not available to the public without making a specific request to the Central Bank of Ecuador, who ultimately determine whether to provide the data to the public.” Id. The same letter from the Central Bank of Ecuador states that this “information is already publicly available, but we hope to have them up in our website soon for public viewing----” Id. Commerce attempts to downplay the letter’s clear statement that the provided data were publicly available by arguing that “[s]uch previously nonpublic information is also of unknowable internal and external validity unless verification is conducted.” Id. The fact that the data were not yet on a website does not establish that the data were not publicly available. According to the Department’s published interpretation of the regulation that contains the preference for publicly available data, data need not be published in order to be “public.” See Antidumping Duties; Countervailing Duties, 61 Fed. Reg. 7,308, 7,344 (Feb. 27, 1996) (“Proposed Regs.”) (stating that the regulation “drops the preference for published information, limiting the preference to publicly available information.”); see also Anti-dumping Duties; Countervailing Duties, 62 Fed.Reg. 27,296, 27, 367 (May 19, 1997) {“Preamble”) (“[T]he Department elected to codify a preference for publicly available information rather than publicly available published information.”). Defendant’s arguments in support of the Department’s determination are not persuasive. Defendant argues that “the record provides substantial evidence that the vast majority of raw material purchased by Nekkanti was head-on, shell-on shrimp.” Def.’s Resp. 31. This argument mischaracterizes the record in this case. As Commerce came to recognize in the Allied Pacific litigation, Commerce erred in failing to recognize the serious flaw in the Nekkanti financial statement data. Both Nekkanti’s questionnaire response and Nekkanti’s ranged data show that a significant portion of the shrimp purchased by Red Garden’s suppliers was partially processed. See Allied II, 32 CIT at-, 587 F.Supp.2d at 1343. Defendant argues in the alternative that, even if the Nekkanti financial statement data include some purchases of partially-processed shrimp, the record lacks reliable data that Commerce could have used to adjust the surrogate value to remove such purchases. Def.’s Resp. 32. The alleged absence of record data suitable for correcting the obvious deficiency in the Nekkanti financial statement data is not a plausible argument for *1331 why the Department’s use of the Nekkanti financial statement data should be sustained by the court. Defendant further argues that Commerce was justified in refusing to rely on the Ecuadorean data, stating that the “record also demonstrates that the Ecuadorian data are not reliable surrogate values because they are export prices, which Commerce prefers not to use.” Id. at 39. In addition, defendant argues that the “Ecuadorian prices are not from the appropriate surrogate country selected by Commerce for this investigation. Commerce, selected India as the appropriate surrogate country.” Id. at 40. These arguments were not part of the reasoning by which Commerce rejected the Ecuadorian data and, therefore, cannot justify the choice of the Nekkanti financial statement data. Finally, defendant argues that Commerce had discretion to choose the Nekkanti financial statement data, arguing that it was not sufficient for Red Garden to identify alternative data sets that Commerce might reasonably have chosen as the surrogate value and that Commerce sufficiently explained how the Nekkanti data were the most reliable on the record. Id. at 40-43. Commerce does not have discretion to choose information for use as a surrogate value absent a finding, supported by substantial evidence on the record viewed as a whole, that the information is the best available information. Because the record, viewed in the entirety, does not contain substantial evidence that the Nekkanti financial statement data were the best available information, Commerce must redetermine the surrogate value for raw, head-on, shell-on shrimp for use in calculating the normal value of Red Garden’s subject merchandise. C. Red Garden is Not Entitled to Relief on its Challenge to the Surrogate Value for Shrimp Feed Commerce based the surrogate value for one of the factors of production of Red Garden’s suppliers, shrimp feed, on World Trade Atlas import data for Indian Harmonized Tariff Schedule (“Indian HTS”) subheading 2309.90.31 (“Prawn and shrimps feed”), which reflected an average unit value (“AUV”) of $1.31 per kilogram. Prelim. Factor Valuation Mem. 9 & exhibit 4. In choosing the AUV shown by the Indian HTS data, Commerce rejected as alternative sources three financial statements of Indian companies: the April 1, 2002-March 31, 2003 statement of Avanti Feeds Limited (“Avanti”) ($0.80 per kilogram AUV); the April 1, 2003-March 31, 2004 statement of Avanti ($0.86 per kilogram AUV), and the April 1, 2002-March 31, 2003 financial statement of Goldmohur Foods & Feeds Ltd. ($0.73 per kilogram AUV). Decision Mem. 56-57; Letter from Guolian to the Sec’y of Commerce 9 (Oct. 19, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 1023) (“Guolian Case Br.”). 14 Plaintiff claims that the Department’s choice of the Indian HTS data was unlawful because the data in the Avanti financial statements were more specific to the shrimp feed used by the suppliers of Red Garden and because the Department’s analysis in support of its chosen surrogate value was flawed. PL’s Mem. 52-53. The court rejects this claim. *1332 In support of its choice of surrogate value, Commerce found that the Indian HTS data “contained a broad category of feed types to accurately account for the actual components of the shrimp feed purchased by Zhanjiang Guolian,” which was a respondent that objected to the same surrogate value as used in the Preliminary Determination. Decision Mem. 57. Commerce also found that the Indian HTS price was “more accurate because it represents numerous transactions from a market economy country” and that because it did not know the “components of Avanti’s shrimp feed,” Commerce was unable “to compare and/or match the Avanti shrimp feed with Zhanjiang Guolian’s shrimp feed components.” Id. Commerce also characterized the Avanti data as “proprietary to that particular company.” Id. The court reaches the merits of Red Garden’s objection to the shrimp feed surrogate value even though Red Garden did not present its objection to Commerce during the investigation. As it concedes, Red Garden failed to exhaust its administrative remedies, Pl.’s Reply Br. to Def.’s Mem. in Resp. to Pl.’s Rule 56.2 Mot. for J. for upon the Agency R. 22 (Oct. 21, 2005), ECF No. 42, a failure that normally would preclude the court from considering the claim. Customs Courts Act, § 301, 28 U.S.C. § 2637(d) (the Court of International Trade shall require exhaustion “where appropriate”). Excusing the failure to exhaust is appropriate here because Commerce considered Red Garden’s objection to the surrogate value when it addressed the argument advanced by Zhanjiang Guolian. Decision Mem. 56-57; Guolian Case Br. 9-10. Red Garden argues that the Department irrationally chose the Indian HTS data as more accurate than the Avanti data, arguing that the “inclusion of feed for other species cannot more accurately portray what the respondents feed shrimp[.] Only by using shrimp feed and nothing else, will Commerce calculate an accurate cost.” PL’s Mem. 52-53. Red Garden also takes issue with the Department’s statement that the Avanti data were “proprietary,” arguing that “the Avanti data is public on the record and hence is public information.” Id. at 53. The record supports with substantial evidence the Department’s finding that the Indian HTS data were the best available information on the record for the valuation of the shrimp feed surrogate value. The record supports findings that the Indian HTS data satisfied each of the Department’s criteria because these data are shown to be publicly available, net of taxes and duties, specific to prawn and shrimp feed, contemporaneous with the POI, and a broad market average. The record also contains substantial evidence that the financial statement data on the record were not as contemporaneous with the POI. Two of the financial statements applied to the twelve months preceding the POI, and the other applied to the POI as well as the subsequent six months. Even an average of the data in the three financial statements, which were confined to the purchases of two producers, would not provide as broad a market average as did the Indian HTS data. The court finds little merit in Red Garden’s objection that the Avanti financial statement data are more specific to the input and therefore more accurate than the Indian HTS data, which are confined narrowly to prawn and shrimp feed. Even if the court were to assume Red Garden to be correct in its assertions that the Avanti data are more specific and that the Department incorrectly categorized the Avanti data as proprietary, the court still would affirm the Department’s choice of surrogate value based on the application of the *1333 Department’s criteria as supported by the record evidence, as discussed above. D. Commerce Did Not Err in Deriving Red Garden’s Surrogate Financial Ratios Solely from Financial Statements of Integrated Producers In determining the normal value of Red Garden’s subject merchandise, Commerce based the surrogate financial ratios for factory overhead and for selling, general and administrative (“SG & A”) expenses, and the surrogate financial ratio for profit, on three financial statements of Indian shrimp producers: the April 2002-March 2003 financial statement of Devi, the April 2002-March 2003 financial statement of Sandhya Marines Ltd. (“Sandhya”), and the April 2003-March 2004 financial statement of The Waterbase Ltd. (“Water-base”). Mem. from Case Analyst to the File exhibit 2 (Nov. 29, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 1112) {“Final Analysis Mem.”). This combination resulted in surrogate values of 6.05% for factory overhead, 8.37% for SG & A expenses, and 2.37% for profit. Id. at 3. Also on the record were the April 2002-March 2003 financial statement of the Indian shrimp processor Nekkanti, which showed factory overhead of 5.11%, SG & A expenses of 3.06% and profit of 0.32%, id., and the April 2003-March 2004 financial statement of Indian shrimp processor Avanti, for which Commerce did not calculate financial ratios separately, Letter from Guolian to the Sec’y of Commerce exhibit 1 (Sept. 20, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 986) {“Avanti Financial Statement ”). Red Garden claims that it was unlawful for Commerce to exclude the financial statements of Nekkanti and Avanti from the surrogate value calculation. The court does not find merit in this claim. For the Preliminary Determination, Commerce based the surrogate financial ratios on the financial statements of Devi, Sandhya, and Nekkanti, yielding factory overhead of 5.81 %, SG & A expenses of 4.09% and profit of 1.79%. Prelim. Factor Valuation Mem. 16. For the Final Determination, Commerce determined that averaging the data for Devi and Sandhya with the data of Waterbase, rather than those of Nekkanti, would yield the best available information, stating that this combination “would more accurately match Red Garden’s aquaculture experience and expenses” than would a combination including the financial data of Nekkanti. Red Garden Analysis Mem. 5. The Department characterized its chosen combination as “an average of three integrated surrogate companies”- and explained that “integrated companies” were those that “participate in aquaculture activities, rather than solely processing shrimp, as Nekkanti does.” Id. Commerce previously considered Red Garden to .be an integrated producer for purposes of the investigation, Prelim. Factor Valuation Mem. 16, and in this respect the court observes that the record indicates that Red Garden, during the POI, had suppliers that were integrated producers. See June 8 Questionnaire Resp. 22 (“Mingfeng both grows and buys live shrimp for processing. Long Feng buys wild shrimp and grows cultivated shrimp itself.”). In response to comments from Guolian, Commerce stated in the Decision Memorandum that the financial statement of another Indian company, Avanti, should not be included in the surrogate financial ratio calculations because there “is no evidence on the record that Avanti is an integrated producer of subject merchandise” and that Avanti is “primarily, a shrimp feed producer, with the majority of their resources focused on their shrimp feed and shrimp processing business activities.” Decision Mem. 62. Red Garden claims that Commerce failed to use the best available information *1334 for the surrogate financial ratios, arguing that “Commerce would more accurately calculate the financial ratios by including financial statements for both integrated and non-integrated producers in India, especially if they encompass the POI.” PL’s Mem. 54. It argues, further, that “Red Garden’s situation was unique — it was not solely a processor and not solely an integrated producer,” and that accordingly the Department’s reliance on only the financial statements of integrated producers, excluding those of any non-integrated shrimp processors, was unlawful. Id. at 55. Before reaching the merits of this argument, the court first rejects defendant’s argument that, by failing to include in its case brief an argument challenging the surrogate financial ratios, Red Garden failed to exhaust its administrative remedies. Def.’s Resp. 49-50. Red Garden was not required to raise this issue before the Department to exhaust administrative remedies because the Department’s determination of these surrogate values changed between the Preliminary Determination and the Final Determination. In the Preliminary Determination, Commerce constructed these values from the financial statements of two integrated shrimp producers, Devi and Sandhya, and one non-integrated shrimp processor, Nekkanti. Prelim. Factor Valuation Mem. 16. In the Final Determination, Commerce excluded from its calculations the financial statement of Nekkanti, a shrimp processor, in favor of the financial statement of Waterbase, an integrated shrimp producer. Final Analysis Mem. exhibit 2. Because the ultimate composition of the financial statements appeared in the Final Determination but not in the Preliminary Determination, and because the resulting surrogate values were different, the court hears Red Garden’s claim. On the merits, the court determines that the claim does not merit relief. As the court discussed above, when Commerce determines normal value using factors of production, the statute requires that Commerce chose the “best available information regarding the values of such factors in a market economy country or countries considered to be appropriate by the administering authority.” 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(l). As the court also discussed previously, Commerce looks to “review period-wide price averages, prices specific to the input in question, prices that are net of taxes and import duties, prices that are contemporaneous with the period of investigation or review, and publicly available data.” Decision Mem. 14 (emphasis omitted). According to the Department’s uncontested findings, Devi, Sandhya, and Water-base, like Red Garden’s suppliers, were integrated shrimp producers, i.e., they processed shrimp they had grown. June 8 Questionnaire Resp. 22 (regarding Red Garden’s suppliers); Letter from Petitioners to Sec’y of Commerce attachments 1 & 3 (Sept. 8, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 975) (“Petitioners’ Factor Values ”). The record establishes that Nekkanti, on the other hand, did not grow shrimp. Petitioners’ Factor Values attachment 4. The Department’s findings that there is “no evidence on the record that Avanti is an integrated producer of subject merchandise” and that Avanti’s business activities focus on shrimp feed, Decision Mem. 62, are supported by Avanti’s financial statement, which states that “[sjhrimp are purchased from the farmers,” Avanti Financial Statement 44, and shows that Avanti’s “Feed Division” constitutes the vast majority of its operations, id. at 9. Red Garden argues, correctly, that the Avanti financial statement, which applies to the April 2003 to March 2004 period, is *1335 contemporaneous with the POI (April 1, 2003-September 31, 2003) and that the April 2002-March 2003 financial statements of Devi and Sandhya are not. Commerce chose, nevertheless, to exclude the Avanti data from its determinations because Avanti, unlike Devi, Sandhya, and Waterbase, was not an integrated producer and was primarily a shrimp feed producer. The record supports the Department’s finding that Avanti, in these two significant respects, had operations dissimilar to those of Red Garden’s suppliers, and the Department permissibly gave less probative weight to the contemporaneity of the Avanti data than it did to the dissimilarity between Avanti’s operations and those of Red Garden’s suppliers. As the record also shows, Nekkanti was dissimilar to Red Garden’s suppliers in one of those respects — it was not an integrated supplier — and its financial statement was not contemporaneous with the POI. Petitioners’ Factor Values attachment 4. For these reasons, the court concludes that substantial evidence on the record considered as a whole supported the Department’s finding that the operations of Devi, Sandhya, and Waterbase were sufficiently similar to those of Red Garden’s suppliers that the record data from the financial statements of these three companies constituted the best available information with which to determine surrogate financial ratios. In contesting the Department’s decision, Red Garden argues that its suppliers were in a “unique” position because they processed not only shrimp they had grown but also shrimp they had purchased. This argument does not present a convincing reason why the court must disallow the Department’s choice of the Devi, Sandhya, and Waterbase data. Although it may well have been permissible on this record for Commerce to have included the data of a non-integrated supplier in that database, Red Garden cannot show that Commerce acted contrary to law in declining to do so. Red Garden does not show that the record lacked substantial evidence to support the individual factual findings by which Commerce concluded that the operations of Nekkanti and Avanti were less similar to those of Red Garden’s suppliers than were the operations of Devi, Sandhya, and Waterbase. The ultimate determination to use the data of the three integrated suppliers, which was consistent with and supported by these various findings, was within the discretion provided to the Department by 19 U.S.C. § 1677b(c)(l). E. Commerce Unlawfully Refused to Use the Accurate and Verified Data on the Total Production of One of Red Garden’s Suppliers As explained previously, for non-producing exporters from non-market economy countries, Commerce determines normal value using the factors of production of the companies that supplied the subject merchandise. In doing so, Commerce determines the total quantity of subject merchandise each supplier provided so that it may create a weighted-average factor of production. The amount Commerce used to represent the total quantity of Mingfeng’s production was lower than the actual amount because it omitted several product categories. Decision Mem. 24-25. Commerce used the incorrect amount even though the correct amount was present on the record, Red Garden having previously reported it and Commerce having confirmed it as correct in the verification Commerce conducted on Mingfeng. Id. Plaintiff argues that Commerce acted unlawfully in using the incorrect amount and that the error artificially increased Red Garden’s weighted-average dumping margin. Pl.’s Mem. 57-58. The court concludes that Commerce acted without authority in using the incor *1336 rect amount as “facts otherwise available” and that the error must be corrected on remand. In April 2004, Commerce requested that Red Garden “[r]eport the total quantity of the subject merchandise produced in each factory during the POI,” and in response, Red Garden provided a total quantity amount for Mingfeng. Apr. 21 Questionnaire Resp. D-5. In a June 8, 2004 questionnaire response, Red Garden, in response to the Department’s request, included a table listing the factors of production Mingfeng used to produce each product type, identified by individual control number (“CONNUM”), and the quantity Mingfeng produced of each CONNUM. June 8 Questionnaire Resp. exhibit SD-2(a). The sum of the quantities in this table did not agree with, and was approximately 10% less than, the total quantity of subject merchandise produced by Mingfeng as shown in Red Garden’s April 21, 2004 questionnaire response. Commerce provided additional instructions to Red Garden in the July 26, 2004 Third Supplemental Questionnaire. Third Supplemental Questionnaire 2. Commerce requested that Red Garden “recalculate the FOPs for Red Garden’s suppliers” and “resubmit” a table detailing the “quantity of production of subject merchandise by CONNUM group ... for each supplier.” Id. Commerce specified that, to recalculate the FOPs, Red Garden should divide each supplier’s total usage of the FOP (the “FOP Numerator”) by each supplier’s total output of CONNUMs utilizing that FOP (the “FOP Denominator”). Id. attachment II. Commerce further instructed Red Garden that the total output amounts used as FOP Denominators must reconcile with the total output amounts for each CON-NUM and supplier listed in the separate production table. Id. at 2. In its response to the Third Supplemental Questionnaire, submitted on August 5, 2004, Red Garden continued to calculate Mingfeng’s FOPs using total production quantities that could not be reconciled with the table of CONNUM-specific production volumes, which Red Garden resubmitted. 15 Aug. 5 Questionnaire Resp. exhibits 2(A), 3. The Department then held a conference call in which it instructed Red Garden to remedy the discrepancy, directing “that Red Garden must match or reconcile its FOP denominators,” ie., the total production by each supplier of the CONNUM utilizing an FOP, “to the appropriate product/CONNUM groups,” i.e., to the amount reported in the separate production volume table. Mem. from Analyst to the File 1 (Aug. 9, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 877). Following the conference call, Red Garden filed on August 13, 2004 a letter explaining “why the denominators used do not reconcile to the quantity if one sums individual control numbers (‘connums’).” Letter from Red Garden to the Sec’y of Commerce 2 (Aug. 13, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 914) (“Red Garden’s Aug. 18 Resp.”). Red Garden explained that the “denominators used reflect the total production of the subject merchandise,” and that its suppliers “maintain data on 27 product groups of subject merchandise.” Id. Red Garden told Commerce that the Mingfeng data used for FOP Denominators do not reconcile to amounts listed in the production volume table for Mingfeng because “Red *1337 Garden only sold 23 of those product groups in the POI to the U.S.,” id., and, presumably, the production volume table listed only the amounts produced for sales to the United States. Red Garden once again calculated FOPs using total production amounts that were not reconcilable with the table listing production amounts by CONNUM and supplier. 16 Id. exhibits 2-3. Commerce subsequently conducted a verification of Mingfeng, at which Commerce determined from Mingfeng’s records that each CONNUM Mingfeng supplied Red Garden was supplied for sales to the United States. Red Garden/Mingfeng Verification Rept. 2, 16-17. According to the Department’s report of that verification, Mingfeng company officials, after finding that two products erroneously had been listed in the records as not supplied for sales to the United States, “indicated that all other product codes listed in the ‘Products Produced but Not Sold to the US’ category ... were in fact sold through Red Garden to the United States during the POI.” Id. at 17. Based on this finding, Commerce, “[fjor purposes of factor ratio calculations ... verified the total quantity produced by Mingfeng,” including “the additional product codes which were misreported as having not been sold to the United States” and determined that the correct total production amount was the same amount that Red Garden reported in the April 21, 2004 questionnaire response. Id. On October 19, 2004, approximately one month after its own verification, Red Garden requested in its case brief that Commerce use the total production quantity Red Garden had reported for Mingfeng in the April 21, 2004 questionnaire response, rather than the incorrect total that was later shown in the data reported in the separate tables, to weight-average the FOPs of Mingfeng and Longfeng. Red Garden gave as the cause of the error in the tables that “Mingfeng’s accounting staff, not knowing the technical names of various types of shrimp, incorrectly determined what types of shrimp products were sold to the U.S.” Letter from Red Garden to the Sec’y of Commerce 5-6 (Oct. 19, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 1040) (“Red Garden’s Case Br.”). In support of its request to use the correct total, Red Garden stated in its. case brief that “all of Mingfeng’s factor-of-production data, including the total production quantity needed for this recalculation, was verified by the Department” and that “such recalculation results in a lower weighted-average FOP for the two suppliers which in tu[rn] leads to a lower dumping margin.” Id. at 6. Commerce refused Red Garden’s request to use the verified quantity for Mingfeng’s total production, explaining in the Decision Memorandum that it decided instead to use the quantity from the separate tables as facts otherwise available. Decision Mem. 24-25. Commerce decided to use the lower quantity for Mingfeng’s total production even though it knew as a result of the Mingfeng verification that this information was incorrect. Commerce grounded this decision in section 776(a) of the Tariff Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a), the “facts otherwise available” provision, giving as its justification that “Red Garden failed to provide such information by the deadlines established by the Department in their supplemental questionnaires or as part of their pre-verification corrections.” Decision Mem. 24. Commerce explained, further, that it considered the use of facts *1338 otherwise available appropriate “because Red Garden did not provide the Department with the correct Quantity and Value for Mingfeng on three separate occasions,” i.e., the June 8, 2004 questionnaire response, the August 5, 2004 questionnaire response, and the response to the August 2004 conference call. Id. at 25. Red Garden challenges the Department’s decision to use facts otherwise available, stating that the “minor calculation error committed by Mingfeng was submitted to the [Department] in conformity with the statute,” and citing section 782 of the Tariff Act, 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e), as requiring “the government to accept all information proffered by a respondent if it meets certain tests.” PL’s Mem. 57. Plaintiff argues that the information submitted met each criterion in § 1677m(e) and that “Red Garden was dependent upon its unrelated suppliers for the accuracy of the data. The cause of the error was inadvertence to the extent that certain Mingfeng personnel did not appreciate that certain product codes were identical to other products that were sold to the U.S. in the POI.” Id. In determining Red Garden’s margin, the Department had the choice of using the correct amount, or the incorrect amount, of Mingfeng’s total production. It erred in using the incorrect amount. As the Court of Appeals has instructed repeatedly, the purpose of the antidumping statute is to “establish] antidumping margins as accurately as possible.” Shakeproof Assembly Components v. United States, 268 F.3d 1376, 1382 (Fed.Cir.2001); D & L Supply Co. v. United States, 113 F.3d 1220, 1223 (Fed.Cir.1997); Rhone Poulenc, Inc. v. United States, 899 F.2d 1185, 1191 (Fed.Cir.1990) (“the basic purpose of the statute [is] determining current margins as accurately as possible.”). The use of information that the Department knew to be incorrect is contrary to the purpose. The statutory authority to use “facts otherwise available” on which Commerce relied to justify its decision is unavailable on the record facts of this case. Section 776(a) of the Tariff Act directs Commerce to use facts otherwise available when “necessary information is not available on the record,” 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(l), and also provides for the use of facts otherwise available in certain situations in which the necessary information is available, id. § 1677e(a)(2). These situations are when “an interested party ... withholds information that has been requested by the administering authority,” id. § 1677e(a)(2)(A), “fails to provide such information by the deadlines for submission of the information or in the form and manner requested, subject to subsections (c)(1) and (e) of section 1677m of this title,” id. § 1677e(a)(2)(B), “significantly impedes a proceeding under this subtitle,” id. § 1677e(a)(2)(C), or provides information that is unverifiable, id. § 1677e(a)(2)(D). Of these various criteria, Commerce invoked the criterion that the information in question was untimely submitted. Decision Mem. 24 (finding that Red Garden “failed to provide such information by the deadlines established by the Department in their supplemental questionnaires or as part of their pre-verification corrections.”). However, the particular item of information that the Department refused to use, in favor of information it knew to be incorrect, was in the Department’s possession as a result of Red Garden’s April 21, 2004 questionnaire response, Apr. 21 Questionnaire Resp. D-5, a questionnaire response that Commerce did not find to have been untimely. Commerce did not find that Red Garden failed to provide the information at issue “in the form and manner requested,” as that phrase is used in 19 U.S.C. *1339 § 1677e(a)(2)(B), and the record easts doubt on whether such a finding could have been supported on this record. It appears from the record and from the Department’s own analysis that the information Commerce needed for an accurate margin calculation at the time of preparing the Decision Memorandum, and nevertheless rejected, was the total production amount for Mingfeng, not the information in the tables that Red Garden was unable to reconcile with that amount. The court concludes that the Department’s intentional use of the incorrect information and its failure to use the correct information were unauthorized by 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a). The Department’s lack of authority under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a) to refuse to use the correct information is sufficient to require a remand. However, another statutory provision calls the Department’s decision into further question. If the court presumes, as it appears, that Commerce considered the correct quantity information not to have met all of its established requirements for submission, it also would conclude that the statute required Commerce to make a further determination before declining to use that information. Section 776(a) conditions on subsections (c)(1) and (e) of 19 U.S.C. § 1677m the Department’s applying facts otherwise available in the circumstance of untimely submission of requested information. 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(a)(2)(B). Subsection (e) of § 1677m, requires Commerce, in that circumstance, to use information that is necessary to the Department’s determination but does not meet all of the Department’s established requirements. 17 In the Decision Memorandum, the Department did not address whether this provision required it to use the correct data on Mingfeng’s total production despite the Department’s finding that Red Garden had not complied with its instructions to reconcile the data in the tables with the total amount of Mingfeng’s production reported in the April 21, 2004 questionnaire. Before the court, defendant argues that the Department was justified in using the incorrect production amount for Mingfeng because “a correction would have rewarded Red Garden for its inaccurate reporting to Commerce by lowering its calculated margin.” Def.’s Resp. 43. This argument is an ex post rationalization. Commerce did not base its refusal to make the correction on the importance of not rewarding inaccurate reporting. A court must review an agency’s decision on the grounds the agency puts forth. SEC v. Chenery, 318 U.S. 80, 87, 63 S.Ct. 454, 87 L.Ed. 626 (1943). Moreover, even had the Department’s rationale been to avoid rewarding inaccurate reporting, the court would reject defendant’s argument. Such a rationale would be appropriate to a finding under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) that Red Garden had “failed to cooperate by not acting to the *1340 best of its ability” to comply with a request for information. Commerce made no such finding, and on this record it would appear that a finding to that effect could not have been supported. The record shows that Red Garden had difficulty attempting to reconcile the data on the total amount of Mingfeng’s production with the product-specific production data that Mingfeng provided it. The record contains some evidence that, as Red Garden informed Commerce, the difficulty in reconciling the data sets was the result of an error by Mingfeng. Commerce did not find to the contrary. What is more, it appears from the record that Commerce found the source of the error in Mingfeng’s records at the Mingfeng verification. As the Department’s own report of the Mingfeng verification reveals, Red Garden’s reporting of total production volume by supplier and CONNUM omitted sales of several of Mingfeng’s CONNUMs, an omission Red Garden attributes to incorrect reporting by Mingfeng. Red Garden/Mingfeng Verification Rept. 16-17; Red Garden’s Case Br. 5-6. Even though Commerce made no finding under 19 U.S.C. § 1677e(b) that Red Garden failed to cooperate, the Department’s decision to use the incorrect information resulted in an adverse consequence for Red Garden. In deciding to use information that understated Mingfeng’s total production amount by approximately 10%, Commerce impermissibly inflated Red Garden’s weighted-average dumping margin. In summary, Commerce acted unlawfully in using information it knew to be incorrect and in refusing to make a straightforward adjustment that would have produced a more accurate result. On remand, Commerce must redetermine Red Garden’s normal value using the correct information on the quantity of Mingfeng’s production. F. Commerce Must Redetermine the Surrogate Value for Labor Expenses Red Garden contends that the Department’s selection of a surrogate value for labor expenses was unlawful. PL’s Mem. 49-52. Defendant requests a voluntary remand “for the limited purpose of recalculating the labor wage rate using proper data.” Def.’s Resp. 57. The court will order remand on this issue. Commerce calculated a surrogate value for labor expenses pursuant to 19 C.F.R. § 351.408(c)(3) (2005), which required that for market economy countries Commerce “use regression-based wage rates reflective of the observed relationship between wages and national income in market economy countries,” and for non-market economies, such as China, Commerce “will calculate the wage rate to be applied ... each year.” The Court of Appeals invalidated that regulation in Dorbest Ltd. v. United States, 604 F.3d 1363, 1372-73 (Fed.Cir.2010). As such, remand is appropriate to allow the Department to determine a surrogate value for labor according to a lawful method. In its reply and in the July 2011 conference the court held with the parties, Red Garden advocated that the court’s remand on this issue direct particular results. In the reply, Red Garden requested an order that Commerce “delete all countries not found to be at the same level of economic development as China” from the data used to calculate a surrogate labor rate. PL’s Reply 24-25. And in the July 2011 conference, Red Garden argued that the labor rate applied to Red Garden cannot exceed the rate applied to the other mandatory respondents at the conclusion of the Allied Pacific litigation. Upon considering plaintiffs arguments and defendant’s counterarguments, the court declines to direct the result upon remand. The court will re *1341 quire that the remand redetermination accord with law, be supported by substantial evidence, and comply with the decision of the Court of Appeals in Dorbest. G. Commerce Must Reconsider its Refusal to Allow Correction of the Growth Stage Multiplier for Longfeng Red Garden contends that the Department’s refusal to correct a clerical error regarding the “growth stage multiplier” of one of Red Garden’s suppliers, Longfeng, was unlawful. Pl.’s Mem. 59-60. 18 Defendant requests a voluntary remand “for the limited purpose of considering and addressing Longfeng’s revised growth stage multiplier data.” Def.’s Resp. 57. The court will order remand on this issue. Red Garden states that Commerce arbitrarily refused to accept a corrected growth stage multiplier that Red Garden submitted on the first day of verification, Pl.’s Mem. 58-59; Red Garden/Mingfeng Verification Rept. exhibit 1, and resubmitted prior to the Final Determination, Letter from Red Garden to the Sec’y of Commerce (Nov. 26, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 1110). The incorrect growth stage multiplier stated that for one of Red Garden’s suppliers, Longfeng, more than 100% of the farmed shrimp were used in processing, a logical impossibility. Pl.’s Mem. 58-59. Although Commerce required Red Garden to submit a revised sales database with minor corrections, Commerce without explanation refused to allow plaintiff to correct the growth stage multiplier. Def.’s Resp. 57-58. Defendant now seeks a remand to allow Commerce to reconsider this decision. Id. The court considers such reconsideration to be appropriate. III. Conclusion and Order The court concludes that Red Garden is entitled to relief on its challenge to the Department’s use of an adverse inference regarding the factors of production of Meizhou, its challenge to selection of a surrogate value for head-on shell-on shrimp, and its challenge to the Department’s refusal to use correct data regarding the volume of Red Garden’s sales supplied by Mingfeng. In addition, the court will order Commerce on remand to redetermine Red Garden’s surrogate labor rate and to reconsider the decision to refuse to allow correction of Longfeng’s growth stage multiplier. Red Garden is not entitled to relief on its challenge to the Department’s selection of a surrogate value for shrimp feed and on its challenge to the Department’s selection of surrogate financial ratios. Therefore, upon consideration of all proceedings and submissions herein, and upon due deliberation, it is hereby ORDERED that plaintiffs motion for judgment on the agency record challenging the Notice of Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value: Certain Frozen & Canned Warmwater Shrimp From the People’s Republic of China, 69 Fed.Reg. 70,997 (Dec. 8, 2004) (“Final Determination”) and the Notice of Amended Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value & Antidumping Duty Order: Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from the People’s Republic of China, 70 Fed.Reg. 5,149 (Feb. 1, 2005) (“Amended Final Determination”) be, and hereby is, GRANTED in part and DENIED in part; it is further ORDERED that the Final Determination and Amended Final Determination be, and hereby are, remanded to the Interna *1342 tional Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce (“Commerce” or the “Department”) for redetermination in accordance with this Opinion & Order; it is further ORDERED that, on remand, Commerce shall issue a Remand Redetermination that recalculates the weighted-average dumping margin of Shantou Red Garden Foodstuff Co., Ltd. (“Red Garden”), is supported by substantial evidence on the record, and is in all respects in accordance with law; it is further ORDERED that, on remand, Commerce shall not use an adverse inference in choosing from among the facts otherwise available for use as factors-of-production data pertaining to subject merchandise sold by Red Garden and produced by Meizhou Aquatic Products Quick-Frozen Industry Co., Ltd.; it is further ORDERED that, on remand, Commerce shall redetermine the surrogate value or values for the fresh, raw, head-on, shell-on shrimp used by plaintiffs suppliers; it is further ORDERED that, on remand, Commerce shall reconsider the decision not to apply count-size specific surrogate values for the fresh, raw, head-on, shell-on shrimp used by plaintiffs suppliers, and, if Commerce maintains that decision in the Remand Re-determination, then Commerce shall provide an adequate explanation based on findings of fact supported by substantial record evidence; it is further ORDERED that, on remand, Commerce, in redetermining the weighted-average dumping margin of Red Garden, shall use the correct data regarding the volume of Red Garden’s sales that were supplied by Shantou Jinyuan District Mingfeng Quick-Frozen Factory (“Mingfeng”); it is further ORDERED that, on remand, Commerce shall redetermine the surrogate value of labor expenses applied to Red Garden and shall provide an explanation for its decision on remand that is in all respects supported by substantial evidence and in accordance with law, adhering to the holding of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit in Dorbest Ltd. v. United States, 604 F.3d 1363, 1372-73 (Fed.Cir.2010); it is further ORDERED that, on remand, Commerce shall reconsider its decision to use incorrect data regarding the growth stage multiplier of Shantou Longfeng Foodstuff Co., Ltd. (“Longfeng”) and take any corrective action necessitated by that reconsideration; and it is further ORDERED that Commerce shall file the Remand Redetermination with the court within sixty (60) days of this Opinion & Order, that plaintiff shall file any comments thereon within thirty (30) days of the date on which the Remand Redetermination is filed, and that defendant shall file any response to plaintiffs comments within fifteen (15) days of the date on which plaintiff files comments. Footnotes [1] The scope of the investigation ("subject merchandise”) was originally defined as “certain warmwater shrimp and prawns, whether frozen or canned, wild-caught (ocean harvested) or farm raised (produced by aquaculture), head-on or head-off, shell-on or peeled, tail-on or tail-off, deveined or not deveined, cooked or raw, or otherwise processed in frozen or canned form.” Notice of Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value: Certain Frozen & Canned Warmwater Shrimp From the People’s Republic of China, 69 Fed. Reg. 70,997, 71,000 (Dec. 8, 2004). The scope of the antidumping duty order excluded "canned warmwater shrimp and prawns” due to a finding by the U.S. International Trade Commission that “a domestic industry in the United States is not materially injured or *1314 threatened with material injury by reason of imports of canned warmwater' shrimp and prawns from the PRC.” Notice of Amended. Final Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value & Antidumping Duty Order: Certain Frozen Warmwater Shrimp from the People’s Republic of China, 70 Fed.Reg. 5,149, 5,150 (Feb. 1, 2005). [2] "Mandatory respondents” receive margins based on their own sales when Commerce examines fewer than all respondents in the review. The Department has limited authority to decline to examine each respondent pursuant to section 777A(c)(2) of the Tariff Act of 1930 ("Tariff Act”), 19 U.S.C. § 1677f-l(c)(2) (2000). [3] The International Trade Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce ("Commerce” or the "Department”) also conducted parallel investigations of exports from Brazil, Ecuador, India, Thailand and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam. Notice of Initiation of Anti-dumping Duty Investigations: Certain Frozen & Canned Warmwater Shrimp From Brazil, Ecuador, India, Thailand, the People’s Republic of China & the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 69 Fed.Reg. 3,876, 3,876 (Jan. 27, 2004). [4] The Department published an amendment to its preliminary determination that did not affect this action. Notice of Amended Prelim. Antidumping Duty Determination of Sales at Less Than Fair Value: Certain Frozen & Canned Warmwater Shrimp From the People’s Republic of China, 69 Fed.Reg. 53,409 (Sept. 1, 2004). [5] The two suppliers Shantou Red Garden Foodstuff Co., Ltd. ("Red Garden”) identified as its major suppliers were Shantou Jinyng District Mingfeng Quick-Frozen Factory ("Mingfeng”) and Shantou Longfeng Foodstuffs Co., Ltd. (“Longfeng”). Letter from Red Garden to the Sec’y of Commerce D-l (Apr. 21, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 308) if Apr. 21 Questionnaire Resp.”). [6] The two suppliers Red Garden identified as "minuscule” suppliers were Chaoyang Jindu Hengchang Aquatic Products Enterprise Co., Ltd. ("Hengchang”) and Raoping County Longfa Seafoods Co., Ltd. ("Longfa”). Apr. 21 Questionnaire Resp. D-2. [7] This paragraph directed that Red Garden "[pllease report the factors of production for Chaoyang Jindu Hengchang Aquatic Products Enterprise Co., Ltd. ('Hengchang'), Raoping County Longfa Seafoods Co., Ltd. ('Longfa'), and Red Garden Food Processing Co., Ltd. ('RGFP'), regardless of whether sales from RGFP occurred during the POI.” Letter from Program Manager to Red Garden 10 (May 17, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 351) (“First Supplemental Questionnaire ”). [8] The entire text of paragraph 4 is as follows: On page D-2, you stated that Red Garden did not receive FOP information from Hengchang or from Longfa. Further, there is apparently no reference to the factors of production used by RGFP during the POI. However we note that in your Section C database, you have reported sales with manufacturer codes [confidential information deleted]. You must provide FOPs for each of Red Garden's suppliers which sold subject merchandise during the POI. Please state whether the CONNUMs reported in your Section D database represent the factors of production for Mingfeng and Longfeng only. First Supplemental Questionnaire 11. [9] The list did not include attempts to contact the former owners of Meizhou Aquatic Products Quick-Frozen Industry Co., Ltd. ("Meizhou”). Under the court's disposition of Red Garden’s claim challenging the adverse inference, it is not necessary that the court consider the effect of the affidavits Red Garden submitted with its ministerial error allegation. These affidavits, which Commerce did not admit to the record, speak of contact between Red Garden and the former owners during July 2004. Letter from Red Garden to the Sec’y of Commerce exhibits 8, 12, & 13 (Dec. 8, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 1144). Because Commerce requested on June 23, 2004 that Red Garden "explain what measures you have taken to obtain Meizhou’s factors of production ... and provide evidence of your actions,” Red Garden’s not having submitted in its response to this questionnaire evidence of contact with Meizhou’s former owners may support an inference that Red Garden had not contacted Meizhou’s former owners as of the date of that response, June 30, 2004. Letter from Program Manager to Red Garden 2 (June 23, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 662) ("Second Supplemental Questionnaire ”); Letter from Red Garden to the Sec’y of Commerce 2 (June 30, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 676) ("June 30 Questionnaire Resp."). [10] Because the court concludes that the record fails to support a finding that Red Garden did not act to the best of its ability to comply with the relevant information requests as those requests were communicated, the court does not reach plaintiffs argument based on 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(d). [11] According to other respondents, the Seafood Exporters Association of India "is the organization that represents Indian exporters and processors of shrimp and has offices in the main shrimp producing regions of India.” Letter from Allied Pacific & Yelin to Sec’y of Commerce 3-4 (May 21, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 356) ("SEAIData"). [12] The Department’s regulations require parties to provide a public summary of business proprietary information and specify that "[glenerally, numerical data will be consid *1327 ered adequately summarized if grouped or presented in terms of indices or figures within 10 percent of the actual figure.” 19 C.F.R. § 351.304(c) (2003). [13] "Count-size” is a method of measuring the average size of shrimp by determining how many shrimp on average would constitute a given weight. Letter from Allied Pacific & Yelin to Sec’y of Commerce 1 (May 21, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 356). Defendant erroneously argues that Commerce used count-size specific surrogate values for Red Garden’s suppliers. Def.’s Mem. in Resp. to Pl.’s Rule 56.2 Mot. for J. upon the Agency R. 29 (Sept. 26, 2005), ECF No. 35 (“Def.’s Resp.”) ("Commerce valued the raw shrimp input using a count size methodology that relied upon ... a combination of three sources of data ... ”). Red Garden also argues that the Department improperly used certain data, the "Urner Barry data,” to create count-size specific surrogate values for respondents other than Red Garden., Mem. in Supp. of Pl. Shantou Red Garden Foodstuff Co., Ltd.’s Rule 56.2 Mot. for J. upon the Agency R. 42-44 (June 23, 2005), ECF No. 25 ("PL’s Mem.”). As Red Garden has no standing to raise this objection, the court does not reach these arguments. [14] Each of the three financial statements that Commerce did not use were submitted as potential surrogate value data by Zhanjian Guolian Aquatic Products Co., Ltd. ("Guolian”). Letter from Guolian to the Sec’y of Commerce exhibits 5-6 (Sept. 8, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 991) (2002-2003 financial statements); Letter from Guolian to the Sec’y of Commerce exhibit 1 (Sept. 20, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc.' No. 986) (2003-2004 financial statement). [15] The quantities used to calculate FOPs in this questionnaire response are not entirely legible in the document the court examined, but some these quantities appear to match the total quantity reported in the April 21, 2004 questionnaire response. Letter from Red Garden to the Sec’y of Commerce exhibit 2(A) (Aug. 5, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 960) (“Aug. 5 Questionnaire Resp.’’). [16] Some of the quantities used to calculate FOPs in this letter appear to match the total quantity reported in the April 21, 2004 questionnaire response. Letter from Red Garden to the Sec’y of Commerce exhibit 2 (Aug. 13, 2004) (Admin.R.Doc. No. 914). [17] Under subsection (e) of section 782 of the Tariff Act, Commerce [S]hall not decline to consider information that is submitted by an interested party and is necessary to the determination but does not meet all the applicable requirements established by the administering authority or the Commission, if— (1) the information is submitted by the deadline established for its submission, (2) the information can be verified, (3) the information is not so incomplete that it cannot serve as a reliable basis for reaching the applicable determination, (4) the interested party has demonstrated that it acted to the best of its ability in providing the information and meeting the requirements established by the administering authority or the Commission with respect to the information, and (5) the information can be used without undue difficulties. 19 U.S.C. § 1677m(e). [18] A “growth stage multiplier” refers to the percentage of shrimp grown by a producer that eventually are used in processing. Pl.’s Mem. 58.