Farquhar & Co. v. Dehaven

Miller, Judge: The judgment below to which this writ of error applies, denied the motion of defendants to quash the execution on a judgment in favor of plaintiffs, entered against them, in vacation, by the clerk of the circuit court ou September 12, 1910. The entire record of the judgment as presented here is as follows : “This day came the defendants, by Martin & Seibert, their attorneys in fact, and say that they cannot gainsay the plaintiff’s action against them, but that they are justly indebted to the said plaintiffs in the sum of $527.07 with interest thereon from this date and the costs of this action, on account of two certain notes, one dated August 30th, 1909, due six months after date, — 739 — and the other dated August 30th, 1909, due twelve months after date. “It is therefore considered that the plaintiffs, Arthur B. Far-quhar, Wm. E. Farquhar, and Frances Farquhar, general partners, trading and doing business as A. B. Farquhar Co. Ltd., do recover of and from the said defendants, Charles E. Dehaven and H. L. Dehaven, the sum of Five Hundred and Twenty Seven Dollars and Seven Cents, ($527.07), with interest from this date until paid, and their costs in this behalf expended. Teste: L. DeW. Gerhardt, Clerk Circuit Court of Berkeley County, West Virginia. “Memo: Said notes were filed with the said clerk upon the day of the entry of said order, and are in the words and figures following The notes referred to, of which one is copied in the record, are judgment notes, in form like those in use in Pennsylvania, bearing six per cent, interest, and providing for a ten per cent, attorneys fee in addition to all other necessary expenses of collection after maturity. They also contain waiver of presentment and protest, homestead and exemption rights real and personal, and other rights, and also the following material provision: “And we do hereby empower and authorize the said A. B. .Far-quhar Co. Limited, or agent, or any prothonotary or attorney of any Court of Becord to appear for u's and in our name to com fess judgment against us and in favor of said A. B. Farquhar Co. Limited, for the above named sum with costs of suit, and release of all errors and without stay of execution after the maturity of this note.” The motion to quash assigned as the only ground therefor that the judgment is void, the clerk being without authority to enter the same upon a jirdgment note, as was done, without suit and service of process. As both sides agree the question presented is one of first impression in this State. We have no statute, as has Pennsylvania and many other states, regulating the subject. In the decision we are called'upon, to render, we must have recourse, to the rules and principles of the common law, in force here, and to our .statute law, applicable, and to such judicial decisions and practices in Virginia, in force at the time of the separation, as are prop — 740 — erly binding on us. It is pertinent to remark in this connection, tbat alter nearly fifty years of judicial history in this State no ease has been brought here involving this question, strong evidence, we think, that such notes, if at all, have never been in very general use in this commonwealth. And in. most states where they are current the use of them has grown up under statutes authorizing them, and regulating the practice of employing them in commercial'transactions. In the early Colonial history of Virginia, they seem to have had considerable recognition, but their- use was abolished,, and prohibited by penal statutes, enacted in 1744, and they did not' again come into use until that statute was repealed by the Code of 1849; 5 Hen. Stat. 240, section 4 and 5; Sec. 12, eh. 76, Code 1819; Kevisors Code, 826, note. This history is pretty thoroughly covered by the arguments of counsel, and the opinion of Judge Mon-cure in Insurance Co. v. Barley’s Admr., 16 Grat. 363, Anno. 144. We do not wish to be understood, however, as acquiescing in Judge Moncure’s exposition of the common law on the subject, vouched in support of the early colonial practices so severely condemned by the statute of 1744. It is significant that this statute- does not refer the practice condemned to- the common law as its source. -Section IV thereof recites: “And whereas a practice has of laic been introducedof taking bonds, commonly called judgment bonds, with condition, for the payment of money, and a general power to any attorney, to appear, and suffer judgment, etc. * * * *; which1 practice must be attended with ill consequences, debtors having no- previous notice of the time and place of rendering such judgments, whereby they are deprived of an opportunity of making discounts appear against the bond, and are first put to unnecessary law charges, and then obliged to enter into expensive chancery suits for relief: To- remedy whereof, &c.” The substantial features of section V, of this act, are embodied in section 12, chapter 76, Revised Code 1819, reading as follows.: “If any • Attorney, or other person practising as an Attorney, shall presume to appear under any power of attorney, made before jacUon brought, for confessing or suffering judgment to pass by default or otherwise, for any defendant in any court of record within this Commonwealth, such Attorney shall, for every such offence, forfeit and pay fifteen hundred dollars, to — 741 — such defendant, for iris own use,'to be recovered, with, costs, by action of debt or information, in any court of record; and, moreover, shall be liable to an action for damages, at the suit of the party grieved.” It was this section which on recommendation of the Revisors, was omitted from the Code of 1849, repealing it, and by which repeal it is argued the common law was thereby restored. We find no justification, either in the history of the common law or elsewhere, for the argument presented here, that the repeal of the statute of 1744. by the Code of 1849, revived a local practice not known to the common law, and which the repealing act itself recites had “of late been introduced.” That the common law so far as affected by Act of 1744, was restored by its repeal we concede, but farther than that we are unwilling to go. In Insurance Co. v. Barley’s Admr., supra, the latest Virginia case which can be said to have binding force upon us, suit had been brought, but it does not distinctly appear whether or not the process 'had been executed. The grounds assigned for the motion to set aside the judgment were: (1) That the power of attorney was executed before suit brought; (2) that.an attorney in fact not an attorney at law could not confess judgment for his principal; (3) that if an attorney in fact could not confess judgment in open court, only the defendant himself could confess judgment in the clerk’s office. The only points- of decision in that case, pertinent in this case, are covered by .points 2, 3 and 4 of the syllabus, as follows: (2) “A power of attorney to confess a judgment may be executed before the action is brought.” (3) “A judgment may be confessed either in court or in the clerk’s office, by an attorney in fact, though the attorney is not a lawyer.” (4) “When a statute changing the common law is repealed, the common law is restored to its former state.” The fourth point we concede; and limited 'by the rules and principles of the common law, as modified by our statutes, section 43, chapter 125, and section 2, chapter 134, Code 1906, we do not know that any particular fault can be found with the general character of points 2 and 3. The Revisors of the Code of 1849, in a note, as a reason for omitting said section 12, as of no value, say: “We do not perceive any good reason why a power of attorney to confess judgment should not be lawful before a writ is sued out'as well as after.” — 742 — By gradual steps, however, the supreme court of appeals of Virginia, in subsequent decisions, have further innovated on the common law. In Brockenbrough v. Brockenbrough, 31 Grat. 580, 599, it is held, that a judgment rendered in' court, upon the confession of the defendant in person, is not subject to collateral attack for lack of process. The judgment in that case, however, was not predicated on the Virginia, statute — the same as our section 43, chapter 125, supra- — permitting a defendant in vacation to confess a judgment or decree in the cleric’s office. This Court held practically the same thing in Hunter’s Ex'rs. v. Stewart. 23 W. Va. 549. But in the later case of Shadraclc’s Admr. v. Woolfolk, 32 Grat. 709, it was decided, that a judgment confessed by the defendant in the clerk’s office in vacation is not the subject of collateral attack by other creditors. By obiter dicta, the court, however, ventured the opinion that if it plainly appeared that the judgment was confessed without a writ or previous process, it would not on that ground be void. Citing the Broclcenbrough Gase, which was a confession in court by the defendant in person. The court said, it perceived no substantial difference between the two cases. In Saunders v. Lipscomb, 90 Va. 647, relying on the two cases just referred to, and in Manson & Shell v. Rawlings, 112 Va. 384, 71 S. E. 564, the court went still farther,-in holding in the first case, that a judgment by confession by an attorney'in fact, in the latter, by defendant in person, in vacation, in the clerk’s office, without process, was not subject to collateral attack, and it may be observed that the -farthest any of these Virginia cases have gone, literally at least, is to hold such judgments not subject to collateral attack. The case we have here, on the motion to quash, is one of collateral attack, and to sustain the motion and reverse the judgment below, we must hold the judgment void upon its face. Is it so void? As already indicated, the question must be answered practically upon the common law rules and principles. We have no statute in any way governing the subject, except section 43, chapter 125, of the Code, providing for a confession by defendant in vacation in the clerk’s office. What then is the common law applicable to the ease? In 1 Black on Judgments, section 50, it is said: “All jud'g-ments rendered upon the confession of the defendant may be di — 743 — Tided into two classes: 1. Those entered in an. action regularly commenced by the issuance and service of process. 2. Those entered upon the confession of the defendant/ or his warrant, of attorney, without the institution of an action. The former class of judgments are well known to the common law and must be tested and sustained by rules and principles existing independently of statute, while judgments of the latter class derive all their efficacy, from positive law and must conform, in order to be valid, to all the requirements and formalities set up by the legislature. In the same section this writer further says: “Now judgments entered for the plaintiff upon the defendant’s admission of the facts ’and law, as the same are known to the common law and exist independently of statutes, are of two varieties; first, judgment by cognovit actionem,, and second, by confession relicta verifications. In the former case the defendant, after service, instead of entering a plea, acknowledges and confesses that the plaintiff’s cause of action is just and rightful. In the latter case, after pleading and before trial, the defendant both confesses the plaintiff’s cause of action and withdraws or abandons his plea or other allegations, whereupon judgment is entered against him without proceeding to trial. In order to sustain a judgment of either of these sorts, it is essential that process, regularly issued, should have been served upon the defendant (though he may accept service with the same effect as if the writ had been served as it usually is); and an agreement in writing made out of court, authorizing the clerk to enter up such a judgment, will not sustain it, where there has been no appearance by the defendant.” Blackstone says, on the subject of confession of judgment at common law: “And this happens, in the first place, where the defendant suffers judgment to go against him by. default, or nihil dicit; as if he puts in no plea at all to the plaintiff’s declaration: by confession or cognovit ac-tionem, where he acknowledges the plaintiff’s demand to he just: or by non sum informatus, when the defendant’s attorney declares he has no instruction to say any thing in answer to the plaintiff, or in defense of his client; which is a species of judgment by default. If these, or any of them, happen in actions where the specific thing sued for is recovered, as in actions of debt for a sum certain, the judgment is absolutely complete. And therefore it is very usual, in order to strengthen a cred744 itoPs security, for the debtor to execute a warrant of attorney to some attorney named by the creditor, empowering him to confess a judgment by either of the ways just now mentioned (by nihil dicit, cognovit actionem, or non sum informatus) in an action of debt to be brought by the creditor against the debtor for the specific sum due: which judgment, when confessed, is absolutely complete and binding. * * * * * 3 Blackstone Com. 396, 397. The great Virginia commentator, Mr. Minor, says on this subject, IV Minor’s Inst. 726: “The defendant was always allowed to acknowledge the plaintiff’s action, and confess a judgment for the amount claimed, or for such part thereof as he and the plaintiff could agree upon, provided it was done in open court. But a confession of judgment in the clerk’s office was never contemplated by the common law, and can only take place in pursuance of the authority of some statute.” So according to these authorities the warrant of attorney, in use at common law, was confined to the confession of judgments, in the three wa3rs enumerated by Blackstone, in a pending suit; that is by answering nihil dicit, cognovit actionem, or non sum informatus. And ais Mr. Black says, judgments by confession of defendant or on his warrant of attorney, without the institution of -an action, derive 'all their efficacy from positive or statute law. And judgment in the clerk’s office, as Mr. Minor says, was never contemplated at the common law. Such warrant of attorney was usually given by the defendant to the plaintiff, by way of security, on compromising an action; and it authorized the attorney to whom it was directed to appear for the defendant, and to receive ;a declaration in an action to be brought against him, and thereupon confess the same in the manner already indicated. Tidd’s New Pract., (Ed. 1837) 275; 1 Tidd’s Pract. (Ed, 1828), pp. 590, 606; 2 Chitty Gen’l. Pract. 333. In the case at bar, counsel for defendants in error say, they rely upon the fact that there is -nothing in the record showing affirmatively that process was not served. The record, however, purports to- be a complete transcript of all the proceedings which took place in the clerk’s office in vacation, not at rules; and as no process is exhibited or referred to, we think we must necessarily say that no suit ¡was begun by process, and that there was no — 745 — action pending in which, at common law, a judgment on a warrant of attorney could have been confessed, in either of the ways authorized by the ancient practice. Mr. Freeman says, 2 Freeman on Judgments, section 547: “Judgments by confession are in no wise exempt from the rule applicable to other judgments, that to be valid they must be entered in a court having jurisdiction over the subject-matter of the action and the parties thereto. ‘Though no adjudication is in fact required in entering a judgment of confession without action, yet it has all the qualities, incidents, and attributes of other judgments, and cannot be valid unless entered in a court which- might have lawfully pronounced the same judgment in a contested action.’ Where the law requires judgments to be signed by the judge, its provision extends to judgments by confession, and renders them void if not so signed.” Looking to the literal terms of the power we see it authorizes appéarance, but gives no specific authority to waive process, or to appear in the clerk’s office, or waive the filing of the declaration; and limited by the rules and practices prevailing at common law, we must say no donee of the power had any authority to waive any of the rights of the plaintiff, to be sued and served with process, and to have a declaration filed on which judgment might lawfully be entered. Without jurisdiction thus acquired a judgment at common law on warrant of attorney would have been void. And even in those states, where it is otherwise provided by statute, the statute being in derogation of common law rights, the statutes are ¡strictly construed. 23 Cye. 699. Let us see how this question has been viewed in the other states than Yirginia. In Yermont, the supreme court says: “Judgments on confession without antecedent process have no basis other than the statute,- and a full compliance with the statute is necessary to their validity, and the provisions authorizing them are to be strictly construed.” Mason v. Ward, 80 Vt. 290, 67 Atl. 820. In Iowa, in response to the contention that the statute there, regulating confession of judgment, was merely cumulative of the common law remedy, the court said: “We do not think this position is correct. * * * * So far as we are advised it has never been the understanding of the profession nor of the business community in this State that warrants of attor — 746 — ney to confess judgment had any place in our law. A confession of judgment pertains to the remedy. A party seeking to enforce here a contract made in another state must do so in accordance with the laws of this State. Parties cannot by contract made in another state engraft upon our procedure here remedies which our laws do not contemplate nor authorize." Hamilton v. Schoenberger, 47 Iowa 385. In Hew Jersey the entry of judgment by a justice on a judgment note without process or proof was declared illegal. That 'court said: “The defendant must be brought into court in the usual way, and the same proceeding had, as in other cases of written contracts.” Stretch v. Hancock, (N. J. L.) 1 & 2 Pennington Rep. 151. In Tennessee, in Carlin v. Taylor, 75 Tenn. 666, the supreme court held, that no judgment could be confessed in that state by an attorney, on a judgment note like the one involved here. And in Kansas and Missouri, such notes are condemned, and the practice of employing them repudiated on principles of public policy, and as giving to the defendant no day in court, and as permitting the defendant to bargain away his- right to be heard in court, contrary to public policy. McCrairy v. Ware, 6 Kans. App. 155, 158; First Nat. Bank v. White, 220 Mo. 717, 738. We are1 inclined to agree with the Missouri court in the ease last cited, in which they say: “Such agreements are iniquitous to the uttermost and should be promptly condemned by the courts, until such time as they may receive express statutory recognition, as they have in some states.” Of course if a debtor has been summoned into court by process, and given a day and an opportunity to be heard, no good reason could be assigned why a judgment should not be pronounced against him at common law by confession on a warrant of an attorney. The fact that the Virginia court and this Court have recognized the right of the defendant by personal appearance, to submit himself without process to the jurisdiction of the court, and to confess a valid judgment against him, and that a proper construction of our statute, section 43, chapter 125, of the Code, might authorize a defendant to appear in person in the clerk’s office and make like confession of judgment, we do not regard any justification for the proposition, that he jfiay by warrant of attorney authorize appearance by and confession of judg — 747 — ment, either in court or in the clerk’s office, without process directed and regularly served upon him. It is contended, however, that the old legal maxim, qui facit per alimm, facit per se, is as applicable here as in other cases. We do not think so. Strong reasons exist, as we have shown, for denying its application, when holders of contracts of this character seek the aid of the courts and of their execution process to enforce them, defendant having had no day in court or opportunity to .be heard. We need not say in this case that a debtor may not by proper power of attorney duly executed, authorize another to appear in court, and by proper endorsement upon the writ waive service of process, and confess judgment. But we do not wish to be understood as approving or intending to countenance the practice of employing in this state commercial paper of the character here involved. Such paper has heretofore had little if any currency here. If the practice is adopted into this state it ought to be, we think, by act of the Legislature, with all proper safeguards thrown around it, to prevent fraud and imposition. The policy of our law is, that no man shall suffer judgment at the hands of our courts without proper process and a day to be heard. To give currency to such paper by judicial pronouncement would be to open the door to fraud and imposition, and to subject the people to wrongs and inj'uries not heretofore contemplated. This we are unwilling to do. These considerations lead us to conclude that a judgment by confession in the clerk’s office, on warrant of attorney, without process regularly issued and served upon or accepted by defendant is void on its face.' We therefore reverse the judgment below, quash the execution, and award the defendants costs here and in the court below, incurred on said motion. Affirmed.