Ohlert v. Alderson

PinNey, J. The plaintiff’s right to recover in this case depends entirely upon whether, as against the express and unambiguous terms of the contract of sale and the deed of conveyance executed to carry it into effect, he can be allowed to show by parol evidence that the contract was for the purchase and conveyance of 160 acres of land, and not merely the tracts specifically described, and consequently the quantity of land only which these tracts might contain, — 437 — for the price and sum of $4,000. We consider the law on this subject very plain, and cannot understand how the plaintiff’s recovery can be sustained. By the plain and unambiguous terms of the written contract, the plaintiff purchased only the tracts of land in question, and consequently only the quantity of land they contained, for $4,000. Neither the contract nor the deed makes any mention whatever of the quantity of land. The parol evidence admitted contradicted and varied the terms both of the contract and deed in very important respects, namely, in respect to the quantity of land sold and in respect to the consideration which was to be paid therefor. The evidence goes to show that the defendants agreed to sell, and the plaintiff bought, not merely the two tracts of land specifically described in the contract and deed, but as containing 160 acres of land, and to show that the price and consideration to be paid for them was not $4,000, as stated in the contract, but $147.50 less than that sum. Bearing in mind that there is no allegation of fraud or mistake in the complaint, it seems hardly possible to state propositions more clearly at variance with the rule forbidding the admission of parol evidence to contradict or vary the terms of a written contract, or more destructive of the sanctity of written instruments. Had it been ascertained upon a survey that the tracts contained a like quantity of land in excess of 160 acres, upon the grounds upon which this recovery has been allowed the defendants might sue and recover from the plaintiff a like sum in excess of $4,000, although the contract, plainly, is that the plaintiff was to have all the land that both tracts contained, and only that, for only $4,000. We think the statement of the plaintiff’s contention is its sufficient refutation. The contract and deed clearly state a sale and conveyance of what may be aptly termed as a'“ lump quantity ” for a definite gross sum, and, as there was no allegation of — 438 — fraud or mistake, parol evidence to the contrary was certainly inadmissible; and it is wholly immaterial how the parties arrived at the sum to be paid, or whether there was any discussion or understanding as to the quantity of the land. All these matters are merged in the written instruments, and their language is decisive and final. The fact that parol evidence is admissible, in an action on the covenants of a deed, to show and explain the consideration clause and what the real Consideration was, as the measure of damages, or how the consideration was to be paid, or that the deed was made upon a valuable consideration and so was not fraudulent as against creditors or subsequent purchasers, or to prove by parol other facts than those stated in a deed, in order to show the whole transaction, when they are not inconsistent with or contradictory of the terms of the deed, as held in the cases cited by respondent’s counsel, does not suffice to support his contention. The plaintiff, in respect to the question at issue, is certainly in no better position, so far as the admission of parol evidence is concerned, after the execution of the deed than before.; and though the provisions of the written contract, in a general sense, may be said to have been merged in the deed delivered and accepted under it, yet if the deed is not conclusive, when the question arises whether the sale was of two tracts of land accurately described without reference to quantity and for a specific sum, and was a lump sale or a sale of a specific number of acres at a definite sum per acre, the written contract may be referred to, we think', in order to settle the question, and to rebut the claim that the executed contract, as stated in the deed, was not in conformity with the executory one. The contract was one which, by the statute of frauds, was required to be in writing, and the difficulty with the plaintiff’s case is that the evidence, received, and upon which a recovery was had, does not explain the contract as to the quantity of lands sold, — 439 — or’ the consideration clause in the deed, but flatly contradicts both, in their most essential and important provisions; and, if admitted, the solemn agreement of the parties is, rendered nugatory, without any finding of fraud or mutual mistake. In most of the cases relied on by the respondent’s counsel, there does not appear to have been any such preliminary agreement in writing, particularly in the case of Cardinal v. Hadley, 158 Mass. 352. This was a case of error in'computing the quantity from known measurements. But, considering the case solely upon the basis of the deed and admissibility of parol evidence, the rule seems to be that evidence may be given of a consideration not mentioned in a deed, provided it be not inconsistent with the consideration expressed in it. 1 Greenl. Ev. § 285, and cases in note h. But whatever the rule deducible from the cases may be, in respect to the extent to which parol evidence may be admitted to explain the consideration clause of a deed, the case seems quite clear, on other grounds. No doubt such evidence is admissible, so far as the clause operates as a mere receipt for the consideration money, but, as applied to the instrument in a contractual aspect, a different rule seems applicable. The consideration of the deed in this case may be properly said to be the execution and performance of the mutual obligations of the parties in a previous written agreement between them under seal, in relation to the same subject matter; and the true legal effect of the deed is, no doubt, that it conveys only the lands which the tracts described in fact contain. McEvoy v. Loyd, 31 Wis. 145. The language of the contract in this respect is identical with that of the deed, and in the absence of fraud or mutual mistake is conclusive as evidence upon the question of what the contract in fact was, although it is true, as already stated, that in a general sense it has been merged in the deed, so that it cannot now be .the foundation of an — 440 — action by either party against the other. Any other view would throw open to question, upon parol evidence, the quantity of land, agreed to be conveyed, although the preliminary contract in that respect was in the same language as the deed, and was on that account conclusive before the deed was executed. The effect of the parol evidence is to add to the deed a provision it did not contain before, and the case, in this respect, is not distinguishable in principle from Simanovich v. Wood, 145 Mass. 180, and cases cited, where it was attempted to show an oral agreement by which a certain incumbrance was not to be within the covenant against incumbrances, in which it was held that “ while, for some purposes, it is competent to show what the real consideration of a deed is, a party cannot, under the guise of showing what the consideration is, prove an oral agreement, either antecedent to or contempoi’aneous with a deed, which will cut down or vary the stipulations of his written covenant. This would violate the well-settled rule of law which will not permit a written contract to be varied or controlled by such testimony.” In the case of Howes v. Barker, 3 Johns. 506, where B., by articles of agreement, covenanted to sell and convey to H. a tract of land for £9 per acre, and a deed wras accordingly executed, and the purchase money paid according to the quantity-of acres expressed in the deed, it was held that parol evidence was not admissible to show that there was a mistake in the quantity mentioned in the deed, and that an action for money had and received, to recover back the money paid for the number of acres alleged to be deficient, was not maintainable. This conclusion is sup ported by very many cases, and among them Winchell v. Latham, 6 Cow. 690; Baltimore P. B. & L. Society v. Smith, 54 Md. 187; Williams v. Hathaway, 19 Pick. 387; Miller v. Fichthorn, 31 Pa. St. 258; Harbold v. Kuster, 44 Pa. St. 392. — 441 — While the plaintiff, as already noticed, does not allege either fraud or mutual mistake in respect to the quantity of lands in the tracts described, the case was not submitted to the jury on the theory that either had been established, but simply on the basis, as shown by the charge of the court, that if the plaintiff bought, and the defendants sold to him, a given number of acres at a given price per acre, and not a lump contract for a lump price, and the land does not contain so many acres as he bought and they sold, and he has paid for the number of acres bought, then he is entitled to.recover the difference at the agreed price per acre. We think that the evidence objected to was improperly received, and that there was error in instructing the jury as stated. By the Court.— The judgment of the circuit court is reversed, and the cause is remanded for a new trial.